Multicomponent phytotherapeutic approach gaining momentum: Is the "one drug to fit all" model breaking down?

Phytomedicine

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-14

  Rather, Manzoor A ^a   Bhat, Bilal A ^a   Qurishi, Mushtaq A ^b  

^a CSIR INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR   (India)

Author keywords

Blockbuster drugs; Combination therapy; Drug development; Phytotherapy; Synergism

Indexed keywords

AMLODIPINE; AMLODIPINE PLUS ATORVASTATIN; AMLODIPINE PLUS BENAZEPRIL; ATORVASTATIN; BERBERINE; CANNABIS; COTRIMOXAZOLE; EMTRICITABINE; EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; ESSENTIAL OIL; EZETIMIBE; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIBENCLAMIDE PLUS METFORMIN; HYPERFORIN; HYPERICIN; IBEROGAST; INTERFERON; ISOPRENOID; KAVA; LOPINAVIR; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; METFORMIN; METFORMIN PLUS ROSIGLITAZONE; OXAZEPAM; PSEUDOHYPERICIN; REBETRON; RIBAVIRIN; RITONAVIR; SIMVASTATIN; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; TENOFOVIR; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AZADIRACHTA INDICA; CAMELLIA SINENSIS; CELASTRUS; CELL TYPE; CYMBOPOGON; DIABETES MELLITUS; EPILOBIUM; EUPHORBIA; GRAPE; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INVESTMENT; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; NEOPLASM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PANAX NOTOGINSENG; PHYTOTHERAPY; PIPER METHYSTICUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHIZOME; SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS; SOYBEAN; TANACETUM PARTHENIUM; THERAPY EFFECT; TRIPTERYGIUM WILFORDII;

BLOCKBUSTER DRUGS; COMBINATION THERAPY; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; PHYTOTHERAPY; SYNERGISM;

DRUG COMBINATIONS; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG SYNERGISM; HUMANS; PHYTOTHERAPY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84888859758     PISSN: 09447113     EISSN: 1618095X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.015     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. H.D. Allescher Functional dyspepsia - a multicausal disease and its therapy Phytomedicine 13 Suppl. 5 2006 2 11
2. Adimoolam, S., Buggy, J.J., Magda, D., Miller, R., 2008. Method of using histone deacetylase inhibitors and monitoring biomarkers in combination therapy, US20080153877.
3. M. Ammirante, R. Di Giacomo, L. De Martino, A. Rosati, M. Festa, A. Gentilella, M.C. Pascale, M.A. Belisario, A. Leone, M.C. Turco, and V. De Feo 1-Methoxy-canthin-6-one induces c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-dependent apoptosis and synergizes with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand activity in human neoplastic cells of hematopoietic or endodermal origin Cancer Research 66 2006 4385 4393
4. Andrew, J., Lawrence, M., John, R., Gerald, B., Christine, S., Karen, G., 2009. Fixed ratio drug combination treatments for solid tumors, US20090023680.
