Why Science Matters: Understanding the Methods of Psychological Research

Why Science Matters: Understanding the Methods of Psychological Research

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-229

  Proctor, Robert W ^a   Capaldi, E J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889480865     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470773994     Document Type: Book

References (262)

1. Achinstein, P. (1994). Explanation v. prediction: Which carries more weight? In D. Hull, F. Forbes, & R. M. Burian (Eds.), PSA 1994 (Vol. 2; pp. 156-164). East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.
2. Andersen, H., Barker, P., & Chen, X. (1996). Kuhn's mature philosophy of science and cognitive psychology. Philosophical Psychology, 9, 347-363.
3. Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (1997). External validity of "trivial" experiments: The case of laboratory aggression. Review of General Psychology, 1, 19-41.
4. Anderson, C. A., Lindsay, J. L., & Bushman, B. J. (1999). Research in the psychological laboratory: Truth or triviality? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 3-9.
5. Anderson, J. R. (1990). Cognitive psychology and its implications (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
6. Anderson, J. R. (1996). ACT: A simple theory of complex cognition. American Psychologist, 51, 355-365.
7. Angell, J. R. (1908). The doctrine of formal discipline in the light of principles of general psychology. Educational Review, 36, 1-14.
8. Baigrie, B. (1992). The vortex theory of motion, 1687-1713: Empirical difficulties and guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 85-102). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
9. Bamberg, M. (2003). Foreword. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. ix-xi). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10. Banaji, M. R., & Crowder, R. G. (1989). The bankruptcy of everyday memory. American Psychologist, 44, 1185-1193.
11. Barnes, B., & Bloor, D. (1982). Relativism, rationalism and the sociology of knowledge. In M. Hollis & S. Lukes (Eds.), Rationality and relativism (pp. 21-47). Canbridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Bechtel, W. (1988). Philosophy of science: An overview for cognitive science. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Bechtel, W. (1992). Fermentation theory: Empirical difficulties and guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 163-180). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
14. Bechtel, W., Mandik, P., Mundale, J., & Stufflebeam, R. S. (Eds.) (2001). Philosophy and the neurosciences: A reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
15. Bergmann, G., & Spence, K. W. (1941). Operationism and theory in psychology. Psychological Review, 48, 1-14.
16. Bergmann, G., & Spence, K. W. (1944). The logic of psychological measurement. Psychological Review, 51, 1-24.
17. Berkowitz, L., & Donnerstein, E. (1982). External validity is more than skin deep. American Psychologist, 37, 245-257.
18. Beyer, H., & Holtzblatt, K. (1998). Contextual design. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
19. Biklen, D. (1990). Communication unbound: Autism and praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 60, 291-314.
20. Blank, T. O. (1986). Contextual and relational perspectives on adult psychology. In R. L. Rosnow & M. Georgoudi (Eds.), Contextualism and understanding in behavioral science: Implications for research and theory (pp. 105-124). New York:Praeger.
21. Boring, E. G. (1950). A history of experimental psychology (2nd edn). New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts.
22. Bridgeman, P. W. (1927). The logic of modern physics. New York: Macmillan.
23. Broca, P. (1863). Localisations des fonctions cérébrales. - Siège du language articulé. Bulletins de la Sociéte d'Anthropologie, 4, 200-204.
24. Brush, S. G. (1989). Prediction and theory evaluation: The case of light bending. Science, 246, 1124-1129.
25. Callebaut, W. (1993). Taking the naturalistic turn or how the real philosophy of science is done. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
26. Camic, P. M., Rhodes, J. E., & Yardley, L. (2003a). Naming the stars:Integrating qualitative methods into psychological research. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 3-15). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Camic, P. M., Rhodes, J. E., & Yardley, L. (Eds.) (2003b). Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
28. Campbell, D. T. (1957). Factors relevant to the validity of experiments in social settings. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 297-312.
29. Capaldi, E. J., & Proctor, R. W. (1994). Contextualism: Is the act in context the appropriate metaphor for psychology? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 239-249.
30. Capaldi, E. J., & Proctor, R. W. (1999). Contextualism in psychological research? A critical review. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Capaldi, E. J., & Proctor, R. W. (2000). Laudan's normative naturalism:A useful philosophy of science for psychology. American Journal of Psychology, 133, 430-454.
