Medicinal cannabis: Is Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol necessary for all its effects?

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Volumn 55, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 1687-1694

  Wilkinson, J D ^a   Whalley, B J ^a   Baker, D ^b   Pryce, G ^b   Constanti, A ^a   Gibbons, S ^a   Williamson, E M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIDIOL; CANNABIS; DRONABINOL; MUSCARINIC AGENT; OXOTREMORINE M; RIMONABANT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ADD ON THERAPY; ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BRAIN SLICE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENCY; EPILEPSY; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INHIBITION KINETICS; MONOTHERAPY; MOUSE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MUSCLE RELAXATION; NONHUMAN; RAT; SEIZURE; SPASTICITY; TIME; ANIMAL; BRAIN; CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; DISEASE MODEL; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PHYTOTHERAPY;

ANIMALS; ANTICONVULSANTS; BRAIN; CANNABIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EPILEPSY; MEMBRANE POTENTIALS; MICE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT PREPARATIONS; RATS; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

EID: 0347359066     PISSN: 00223573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1211/0022357022304     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids with emphasis on man. Pharmacol. Rev. 38: 21-43
2. Baker, D., Pryce, G., Croxford, J. L., Brown, P., Pertwee, R. G., Huffman, J. W., Layward, L. (2000) Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature 404: 84-87
3. Baker, D., Pryce, G., Croxford, J. L., Brown, P., Makryiannis, A., Pertwee, R., Layward, L., Di Marzo, V. (2001) Endocannabinoids control spasticity in a multiple sclerosis model. FASEB J. 15: 300-302
4. Baker, D., Pryce, G., Giovannoni, G., Thompson, A. (2003) The therapeutic potential of cannabis. Lancet Neurology 2: 291-298
5. Bisogno, T., Hanus, L., De Petrocellis, L., Tchilibon, S., Ponde, D. E., Brandi, I., Moriello, A. S., Davis, J. B., Mechoulam, R., Di Marzo, V. (2001) Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: Effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 134: 845-852
6. Bornheim, L. M., Reid, M. (1999) Influence of cannabinoids on brain levels of other drugs. Symposium on Cannabinoids, Burlington, Vermont. International Cannabinoid Research Society, p. 84
7. Bornheim, L. M., Kim, K. Y., Li, J., Perotti, B. Y., Benet, L. Z. (1995) Effect of cannabidiol pretreatment on the kinetics of tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites in mouse brain. Drug Metab. Dispos. 23: 825-831
8. Brady, C. M., Das Gupta, R., Wiseman, O. J., Dalton, C. M., Berkley, K. J., Fowler, C. J. (2002) The effects of cannabis based medicinal extracts on lower urinary tract dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis: Preliminary results. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 72: 139 Abstract
9. Breivogel, C. S., Griffin, G., Di Marzo, V., Martin, B. R. (2001) Evidence for a new G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor in mouse brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 60: 155-163
10. Brooks, J. W., Pryce, G., Bisogno, T., Jaggar, S. I., Hankey, D. J., Brown, P., Bridges, D., Ledent, C., Bifulco, M., Rice, A. S., DiMarzo, V., Baker, D. (2002) Arvanil-induced inhibition of spasticity and persistent pain: evidence for therapeutic sites of action different from the vanilloid VR1 receptor and cannabinoid CB(1)/CB(2) receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 439: 83-92
11. Carlini, E. A., Cunha, J. M. (1981) Hypnotic and antiepileptic effects of cannabidiol. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 21: 417S-427S
12. Consroe, P. (1998) Brain cannabinoid systems as targets for the therapy of neurological disorders. Neurobiol. Dis. 5 (6B): 534-551
13. Consroe, P., Musty, R., Rein, J., Tillery, W., Pertwee, R. (1997) The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur. Neurol. 38: 44-48
14. Constanti, A., Bagetta, G., Libri, V. (1993) Persistent muscarinic excitation in guinea-pig olfactory cortex neurons: Involvement of a slow post-stimulus after depolarizing current. Neuroscience 56: 887-904
15. Croxford, J. L. (2003) Therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in CNS disease. CNS Drugs 17: 179-202
16. Croxford, J. L., Miller, S. D. (2003) Immunoregulation of a viral model of multiple sclerosis using the synthetic cannabinoid R+WIN 55,212. J. Clin. Invest. 111: 1231-1240
17. Devan, W. A., Dysarz, F. A., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S., Howlett, A. (1988) Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 34: 605-613
18. Evans, F. J. (1991) Cannabinoids: The separation of central from peripheral effects on a structural basis. Planta Med. 57 (Suppl.): 60-67
19. Evans, F. J. (1997) The medicinal chemistry of cannabis: O'Shaughnessy's legacy. Pharmaceut. Sci. 3: 533-537
20. 1-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol content. Br. J. Pharmacol. 72: 401-409
21. Fox, P., Thompson, A., Zajicek, J. (2001) A multicentre randomized controlled trial of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 187: S453
22. Grotenhermen, F. (2003) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2: 327-360