5. Arnold, L.D., Jl, Q.S., Buck, E., Haley, J.D., Mulvihill, M.J., 2008. Combination cancer therapy, US20080267957.
6. D. Baker, G. Pryce, J.L. Croxford, P. Brown, R.G. Pertwee, J.W. Huffman, and L. Layward Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model Nature 404 2000 84 87
7. F. Bakkali, S. Averbeck, D. Averbeck, and M. Idaomar Biological effects of essential oils - a review Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 2008 446 475
8. C. Barthomeuf, M. Demeule, J. Grassi, A. Saidkhodjaev, and R. Beliveau Conferone from Ferula schtschurowskiana enhances vinblastine cytotoxicity in MDCK-MDR1 cells by competitively inhibiting P-glycoprotein transport Planta Medicine 72 2006 634 639
9. I.H. Bassole, A. Lamien-Meda, B. Bayala, S. Tirogo, C. Franz, J. Novak, R.C. Nebie, and M.H. Dicko Composition and antimicrobial activities of Lippia multiflora Moldenke, Mentha x piperita L. and Ocimum basilicum L. essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols alone and in combination Molecules 15 2010 7825 7839
10. A. Ben Arfa, S. Combes, L. Preziosi-Belloy, N. Gontard, and P. Chalier Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure Letters in Applied Microbiology 43 2006 149 154
11. M.C. Berenbaum What is synergy? Pharmacological Reviews 41 1989 93 141
12. C. Blick, P. Hall, T. Pwint, F. Al-Terkait, J. Crew, T. Powles, V. Macaulay, N. Munro, D. Douglas, N. Kilbey, A. Protheroe, and J.D. Chester Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (AMVAC) as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder Cancer 118 2012 3920 3927
13. Borisy, A., Grau, D., Stockwell, B.R., Keith, C., 2008. Screening system for identifying drug-drug interactions and methods of use thereof, US20080194421
14. C.D. Britten Targeting ErbB receptor signaling: a pan-ErbB approach to cancer Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 3 2004 1335 1342
15. Buck, A.E., Eyzaguirre, A., Bhagwat, S., Barr, S., Russo, S., 2009. Combination anti-cancer therapy, US20090274698.
16. S. Burt Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - a review International Journal of Food Microbiology 94 2004 223 253
17. S. Carnesecchi, K. Langley, F. Exinger, F. Gosse, and F. Raul Geraniol, a component of plant essential oils, sensitizes human colonic cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil treatment Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 301 2002 625 630
18. Chan, A., Gong, Q., Martin, F., 2005. Combination therapy for B cell disorders, US20050095243.
19. E.D. Chan, and M.D. Iseman Current medical treatment for tuberculosis British Medical Journal 325 2002 1282 1286
20. T.C. Chou Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies Pharmacological Reviews 58 2006 621 681
21. T.C. Chou Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou-Talalay method Cancer Research 70 2010 440 446
22. T.C. Chou, and P. Talalay Analysis of combined drug effects: a new look at a very old problem Trends in Pharmacolgical Science 4 1983 450 454
23. T.C. Chou, and P. Talalay Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors Advances in Enzyme Regulation 22 1984 27 55
24. Chu, K., Xie, W., Ho, C., 2008. Pharmaceutical composition and method for cancer treatment based on combinational use of conventional anticancer agents and geranium oil or compounds thereof, US20080113042.
25. T.W. Corson, and C.M. Crews Molecular understanding and modern application of traditional medicines: triumphs and trials Cell 130 2007 769 774
26. S.D. Cox, C.M. Mann, and J.L. Markham Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia Journal of Applied Microbiology 91 2001 492 497
27. J.E. Dancey, and H.X. Chen Strategies for optimizing combinations of molecularly targeted anticancer agents Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 5 2006 649 659
28. D.A. Davis, S.H. Sarkar, M. Hussain, Y. Li, and F.H. Sarkar Increased therapeutic potential of an experimental anti-mitotic inhibitor SB715992 by genistein in PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line BMC Cancer 6 2006 22
29. N.M. Douglas, N.M. Anstey, B.J. Angus, F. Nosten, and R.N. Price Artemisinin combination therapy for vivax malaria The Lancet Infectious Diseases 10 2010 405 416
30. N. Duarte, A. Varga, G. Cherepnev, R. Radics, J. Molnar, and M.J. Ferreira Apoptosis induction and modulation of P-glycoprotein mediated multidrug resistance by new macrocyclic lathyrane-type diterpenoids Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 15 2007 546 554
31. T. Efferth, and E. Koch Complex interactions between phytochemicals: the multi-target therapeutic concept of phytotherapy Current Drug Targets 12 2011 122 132