32. Carpenter, W. B. (1852). On the influence of suggestion in modifying and directing muscular movement, independently of volition. Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 147-154.
33. Cary, M., & Reder, L. M. (2002). Metacognition in strategy selection. In P. Chambres, M. Izaute, & P. Marescaux (Eds.). Metacognition: Process, function and use (pp. 63-77). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
34. Chalmers, A. F. (1999). What is this thing called science? (2nd edn). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
35. Chen, X., Andersen, H., & Barker, P. (1998). Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions and cognitive psychology. Philosophical Psychology, 11, 5-28.
36. Christensen, L. B. (2001). Experimental methodology (8th edn). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
37. Coleman, S. R., & Salamon, R. (1988). Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions in the psychological journal literature, 1969-1983: A descriptive study. Journal of Mind and Behavior, 9, 415-446.
38. Collins, H. (1981). Stages in the empirical programme of relativism. Social Studies of Science, 11, 3-10.
39. Curd, M., & Cover, J. A. (Eds.) (1998). Philosophy of science: The central issues. New York: Norton.
40. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1988). Homicide. Hawthorne, NT: Aldyne de Gruyter.
41. Dampier, W. C. (1952). A history of science and its relation with philosophy and religion (4th edn). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species. London: Murray.
43. Davis, J. H. (2003). Balancing the whole: Portraiture as methodology. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology:Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 199-219). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
44. Dawson, M. R. W. (2003). Minds and machines: Connectionism and psychological modeling. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
45. Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 17-22.
46. De Romilly, J. (1992). The great Sophists in Periclean Athens (Janet Lloyd, translator). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
47. Donovan, A., Laudan, L., & Laudan, R. (Eds.) (1992). Scrutinizing science:Empirical studies of scientific change. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Dougher, M. J. (1993). Interpretive and hermeneutic research methods in the contextualist analysis of verbal behavior. In S. C. Hayes, L. J. Hayes, H. W. Reese, & T. R. Sarbin (Eds.), Varieties of scientific contextualism (pp. 211-221). Reno, NV: Context Press.
49. Dunbar, K. (1997). How scientists think: On-line creativity and conceptual change in science. In T. Ward, S. Smith, & S. Vaid (Eds.), Conceptual structures and processes: Emergence, discovery, and change (pp. 461-492). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
50. Dunbar, K., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2005). Causal thinking in science: How scientists and students interpret the unexpected. In M. E. Gorman, R. D. Tweney, D. C. Gooding, & A. P. Kincannon (Eds.), Scientific and technological thinking (pp. 57-79). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (H. A. Ruger & C. L. Bussenius, Translators). New York: Dover Publications. (originally published in 1885, Über das Gedächtnis. Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot)
52. Eisner, E. (2003). On the art and science of qualitative research in psychology. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 17-29). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
53. Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1771). Edinburgh, Scotland: C. Macfarquhar.
54. Ericsson, A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P., & Hoffman, R. (Eds.) (in press). Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. London: Cambridge University Press.
55. Faraday, M. (1853). Experimental investigation of table-moving. The Atheneum, July 2, 801-802.
56. Feist, G. F., & Gorman, M. E. (1998). The psychology of science: Review and integration of a nascent discipline. Review of General Psychology, 2, 3-47.
57. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
58. Feyerabend, P. (1970). Consolations for the specialist. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 197-230). New York: Cambridge University Press.
59. Fine, M., Torre, M. E., Boudin, K., Bowen, I., Clark, J., Hylton, D., Martinez, M., Missy, Roberts, R. A., Smart, P., & Upegui, D. (2003). Participatory action research: From within and beyond prison bars. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 173-198). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
60. Finocchiaro, M. A. (1992). Galileo's Copernicanism and the acceptability of guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 49-67). Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
61. Follette, W. C., & Hayes, S. C. (2000). Contemporary behavior therapy. C. R. Snyder, & R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes & practices for the 21st century (pp. 381-408). New York: John Wiley.