23. Guiffrida, A., Beltramo, M., Piomelli, D. (2001) Mechanisms of cannabinoid inactivation: Biochemistry and pharmacology. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 298: 7-14
24. GW Pharmaceuticals (2002) GW announces positive results from each of four phase three clinical trials. Nov 5, 2002. (http://www.gwpharm.com/news_pres_05_nov_02.htm)
25. Hajos, N., Ledent, C., Freund, T. F. (2001) Novel cannabinoid-sensitive receptor mediated inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Neuroscience 106: 1-4
26. Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Comer, S. D., Foltin, R. W., Fischman, M. W. (2002) Comparison of smoked marijuana and oral delta 9-tetrahydocannabinol in humans. Psychopharmacology 164: 407-415.
27. Howlett, A. C., Barth, F., Bonner, T. I., Cabral, G., Casellas, P., Devane, W. A., Felder, C.C., Herkenham, M., Mackie, K., Martin, B. R., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G. (2002) International Union of Pharmacology XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors. Pharm. Rev. 54: 161-202
28. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology (1998) Cannabis: The Scientific and Medical Evidence. The House of Lords Session 1997-8, 9th report. HMSO London.
29. Jacobsson, S. O., Fowler, C. J. (2001) Characterization of palmitoylethanolamide transport in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma and rat RBL-2H3 basophilic leukaemia cells: Comparison with anandamide. Br J Pharmacol. 132: 1743-1754
30. Killestein, J., Hoogervorst, E. L. J., Reif, M., Kalkers, N. F., Van Loenen, A. C., Staats, P. G. M., Gorter, R. W., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., Polman, C. H. (2002) Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. Neurology 58: 1404-1407
31. Löscher, W., Ebert, U. (1996) The role of the piriform cortex in kindling. Prog. Neurobiol. 50: 427-481
32. Martin, B. R. (2002) Identification of the endogenous cannabinoid system through integrative pharmacological approaches. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 301: 790-796
33. McPartland, J., Russo, E. (2001) Cannabis and cannabis extracts: Greater than the sum of their parts? J. Cannabis Ther. 1: 103-132
34. Mechoulam, R., Gaoni, Y. (1967) The absolute configuration of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the major active constituent of hashish. Tetra. Lett. 12: 1109-1111
35. Mechoulam, R., Ben-Shabat, S. (1999) From gan-zi-gun-nu to anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: The ongoing story of cannabis. Nat. Prod. Rep. 16: 131-143
36. Mechoulam, R., Parker, L. A., Gallily, R. (2002) Cannabidiol: An overview of some pharmacological aspects. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42: 11S-19S
37. Moldrich, G., Wenger, T. (2000) Localization of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the rat brain. An immunohistochemical study. Peptides 21: 1735-1742
38. Monory, K., Tzavar, E. T., Lexime, J., Ledent, C., Paramentier, M., Borsodi, A., Hanoune, J. (2002) Novel, not adenylyl cyclase-coupled, cannabinoid binding site in cerebellum of mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 292: 231-235
39. Munro, S., Thomas, K. L., Abu-Shar, M. (1993) Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365: 61-65
40. Notcutt, W. (2000) Cannabis as a therapeutic agent. Cpd. Anaesthesia 2: 134-139
41. Pertwee, R. G. (1999) Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr. Med. Chem. 6: 635-664
42. Pertwee, R. G. (2002) Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther. 95: 165-174
43. Pertwee, R. G., Ross, R. A., Craib, S. J., Thomas, A. (2002) (-)-Cannabidiol antagonizes cannabinoid receptor agonists and noradrenaline in the mouse vas deferens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 456: 99-106
44. Postlethwaite, M., Constanti, A., Libri, V. (1998) Muscarinic agonist-induced burst firing in immature rat olfactory cortex neurons in-vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2003-2012
45. Robson, P. (2001) Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids. Br. J. Psychiatry 178: 107-115
46. Schelle, M., Grotenhermen, F., Reif, M., Gorter, R. W. (1999) Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of Cannabis products in the German-speaking area. Forsch. Komplement. 6 (Suppl. 3): 28-36
47. Schon, F., Hart, P., Hodgson, T. R., Williamson, E. M., Kennard, C., Ruprah, M. (1999) Suppression of pendular nystagmus by cannabis in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 53: 2209-2210
48. Turner, C. E., Elsohly, M. A., Boeren, E. G. (1980) Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents. J. Nat. Prod. 43: 169-304
49. Wade, D. T., Robson, P., House, H., Makela, P., Aram, J. (2003) A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin. Rehabil. 17: 21-29
50. Wallace, M. J., Martin, B. R., DeLorenzo, R. J. (2002) Evidence for a physiological role of endocannabinoids in the modulation of seizure threshold and severity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 452: 295-301
51. Williamson, E. M., Evans, F. J. (2000) Cannabinoids in clinical practice. Drugs 60: 1303-1314
52. Wilson, R. I., Nicoll, R. A. (2001) Endogenous cannabinoids mediate retrograde signaling at hippocampal synapses. Nature 410: 588-592
53. Zuardi, A. W., Shirakawa, I., Finkelfarb, E., Karniol, I. G. (1982) Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by delta-9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology 76: 245-250