32. Ekstrom, T.J., Almqvist, P.M., Asklund, T.H., 2007, Compounds for enhanced cancer therapy, US20070264241.
33. B.F. El-Rayes, S. Ali, I.F. Ali, P.A. Philip, J. Abbruzzese, and F.H. Sarkar Potentiation of the effect of erlotinib by genistein in pancreatic cancer: the role of Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB Cancer Research 66 2006 10553 10559
34. F. Farabegoli, A. Papi, G. Bartolini, R. Ostan, and M. Orlandi (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates Pg-P and BCRP in a tamoxifen resistant MCF-7 cell line Phytomedicine 17 2010 356 362
35. S. Frantz 2004 approvals: the demise of the blockbuster? Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 4 2005 93 94
36. S. Frantz Pharma faces major challenges after a year of failures and heated battles Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6 2007 5 7
37. + channels Planta Medicine 64 1998 458 459
38. F. Gaube, S. Wolfl, L. Pusch, T.C. Kroll, and M. Hamburger Gene expression profiling reveals effects of Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) NUTT. (black cohosh) on the estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 BMC Pharmacology 7 2007 11
39. J. Gertsch Botanical drugs, synergy, and network pharmacology: forth and back to intelligent mixtures Planta Medicine 77 2011 1086 1098
40. D. Ghosh, A. Bose, E. Haque, and R. Baral Pretreatment with neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf preparation in Swiss mice diminishes leukopenia and enhances the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide Phytotherapy Research 20 2006 814 818
41. Hall, J., Beljanski, S., 2009. Flavopereirine and alstonine combinations in the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer, US20090215853.
42. K.A. Hammer, C.F. Carson, and T.V. Riley Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts Journal of Applied Microbiology 86 1999 985 990
43. Horwitz, S.B., McDaid, H.M., Martello, L.A., 2003. Method for treating neoplasia using combination chemotherapy, US6541509.
44. N.E. Hynes, and H.A. Lane ERBB receptors and cancer: the complexity of targeted inhibitors Nature Reviews Cancer 5 2005 341 354
45. A. Jemal, T. Murray, E. Ward, A. Samuels, R.C. Tiwari, A. Ghafoor, E.J. Feuer, and M.J. Thun Cancer statistics, 2005 CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 55 2005 10 30
46. S.R. Johnston Combinations of endocrine and biological agents: present status of therapeutic and presurgical investigations Clinical Cancer Research 11 2005 889s 899s
47. Johnstone, S., Harvie, P., Tardi, P., Harasym, T., Mayer, L., 2009. Combination formulations of cytidine analogs and platinum agents, US20090074848.
48. H.R. Juliani Jr., F. Biurrun, A.R. Koroch, M.M. Oliva, M.S. Demo, V.S. Trippi, and J.A. Zygadlo Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lantana xenica Planta Medicine 68 2002 762 764
49. H.A. Junio, A.A. Sy-Cordero, K.A. Ettefagh, J.T. Burns, K.T. Micko, T.N. Graf, S.J. Richter, R.E. Cannon, N.H. Oberlies, and N.B. Cech Synergy-directed fractionation of botanical medicines: a case study with goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) Journal of Natural Products 74 2011 1621 1629
50. A. Jussofie, A. Schmiz, and C. Hiemke Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in different regions of rat brain Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 116 1994 469 474
51. L. Kalan, and G.D. Wright Antibiotic adjuvants: multicomponent anti-infective strategies Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 13 2011 e5
52. J. Keledjian, P.H. Duffield, D.D. Jamieson, R.O. Lidgard, and A.M. Duffield Uptake into mouse brain of four compounds present in the psychoactive beverage kava Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 77 1988 1003 1006
53. S.E. Kim, Y.H. Kim, Y.C. Kim, and J.J. Lee Torilin, a sesquiterpene from Torilis japonica, reverses multidrug-resistance in cancer cells Planta Medicine 64 1998 332 334
54. Kim, S.-B., An, B.J., Kim, H.Y., Kim, J.S., Kim, J.U., Bang, S.C., Lee, J.H., 2008. Method of improving anticancer effect of pulsatillae radix and a composition prepared by the method, US20080268072.
55. A. Kiss, J. Kowalski, and M.F. Melzig Induction of neutral endopeptidase activity in PC-3 cells by an aqueous extract of Epilobium angustifolium L. and oenothein B Phytomedicine 13 2006 284 289
56. R. Krishna, and L.D. Mayer Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer: mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11 2000 265 283
57. H. Kubinyi Drug research: myths, hype and reality Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2 2003 665 668
58. R.J. Lambert, P.N. Skandamis, P.J. Coote, and G.J. Nychas A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol Journal of Applied Microbiology 91 2001 453 462
59. Lanzara, R.G., 2009. Method for determining drug-molecular combinations that modulate and enhance the therapeutic safety and efficacy of biological or pharmaceutical drugs, US20090012717.