62. Ford, D. H., & Lerner, R. M. (1992). Developmental systems theory: An integrative approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
63. Francis, G. (2003). Developing a new quantitative account of backward masking. Cognitive Psychology, 46, 198-226.
64. Fritsch, G., & Hitzig, E. (1960). On the electrical excitability of the cerebrum. In G. von Bonin (Trans.), Some papers on the cerebral cortex (pp. 73-96). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. (original work published 1870)
65. Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York:Basic Books.
66. Gaventa, J. (1993). The powerful, the powerless, and the experts: Knowledge struggles in an information age. In P. Park, M. Brydon-Miller, B. Hall, & T. Jackson (Eds.), Voices of change: Participatory action research in the US and Canada (pp. 21-40). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
67. Gazzaniga, M. S., Ivry, R. B., & Mangun, G. R. (1998). Cognitive neuroscience:The biology of the mind. New York: Norton.
68. Gentner, D., & Jeziorski, M. (1989). Historical shifts in the use of analogy in science. In B. Gholson, W. R. Shadish, Jr., R. A. Neimeyer, & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of science (pp. 296-325). New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. Gergen, K. J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40, 266-275.
70. Gergen, K. J. (1988). If persons are texts. In S. Messer, L. Sass, & R. Woolfolk (Eds.), Hermeneutics and psychological theory: Interpretive perspectives on personality, psychotherapy, and psychopathology (pp. 28-51). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
71. Gergen, K. J. (1992). Toward a postmodern psychology. In S. Kvale (Ed.), Psychology and postmodernism (pp. 17-30). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
72. Gergen, K. J. (2001). Psychological science in a postmodern context. American Psychologist, 56, 803-813.
73. Gergen, K. J. (2002). Beyond the empiricist/constructionist divide in social psychology. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 188-191.
74. Gholson, B., & Barker, P. (1985). Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan: Applications in the history of physics and psychology. American Psychologist, 40, 755-769.
75. Giere, R. N. (1985). Philosophy of science naturalized. Philosophy of Science, 52, 331-356.
76. Giere, R. N. (1988). Explaining science: A cognitive approach. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
77. Giere, R. N. (2001). Critical hypothetical evolutionary naturalism. In C. Heyes & D. L. Hull (Eds.), Selection theory and social construction: The evolutionary naturalistic epistemology of Donald T. Campbell (pp. 53-70). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
78. Giere, R. N. (2003). Computation and agency in scientific cognition. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. (Downloaded 9-14-04 from http://www.tc.umn.edu/~giere/R&Fpubs.html)
79. Gilligan, C., Spencer, R., Weinberg, K. M., & Bertsch, T. (2003). On the Listening Guide: A voice-centered relational model. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 157-172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
80. Glaser, B. (1992). Emergence versus forcing: Basics of grounded theory analysis. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.
81. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. New York: Aldine.
82. Gorman, M. E., Tweney, R. D., Gooding, D. C., & Kincannon, A. P. (Eds.) (2005). Scientific and technological thinking. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
83. Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist program. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 205, 581-598.
84. Green, C. D. (1992). Of immortal mythological beasts: Operationism in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 2, 291-320.
85. Greene, B. (1999). The elegant universe. New York: Norton.
86. Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229.
87. Guba, E. G. (1990). The alternative paradigm dialogue. In E. G. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialogue (pp. 17-27). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
88. Guttman, B. S. (2004). The real method of scientific discovery. Skeptical Inquirer, 28 (No. 1), 45-47.
89. Hall, B. (1993). Introduction. In P. Park, M. Brydon-Miller, B. Hall, & T. Jackson (Eds.), Voices of change: Participatory action research in the US and Canada (pp. xiii-xxi). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
90. Hanson, N. R. (1958). Patterns of discovery: An inquiry into the conceptual foundations of science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
91. Harless, E. (1861). Der Apparat des Willens. In I. H. Fichte, H. Ulrici, & I. U. Wirth (Eds.), Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritic: Vol. 38 (pp. 50-73). Halle, Germany: Pfeffer.
92. Harman, G. (1965). The inference to the best explanation. Philosophical Review, 74, 88-95.
93. Hassin, R. R., Uleman, J. S., & Bargh, J. A. (Eds.) (2004). The new unconscious. New York: Oxford University Press.
94. Hayes, S. C., & Hayes, L. J. (1989). Is behavior analysis contextualistic? Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology, 9, 37-40.
