An integrated framework for human neuroimaging studies of addiction from a preclinical perspective

Neuroimaging in Addiction

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 11-35

  Ersche, Karen D ^a   Trevor W Robbins, ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888649883     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781119998938.ch2     Document Type: Chapter

References (207)

1. Wise, R.A. and Morales, M. (2010) A ventral tegmental CRF-glutamate-dopamine interaction in addiction. Brain Research, 1314, 38-43.
2. Robbins, T.W., Everitt, B.J., and Nutt, D.J. (2010) The Neurobiology of Addiction-New Vistas. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
3. Roberts, D.C.S., Corcoran, M.E., and Fibiger, H.C. (1977) Role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 6, 615-620.
4. Crow, T.J. (1972) Catecholamine-containing neurons and electrical self-stimulation. 1. Review of some data. Psychological Medicine, 2, 414-421.
5. Hoebel, B.G., Monaco, A.P., Hernandez, L. et al. (1983) Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain. Psychopharmacology, 81, 158-163.
6. Phillips, G.D., Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (1994) Bilateral intraaccumbens selfadministration of D-amphetamine-antagonism with intraaccumbens Sch-23390 and sulpiride. Psychopharmacology, 114, 477-485.
7. Di Chiara, G. and Imperato, A. (1988) Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 5274-5278.
8. Koob, G.F. and Le Moal, M. (2005) Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the 'dark side' of drug addiction. Nat Neurosci, 8, 1442-1444.
9. Bozarth, M.A. and Wise, R.A. (1984) Anatomically distinct opiate receptor fields mediate reward and physical dependence. Science, 224, 516-517.
10. Mogenson, G.J., Jones, D.L. and Yim, C.Y. (1980) From motivation to action-functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Progress in Neurobiology, 14, 69-97.
11. Cador, M., Robbins, T.W. and Everitt, B.J. (1989) Involvement of the amygdala in stimulusreward associations: Interaction with the ventral striatum. Neuroscience, 30, 77-86.
12. Childress, A.R., Mozley, P.D., McElgin, W. et al. (1999) Limbic activation during cue-induced cocaine craving. Am J Psychiatry, 156, 11-18.
13. Grant, S., London, E.D., Newlin, D.B. et al. (1996) Activation of memory circuits during cueelicited cocaine craving. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 93, 12040-12045.
14. Everitt, B.J. and Robbins, T.W. (2000) Second-order schedules of drug reinforcement in rats and monkeys: Measurement of reinforcing efficacy and drug-seeking behaviour. Psychopharmacology, 153, 17-30.
15. Whitelaw, R.B., Markou, A., Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (1996) Excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala impair the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behaviour under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 127, 213-224.
16. Ito, R., Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (2004) Differential control over cocaine-seeking behavior by nucleus accumbens core and shell. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 389-397.
17. Di Ciano, P. and Everitt, B.J. (2004a). Conditioned reinforcing properties of stimuli paired with self-administered cocaine, heroin or sucrose: Implications for the persistence of addictive behaviour. Neuropharmacology, 47, 202-213.
18. Di Ciano, P. and Everitt, B.J. (2004).b. Direct interactions between the basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens core underlie cocaine-seeking behavior by rats, J Neurosci, 7167-7173.
19. Kalivas, P.W. and McFarland, K. (2003) Brain circuitry and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Psychopharmacology, 168, 44-56.
20. Katz, J.L. and Higgins, S.T. (2003) The validity of the reinstatement model of craving and relapse to drug use. Psychopharmacology, 168, 21-30.
21. Epstein, D.H. and Preston, K.L. (2003) The reinstatement model and relapse prevention: A clinical perspective. Psychopharmacology, 168, 31-41.
22. Vorel, S.R., Liu, X., Hayes, R.J. et al. (2001) Relapse to cocaine-seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation. Science, 292, 1175-1178.
23. Fuchs, R.A., Evans, K.A., Ledford, C.C. et al. (2005) The role of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, and dorsal hippocampus in contextual reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 296-309.
24. Goto, Y. and Grace, A.A. (2005) Dopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior. Nat Neurosci, 8, 805-812.
25. Everitt, B.J. and Robbins, T.W. (2005) Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nat Neurosci, 8, 1481-1489.
26. Jentsch, J.D. and Taylor, J.R. (1999) Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: Implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology, 146, 373-390.
27. Letchworth, S.R., Nader, M.A., Smith, H.R. et al. (2001) Progression of changes in dopamine transporter binding site density as a result of cocaine self-administration in rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci, 21, 2799-2807.
28. Ito, R., Dalley, J.W., Howes, S.R. et al. (2000) Dissociation in conditioned dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core and shell in response to cocaine cues and during cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. J Neurosci, 20, 7489-7495.