60. E. Lee, R. Enomoto, C. Suzuki, M. Ohno, T. Ohashi, A. Miyauchi, E. Tanimoto, K. Maeda, H. Hirano, T. Yokoi, and C. Sugahara Wogonin, a plant flavone, potentiates etoposide-induced apoptosis in cancer cells Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1095 2007 521 526
61. Lee, F.Y., 2003. Synergistic methods and compositions for treating cancer, US6537988.
62. J. Legault, and A. Pichette Potentiating effect of beta-caryophyllene on anticancer activity of alpha-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59 2007 1643 1647
63. J.W. Li, and J.C. Vederas Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier? Science 325 2009 161 165
64. Y. Li, O. Kucuk, M. Hussain, J. Abrams, M.L. Cher, and F.H. Sarkar Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of docetaxel are enhanced by genistein through regulation of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand/MMP-9 signaling in prostate cancer Cancer Research 66 2006 4816 4825
65. D. Lindenberg, and H. Pitule-Schodel d,l-Kavain in comparison with oxazepam in anxiety disorders. A double-blind study of clinical effectiveness Fortschritte der Medizin 108 1990 49 50 53-44
66. Louie, A., Swenson, C., Mayer, L., Janoff, A., 2008. Fixed drug ratios for treatment of hematopoietic cancers and proliferative disorders, US20080199515.
67. Z. Mai, G.L. Blackburn, and J.R. Zhou Soy phytochemicals synergistically enhance the preventive effect of tamoxifen on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast carcinoma in mice Carcinogenesis 28 2007 1217 1223
68. Majeed, M., 2008. Compositions and methods to effect enhanced photoprotection against UV A and UV B induced damage of human skin, US20080226571.
69. M. Matsuura, H. Nakazawa, T. Hashimoto, and S. Mitsuhashi Combined antibacterial activity of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid against ampicillin-resistant strains Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 17 1980 908 911
70. I. Meijerman, J.H. Beijnen, and J.H. Schellens Combined action and regulation of phase II enzymes and multidrug resistance proteins in multidrug resistance in cancer Cancer Treatment Reviews 34 2008 505 520
71. J.A. Menendez, L. Vellon, R. Colomer, and R. Lupu Oleic acid, the main monounsaturated fatty acid of olive oil, suppresses Her-2/neu (erbB-2) expression and synergistically enhances the growth inhibitory effects of trastuzumab (Herceptin) in breast cancer cells with Her-2/neu oncogene amplification Annals of Oncology 16 2005 359 371
72. R.M. Mohammad, S. Wang, S. Banerjee, X. Wu, J. Chen, and F.H. Sarkar Nonpeptidic small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, (-)-Gossypol, enhances biological effect of genistein against BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cell line Pancreas 31 2005 317 324
73. V. Moleyar, and P. Narasimham Antibacterial activity of essential oil components International Journal of Food Microbiology 16 1992 337 342
74. Moodley, J., Coulter, I., 2008. Combination products, US20080020018.
75. S. Mulyaningsih, F. Sporer, S. Zimmermann, J. Reichling, and M. Wink Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens Phytomedicine 17 2010 1061 1066
76. K.T. Papazisis, T.G. Kalemi, D. Zambouli, G.D. Geromichalos, A.F. Lambropoulos, A. Kotsis, L.L. Boutis, and A.H. Kortsaris Synergistic effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein with camptothecins against three cell lines in vitro Cancer Letters 233 2006 255 264
77. B. Patwardhan, A.D. Vaidya, M. Chorghade, and S.P. Joshi Reverse pharmacology and systems approaches for drug discovery and development Current Bioactive Compounds 4 2008 201 212
78. R.S. Pei, F. Zhou, B.P. Ji, and J. Xu Evaluation of combined antibacterial effects of eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol against E. coli with an improved method Journal of Food Science 74 2009 M379 M383