95. Hayes, S. C., Hayes, L. J., Reese, H. W., & Sarbin, T. R. (Eds.) (1993). Varieties of scientific contextualism. Reno, NV: Context Press.
96. Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: Wiley.
97. Heft, H. (2001). Ecological psychology in context: James Gibson, Roger Barker, and the legacy of William James's radical empiricism. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
98. Helmholtz, H. von (1852). On the theory of compound colours. Philosophical Magazine, 4, 519-534.
99. Hempel, C. G. (1966). Philosophy of natural science. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
100. Henwood, K., & Pidgeon, N. (2003). Grounded theory in psychological research. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 131-155). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
101. Herbart, J. F. (1816). Lehrbuch zur Psychologie. Königsberg, Germany: Unzer.
102. Hering, E. (1954). Outlines of a theory of the light sense (Trans., L. M. Hurvich). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (original published in 1920)
103. Hoffman, R. R., & Nead, J. M. (1983). General contextualism, ecological science, and cognitive research. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 4, 507-560.
104. Hofmann, J. R. (1992). Ampère's electrodynamics and the acceptability of guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 201-217). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
105. Holcomb, H. R., III. (1998). Testing evolutionary hypotheses. In C. Crawford & D. L. Krebs (Eds.), Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Ideas, issues, and applications (pp. 303-334). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
106. Holland, J. H., Holyoak, K. J., Nisbett, R. E., & Thagard, P. R. (1986). Induction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
107. Holzman, L. (1999). Introduction. In L. Hozman (Ed.), Performing psychology:A postmodern culture of the mind. New York: Routledge.
108. Howson, C. (2000). Hume's problem: Induction and the justification of belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
109. Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
110. Hull, C. L. (1952). A behavior system: An introduction to behavior theory concerning the individual organism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
111. Hume, D. (1748). An enquiry concerning human understanding. (Republished in 2000 by Oxford University Press)
112. Hurvich, L. M. (1981). Color vision. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
113. Hyman, R. (1977). "Cold reading": How to convince strangers that you know all about them. The Zetetic, Spring/Summer 1977, 18-37.
114. Hyman, R. (1999). The mischief-making of ideomotor action. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 3, 34-43.
115. Ihlebaek, C., Love, T., Eilertsen, D. E., & Magnussen, S. (2003). Memory for a staged criminal event witnessed live and on video. Memory, 11, 319-327.
116. Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitated communication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765.
117. Jaeger, M. E., & Rosnow, R. L. (1988). Contextualism and its implications for psychological inquiry. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 63-75.
118. James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
119. James, W. (1976). Essays in radical empiricism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (original work published 1912)
120. Johnson, A., & Proctor, R. W. (2004). Attention: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
121. Jost, J. T., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2002). The estrangement of social constructionism and experimental social psychology: History of the rift and prospects for reconciliation. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 168-187.
122. Kagitçibasi, Ç. (2000). Cultural contextualism without complete relativism in the study of human development. In A. Comunian & U. P. Gielen (Eds.), International perspectives on human development (pp. 97-115). Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers.
123. Kanwisher, N., & Duncan, J. (Eds.) (2004). Functional neuroimaging of visual cognition: Attention and performance XX. New York: Oxford University Press.
124. Kerferd, G. B. (1981). The Sophistic movement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
125. Ketelaar, T., & Ellis, B. J. (2000). Are evolutionary explanations unfalsifiable? Evolutionary psychology and the Lakatosian philosophy of science. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 1-21.
126. Kidder, L., & Fine, M. (1987). Qualitative and quantitative methods: When stories converge. In M. M. Mark & R. L. Shotland (Eds.), Multiple methods in program evaluation (pp. 57-75). San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
127. Kitao, N. (2002). A review of research on the spacing effect in memory. Japanese Psychological Review, 45, 164-179.
128. Kitcher, P. (1993). The advancement of science: Science without legend, objectivity without illusion. New York: Oxford University Press.
129. Klahr, D., & Dunbar, K. (1988). Dual space search during scientific reasoning. Cognitive Science, 12, 1-48.
130. Klahr, D., & Simon, H. A. (1999). Studies of scientific discovery: Complementary approaches and convergent findings. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 524-543.
131. Klahr, D., & Simon, H. A. (2001). What have psychologists (and others) discovered about the process of scientific discovery? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 75-79.
132. Kopala, M., & Suzuki, L. A. (Eds.) (1999). Using qualitative methods in psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
133. Kosslyn, S. M., & Andersen, R. A. (1992). General introduction. In S. M. Kosslyn & R. A. Andersen (Eds.), Frontiers in cognitive neuroscience (pp. xv-xxix). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
134. Knuf, L., Aschersleben, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Analysis of ideomotor action. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 130, 779-798.
135. Krueger, J. (2001). Null hypothesis significance testing: On the survival of a flawed method. American Psychologist, 56, 16-26.
136. Kuhn, D. (1989). Children and adults as intuitive scientists. Psychological Review, 96, 674-689.
137. Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (revised edition published in 1970 and 3rd edition in 1996)
138. Kuhn, T. S. (1970a). Logic of discovery or psychology of research? In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 1-23). New York: Cambridge University Press.
139. Kuhn, T. S. (1970b). Reflections on my critics. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 231-278). New York: Cambridge University Press.
140. Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The essential tension: Selected studies in scientific tradition and change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
141. Kulkarni, D., & Simon, H. A. (1988). The processes of scientific discovery: The strategy of experimentation. Cognitive Science, 12, 139-175.
142. Kvale, S. (2003). The psychoanalytical interview as inspiration for qualitative research. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 275-297). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
143. Lachman, R., Lachman, J. L., & Butterfield, E. C. (1979). Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
144. Lakatos, I. (1970). Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In. I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 91-196). New York: Cambridge University Press.
145. Lakin, J. L., Jefferis, V. E., Cheng, C. M., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). The chameleon effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of nonconscious mimicry. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 145-162.
146. Lamarck, J. B. (1809). Zoological philosophy. New York: Macmillan and Company. (English translation in 1914)
147. Lashley, K. S. (1929). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
148. Lashley, K. S. (1951). The problem of serial order behavior. In L. A. Jeffress (Ed.), Cerebral mechanisms in behavior (pp. 112-131). New York: Wiley.
149. Laudan, L. (1977). Progress and its problems: Toward a theory of scientific growth. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
150. Laudan, L. (1984). Science and values: The aims of science and their role in scientific debate. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
151. Laudan, L. (1990). Science and relativism: Some key controversies in the philosophy of science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
152. Laudan, L. (1996). Beyond positivism and relativism: Theory, method, and evidence. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
153. Laudan, L. (1997). How about bust? Factoring explanatory power back into theory evaluation. Philosophy of Science, 64, 306-316.
154. Laycock, T. (1845). On the reflex functions of the brain. Reprinted from N. XXXVII of the British and Foreign Medical Review (pp. 1-16). Bartolomew Close, UK:Adlard.
155. Leondes, C. T. (Ed.) (2002). Expert systems: The technology of knowledge management and decision making for the 21st century. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
156. Lewis, M. (1997). Altering fate. New York: Guilford Press.
157. Litton, I., & Potter, J. (1985). Social representations in the ordinary explanation of a "riot." European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 371-388.
158. Loftus, E. F. (2003). Make-believe memories. American Psychologist, 58, 867-873.
159. Logan, G. D. (2002). An instance theory of attention and memory. Psychological Review, 109, 376-400.
160. Losee, J. (2001). A historical introduction to the philosophy of science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
161. Lotze, R. H. (1852). Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (pp. 287-325). Leipzig, Germany: Weidmann'sche Buchandlung.
162. Lutgens, F. K., & Tarbuck, E. J. (1998). Essentials of geology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
163. Maguire, P. (2001). The congruency thing: Transforming psychological research and pedagogy. In D. L. Tolman & M. Brydon-Miller (Eds.), From subjects to subjectivities: A handbook of interpretive and participatory methods (pp. 276-289). New York: New York University Press.
164. Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the Western Pacific. New York: Dutton.