79. Pichette, A., Legault, J., 2009. Potentiator of antitumoral agents in the treatment of cancer, US20090286865.
80. M.H. Pittler, and E. Ernst Efficacy of kava extract for treating anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 20 2000 84 89
81. J. Qiu Traditional medicine: a culture in the balance Nature 448 2007 126 128
82. D. Rajesh, and S.P. Howard Perillyl alcohol mediated radiosensitization via augmentation of the Fas pathway in prostate cancer cells Prostate 57 2003 14 23
83. D. Rajesh, R.A. Stenzel, and S.P. Howard Perillyl alcohol as a radio-/chemosensitizer in malignant glioma The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 2003 35968 35978
84. Rangel, O., Angel, J., 2008. Prostate disorder(s) phyto-nutraceutical synergistic composition, US20080260771.
85. Ricciardiello, L., Boland, R.C., Roman, M., Fogliano, V., 2009. Chemopreventive, anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of pinoresinol-rich olives, US20090048187.
86. L. Rivas, M.J. McDonnell, C.M. Burgess, M. O'Brien, A. Navarro-Villa, S. Fanning, and G. Duffy Inhibition of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in model broth and rumen systems by carvacrol and thymol International Journal of Food Microbiology 139 2010 70 78
87. R. Saller, G. Pfister-Hotz, F. Iten, J. Melzer, and J. Reichling Iberogast: a modern phytotherapeutic combined herbal drug for the treatment of functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome) - from phytomedicine to "evidence based phytotherapy." A systematic review Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 9 Suppl. 1 2002 1 20
88. B.M. Schmidt, D.M. Ribnicky, P.E. Lipsky, and I. Raskin Revisiting the ancient concept of botanical therapeutics Nature Chemical Biology 3 2007 360 366
89. V. Schulz Incidence and clinical relevance of the interactions and side effects of Hypericum preparations Phytomedicine 8 2001 152 160
90. V. Schulz New therapeutic studies and meta-analysis. St. John's wort extract vs. synthetics Pharm Unserer Zeit 32 2003 228 234 discussion 234-225
91. Scott, I.R., 2008. Methods to identify biologically active agents and synergistic combinations, US20080026400.
92. Shuang, C.J., Gi, M., 2009. Cancer therapy, US20090082406.
93. U. Simmen, J. Higelin, K. Berger-Buter, W. Schaffner, and K. Lundstrom Neurochemical studies with St. John's wort in vitro Pharmacopsychiatry 34 Suppl. 1 2001 S137 S142
94. Sliwkowski, M.X., Kelsey, S.M., 2007. Combination therapy of her expressing tumors, US20070020261.
95. F.R. Stermitz, P. Lorenz, J.N. Tawara, L.A. Zenewicz, and K. Lewis Synergy in a medicinal plant: antimicrobial action of berberine potentiated by 5′-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pump inhibitor Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America 97 2000 1433 1437
96. M. Susa, E. Choy, C. Yang, J. Schwab, H. Mankin, F. Hornicek, and Z. Duan Multidrug resistance reversal agent, NSC77037, identified with a cell-based screening assay Journal of Biomolecular Screening 15 2010 287 296
97. A.M. Thayer Blockbuster model breaking down Modern Drug Discovery 7 2004 23 24
98. D. Torres-Romero, F. Munoz-Martinez, I.A. Jimenez, S. Castanys, F. Gamarro, and I.L. Bazzocchi Novel dihydro-beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes as potent modulators of human P-glycoprotein dependent multidrug resistance Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 7 2009 5166 5172
99. R. Tserennadmid, M. Tako, L. Galgoczy, T. Papp, M. Pesti, C. Vagvolgyi, K. Almassy, and J. Krisch Anti yeast activities of some essential oils in growth medium, fruit juices and milk International Journal of Food Microbiology 144 2011 480 486
100. T. Tsuruo Molecular cancer therapeutics: recent progress and targets in drug resistance Internal Medicine 42 2003 237 243
101. A. Ultee, R.A. Slump, G. Steging, and E.J. Smid Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice Journal of Food Protection 63 2000 620 624
102. R.G. van der Most, R. Himbeck, S. Aarons, S.J. Carter, I. Larma, C. Robinson, A. Currie, and R.A. Lake Antitumor efficacy of the novel chemotherapeutic agent coramsine is potentiated by cotreatment with CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides Journal of Immunotherapy 29 2006 134 142
103. H. Wagner Multitarget therapy - the future of treatment for more than just functional dyspepsia Phytomedicine 13 Suppl. 5 2006 122 129
104. H. Wagner, and G. Ulrich-Merzenich Synergy research: approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals Phytomedicine 16 2009 97 110
105. C.Z. Wang, X. Luo, B. Zhang, W.X. Song, M. Ni, S. Mehendale, J.T. Xie, H.H. Aung, T.C. He, and C.S. Yuan Notoginseng enhances anti-cancer effect of 5-fluorouracil on human colorectal cancer cells Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 60 2007 69 79
106. Wang, F., Wang, L., Yang, J., Chen, D., Jian, X., 2003. Preparation and drug composition of bis-benzyl-isoquinoline class alkaloids, US6617335.