165. Marecek, J. (2003). Dancing through minefields: Toward a qualitative stance in psychology. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 49-69). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
166. Mauskopf, S. H. (1992). Molecular geometry in 19th-century France: Shifts in guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 125-144). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
167. McGrath, J. E., & Johnson, B. A. (2003). Methodology makes meaning: How both qualitative and quantitative paradigms shape evidence and its interpretations. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 31-47). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
168. McGuigan, F. J. (1960). Experimental psychology: A methodological approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
169. Michell, J. (2003). The quantitative imperative: Positivism, naïve realism and the place of qualitative methods in psychology. Theory & Psychology, 13, 5-31.
170. Miller, N. E. (1959). Liberalization of basic S-R concepts: Extensions to conflict behavior, motivation, and social learning. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of science (Vol. 2: General systematic formulations, learning, and special processes) (pp. 196-292). New York: McGraw-Hill.
171. Miller, P. J., Hengst, J. A., & Wang, S.-H. (2003). Ethnographic methods:Applications from developmental cultural psychology. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 219-242). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
172. Minami, H., & Dallenbach, K. M. (1946). The effect of activity upon learning and retention in the cockroach. American Journal of Psychology, 59, 1-58.
173. Minsky, M., & Papert, S. (1969). Perceptrons. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
174. Mook, D. G. (1983). In defense of external invalidity. American Psychologist, 38, 379-387.
175. Moser, K., Gadenne, V., & Schröder, J. (1988). Under what conditions does confirmation seeking obstruct scientific progress? Psychological Review, 95, 572-574.
176. Murray, M. (2003). Narrative psychology and narrative analysis. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology:Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 95-112). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
177. Neath, I., & Surprenant, A. (2003). Human memory: An introduction to research, data, and theory (2nd edn). Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth.
178. Neisser, U. (1982). Memory: What are the important questions? In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts (pp. 3-19). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
179. Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1967). An example of human chess play in the light of chess-playing programs. In N. Weiner & J. P. Schade (Eds.), Progress in cybernetics (Vol. 2, pp. 19-75). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
180. Nicholas, J. M. (1992). Planck's quantum crisis and shifts in guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science:Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 317-335). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
181. O'Donohue, W. (1993). The spell of Kuhn on psychology: An exegetical elixir. Philosophical Psychology, 6, 267-286.
182. Oreskes, N. (1999). Rejection of continental drift. New York: Oxford University Press.
183. Park, P. (1993). What is participatory research? A theoretical and methodological perspective. In P. Park, M. Brydon-Miller, B. Hall, & T. Jackson (Eds.), Voices of change: Participatory action research in the US and Canada (pp. 1-19). Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
184. Pashler, H. (1998). Attention. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
185. Pavlov, I. P. (1928). Lectures on conditioned reflexes (W. H. Grantz, Trans.). New York: International Publishers.
186. Peirce, C. S. (1940). Abduction and induction. In J. Buchler (Ed.), The philosophy of Peirce: Selected writings (pp. 150-156). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
187. Pepper, S. C. (1942). World hypotheses. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
188. Perrin, C. E. (1992). The chemical revolution: Shifts in guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 105-124). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
189. Pfungst, O. (1911/1965). Clever Hans: The horse of Mr. Von Osten (Carl L. Rahn, Trans.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
190. Piaget, J. (1975). The child's conception of the world. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams. (originally published in 1929)
191. Pigliucci, M. (2003). 'Elementary, Dear Watson'. Skeptical Inquirer, 27 (No. 3), 18-19.
192. Piran, N. (2001). Re-inhabiting the body from the inside out: Girls transform their school environment. In D. L. Tolman & M. Brydon-Miller (Eds.), From subjects to subjectivities: A handbook of interpretive and participatory methods (pp. 218-238). New York: New York University Press.
193. Platt, J. R. (1964). Strong inference. Science, 146, 347-353. Reprinted in J. R. Platt (1966), The step to man. New York: Wiley.
194. Ponterotto, J. G., & Grieger, I. (1999). Merging qualitative and quantitative perspectives in a research identity. In M. Kopala & L. A. Suzuki (Eds.), Using qualitative methods in psychology (pp. 49-62). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
195. Popper, K. R. (1959). The logic of scientific discovery. New York: Basic Books.
196. Popper, K. R. (1963). Conjectures and refutations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
197. Popper, K. R. (1970). Normal science and its dangers. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 51-58). New York:Cambridge University Press.
198. Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 160-174.
199. Postman, L., & Underwood, B. J. (1973). Critical issues in interference theory. Memory & Cognition, 1, 19-40.
200. Potter, J. (2002). Experimenting with reconciliation: A comment on Jost and Kruglanski. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 192-193.
201. Potter, J. (2003). Discourse analysis and discursive psychology. In P. M. Camic, J. E. Rhodes, & L. Yardley (Eds.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (pp. 73-94). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
202. Pratto, F. (2002). Integrating experimental and social constructivist social psychology:Some of us are already doing it. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 194-198.
203. Quine, W. V. (1953). Two dogmas of empiricism. In W. V. Quine, From a logical point of view. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
204. Quine, W. V. (1970). On the reasons for indeterminacy of translation. The Journal of Philosophy, 67, 179-183.
205. Rachlin, H. (2002). Altruism and selfishness. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 25, 239-296.
206. Ramón y Cajal, S. (1999). Advice for a young investigator (N. S. Swanson & L. W. Swanson, Trans.). Cmabridge, MA: MIT Press. (original work published 1897)
207. Reichenbach, H. (1947). Elements of symbolic logic. New York: Macmillan.
208. Ricoeur, P. (1991). Life: A story in search of a narrator. In M. J. Valdes (Ed.), A Ricoeur reader: Reflection and imagination (pp. 137-155). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
209. Rocke, A. J. (1992). Kekulé's benzene theory and the appraisal of scientific theories. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science:Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 145-162). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
210. Roediger, H. L., III (1980). Memory metaphors in cognitive psychology. Memory & Cognition, 8, 231-246.
211. Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, irony, and solidarity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
212. Rosenberg, A. (1995). Philosophy of social science (2nd edn). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
213. Rosenblatt, E. (1962). Principles of neurodynamics. Washington, DC: Spartan Books.
214. Rosenthal, R. (1965). Introduction. In O. Pfungst, Clever Hans: The horse of Mr. Von Osten (Carl L. Rahn, Trans.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
215. Rosnow, R. L., & Georgoudi, M. (1986). The spirit of contextualism. In R. L. Rosnow & M. Georgoudi (Ed.), Contextualism and understanding in behavioral science: Implications for research and theory (pp. 3-22). New York:Praeger.
216. Ruse, M. (2001). On being a philosophical naturalist: A tribute to Donald Campbell. In C. Heyes & D. L. Hull (Eds.), Selection theory and social construction:The evolutionary naturalistic epistemology of Donald T. Campbell (pp. 71-100). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
217. Rychlak, J. F. (2003). The human image in postmodern America. Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
218. Salmon, W. C. (1988). Rational prediction. In A. Grünbaum & W. C. Salmon (Eds.), The limitations of deductivism (pp. 47-60). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
219. Sarbin, T. R. (1977). Contextualism: A world view for modern psychology. In A. Landfield (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1976: Personal construct psychology (pp. 1-41). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
220. Schaller, M. (2002). Any theory can be useful theory, even it if gets on our nerves. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 6, 199-203
221. Schunn, C. D., & Anderson, J. R. (1999). The generality/specificity of expertise in scientific reasoning. Cognitive Science, 23, 337-370.
222. Shraagen, J. M. (1993). How experts solve a novel problem in experimental design. Cognitive Science, 17, 285-309.
223. Shweder, R. A. (1996). Quanta and qualia: What is the "object" of ethnographic method? In R. Jessor, A. Colby, & R. A. Shweder (Eds.), Ethnography and human development: Contextual meaning in social inquiry (pp. 175-182). Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
224. Simon, H. A. (1983). Models of bounded rationality. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
225. Simonton, D. K. (1992). Leaders in American psychology, 1879-1967: Career development, creative output, and professional achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 5-17.