107. C. Wang, J.X. Zhang, X.L. Shen, C.K. Wan, A.K. Tse, and W.F. Fong Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by Alisol B 23-acetate Biochemical Pharmacology 68 2004 843 855
108. L. Wang, G.B. Zhou, P. Liu, J.H. Song, Y. Liang, X.J. Yan, F. Xu, B.S. Wang, J.H. Mao, Z.X. Shen, S.J. Chen, and Z. Chen Dissection of mechanisms of Chinese medicinal formula Realgar-Indigo naturalis as an effective treatment for promyelocytic leukemia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 2008 4826 4831
109. S.D. Westfall, E.E. Nilsson, and M.K. Skinner Role of triptolide as an adjunct chemotherapy for ovarian cancer Chemotherapy 54 2008 67 76
110. J.D. Wilkinson, B.J. Whalley, D. Baker, G. Pryce, A. Constanti, S. Gibbons, and E.M. Williamson Medicinal cannabis: is delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol necessary for all its effects? Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 55 2003 1687 1694
111. E.M. Williamson Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines Phytomedicine 8 2001 401 409
112. E.M. Williamson, and F.J. Evans Cannabinoids in clinical practice Drugs 60 2000 1303 1314
113. H. Woelk Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomised controlled trial British Medical Journal 321 2000 536 539
114. C. Wu, F. Chen, J.W. Rushing, X. Wang, H.J. Kim, G. Huang, V. Haley-Zitlin, and G. He Antiproliferative activities of parthenolide and golden feverfew extract against three human cancer cell lines Journal of Medicinal Food 9 2006 55 61
115. Xie, W., Li, K., Liu, E., Chu, K., 2009. Cucurbitacin B and uses thereof, US20090247495.
116. Xu, H., Brown, G.L., Schow, S.R., Keck, J.G., 2008, Combination cancer therapy with a GST-activated anticancer compound and another anticancer therapy, US20080159980.
117. L. Yeruva, C. Hall, J.A. Elegbede, and S.W. Carper Perillyl alcohol and methyl jasmonate sensitize cancer cells to cisplatin Anticancer Drugs 21 2010 1 9
118. L. Yeruva, K.J. Pierre, A. Elegbede, R.C. Wang, and S.W. Carper Perillyl alcohol and perillic acid induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in non small cell lung cancer cells Cancer Letters 257 2007 216 226
119. X.Y. Zhang, D.C. Bai, Y.J. Wu, W.G. Li, and N.F. Liu Proanthocyanidin from grape seeds enhances anti-tumor effect of doxorubicin both in vitro and in vivo Pharmazie 60 2005 533 538
120. G.R. Zimmermann, J. Lehar, and C.T. Keith Multi-target therapeutics: when the whole is greater than the sum of the parts Drug Discov Today 12 2007 34 42
121. A.W. Zuardi, I. Shirakawa, E. Finkelfarb, and I.G. Karniol Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta 9-THC in normal subjects Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 76 1982 245 250