226. Singley, K., & Anderson, J. R. (1989). The transfer of cognitive skill. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
227. Slife, B. D., & Williams, R. N. (1995). What's behind the research? Discovering hidden assumptions in the behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
228. Smith, J. A. (Ed.) (2003). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
229. Snyder, L. J. (1994). Is evidence historical? In P. Achinstein & L. J. Snyder (Eds.), Scientific methods: Conceptual and historical problems (pp. 95-117). Malabar, FL: Krieger.
230. Sober, E. (2000). Philosophy of biology (2nd edn). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
231. Steiner, R. A. (1989). Don't get taken! - Bunco and bunkum exposed - How to protect yourself. El Cerrito, CA: Wide-Awake Books.
232. Stock, A., & Stock, C. (2004). A short history of ideo-motor action. Psychological Research, 68, 176-188.
233. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research (2nd edn). London:Sage.
234. Thagard, P. (1988). Computational philosophy of science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
235. Thagard, P. (2005). How to be a successful scientist. In M. E. Gorman, R. D. Tweney, D. C. Gooding, & A. P. Kincannon (Eds.), Scientific and technological thinking (pp. 159-171). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
236. Tolman, D. L., & Brydon-Miller, M. (2001). Interpretive and participatory research methods: Moving toward subjectivities. In D. L. Tolman & M. Brydon-Miller (Eds.), From subjects to subjectivities: A handbook of interpretive and participatory methods (pp. 3-11). New York: New York University Press.
237. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The psychological foundations of culture (pp. 19-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
238. Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: From mind to brain. In Annual Review of Psychology (Vol. 53, pp. 1-25). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
239. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
240. Tweney, R. D. (1989). A framework for cognitive psychology of science. In B. Gholson, W. R. Shadish, Jr., R. A. Neimeyer, & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of science (pp. 342-366). New York: Cambridge University Press.
241. Tweney, R. (1991). Faraday's notebooks: The active organization of creative science. Physics Education, 26, 301-306.
242. Uttal, W. R. (2001). The new phrenology: The limits of localizing cognitive processes in the brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
243. Vogt, E. Z., & Hyman, R. (1959). Water witching, USA. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
244. Wason, P. C. (1960). On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12, 129-140.
245. Watson, J. D. (2000). A passion for DNA: Genes, genomes, and society. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
246. Watson, J., Balota, D. A., & Roediger III, H. L. (2003). Creating false memories with hybrid lists of semantic and phonological associates: Over-additive false memories produced by converging associative networks. Journal of Memory & Language, 49, 95-118.
247. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (2nd college edn). (1980). Cleveland: OH: Collins.
248. Weinberg, D. (2002). Qualitative research methods: An overview. In D. Weinberg (Ed.), Qualitative research methods (pp. 1-22). Malden, MA:Blackwell Publishers.
249. Weismann, A. (1893). The germ plasm: A theory of heredity. Translated by W. N. Parker & H. Ronfeldt. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
250. Wernicke, C. (1874). Der aphasische symtomenkomplex. Breslau: Cohn & Weigert.
251. Whewell, W. (1840). The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history. London: J. W. Parker.
252. Whewell, W. (1984). Selected writings on the history of science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
253. Williams, L. P. (1970). Normal science, scientific revolutions and the history of science. In I. Lakatos & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and the growth of knowledge (pp. 49-50). New York: Cambridge University Press.
254. Willig, C. (2001). Qualitative research in psychology: A practical guide to theory and method. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
255. Wilson, E. O. (1987). Kin recognition: An introductory synopsis. In D. J. C. Fletcher & C. D. Michener (Eds.), Kin recognition in animals (pp. 7-18). Hove, UK: Wiley.
256. Wilson, E. O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. New York: Vintage.
257. Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
258. Yantis, S. (Ed.) (2001). Visual perception: Essential readings. Philadelphia, PA:Psychology Press.
259. Young, T. (1802). On the theory of light and colours. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 92, 12-48.
260. Zandvoort, H. (1992). Nuclear magnetic resonance and the acceptability of guiding assumptions. In A. Donovan, L. Laudan, & R. Laudan (Eds.), Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change (pp. 337-358). Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
261. Zeller, E. (1955). Outlines of the history of Greek philosophy (13th edn). New York:Meridian.
262. Zuckerman, H. (1977). Scientific elite. New York: Free Press.