29. Ito, R., Dalley, J.W., Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (2002) Dopamine release in the dorsal striatum during cocaine-seeking behavior under the control of a drug-associated cue. J Neurosci, 22, 6247-6253.
30. Vanderschuren, L.J.M.J., Di Ciano, P., and Everitt, B.J. (2005) Involvement of the dorsal striatum in cue-controlled cocaine seeking. J Neurosci, 25, 8665-8670.
31. Everitt, B.J., Belin, D., Economidou, D. et al. (2008) Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363, 3125-3135.
32. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Telang, F. et al. (2006) Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: Mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci, 26, 6583-6588.
33. Yin, H.H. and Knowlton, B.J. (2006) The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci, 7, 464-476.
34. Balleine, B.W. and O'Doherty, J.P. (2009) Human and rodent homologies in action control: Corticostriatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 48-69.
35. Haber, S.N., Fudge, J.L., and McFarland, N.R. (2000) Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci, 20, 2369-2382.
36. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J. et al. (1993) Decreased dopamine-D(2) receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse, 14, 169-177.
37. Volkow, N.D., Chang, L., Wang, G.J. et al. (2001 a). Low level of brain dopamine D-2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: Association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, Am J Psychiatry, 2015-2021.
38. Porrino, L.J., Smith, H.R., Nader, M.A., and Beveridge, T.J. R. (2007) The effects of cocaine: A shifting target over the course of addiction. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 1593-1600.
39. Robinson, T.E. and Kolb, B. (1997) Persistent structural modifications in nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex neurons produced by previous experience with amphetamine. J Neurosci, 17, 8491-8497.
40. Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M.R., and Stalnaker, T.A. (2006) Orbitofrontal cortex, decision-making and drug addiction. Trends in Neurosciences, 29, 116-124.
41. Weissenborn, R., Robbins, T.W., and Everitt, B.J. (1997) Effects of medial prefrontal or anterior cingulate cortex lesions on responding for cocaine under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules of reinforcement in rats. Psychopharmacology, 134, 242-257.
42. Everitt, B.J., Hutcheson, D.M., Ersche, K.D. et al. (2007) The orbital prefrontal cortex and drug addiction in laboratory animals and humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1121, 576-597.
43. Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., and Damasio, A.R. (1997) Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science, 275, 1293-1295.
44. Rogers, R.D., Blackshaw, A.J., Middleton, H.C. et al. (1999 a). Tryptophan depletion impairs stimulus-reward learning while methylphenidate disrupts attentional control in healthy young adults: Implications for the monoaminergic basis of impulsive behaviour, Psychopharmacology, 482-491.
45. Johanson, C.E. and Fischman, M.W. (1989) The pharmacology of cocaine related to its abuse. Pharmacol Rev, 41, 3-52.
46. Seiden, L.S., Sabol, K.E., and Ricaurte, G.A. (1993) Amphetamine: Effects on catecholamine systems and behavior. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 33, 639-676.
47. Tao, R. and Auerbach, S.B. (2002 a). GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents in the dorsal raphe nucleus mediate morphine-induced increases in serotonin efflux in the rat central nervous system, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 704-710.
48. Tao, R. and Auerbach, S.B. (2002 b). Opioid receptor subtypes differentially modulate serotonin efflux in the rat central nervous system, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 549-556.
49. Nader, M.A., Czoty, P.W., Gould, R.W., and Riddick, N.V. (2008) Positron emission tomography imaging studies of dopamine receptors in primate models of addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363, 3223-3232.
50. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Telang, F. et al. (2007 c). Profound decreases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics: Possible orbitofrontal involvement, J Neurosci, 12700-12706.
51. Sung, Y.H., Cho, S.C., Hwang, J. et al. (2007) Relationship between N-acetyl-aspartate in gray and white matter of abstinent methamphetamine abusers and their history of drug abuse: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Drug Alcohol Depend, 88, 28-35.
52. Johanson, C.E., Frey, K.A., Lundahl, L.H. et al. (2006) Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Psychopharmacology, 185, 327-338.
53. McCann, U.D., Wong, D.F., Yokoi, F. et al. (1998) Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [C-11]WIN-35,428. J Neurosci, 18, 8417-8422.
54. Sekine, Y., Iyo, M., Ouchi, Y. et al. (2001) Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 1206-1214.
55. Volkow, N.D., Chang, L., Wang, G.J. et al. (2001b). Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence, J Neurosci, 9414-9418.
56. Nordahl, T.E., Salo, R., Natsuaki, Y. et al. (2005) Methamphetamine users in sustained abstinence: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 62, 444-452.
57. Wang, G.J., Volkow, N.D., Chang, L. et al. (2004) Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. Am J Psychiatry, 161, 242-248.
58. Kling, M.A., Carson, R.E., Borg, L. et al. (2000) Opioid receptor imaging with positron emission tomography and [F-18]cyclofoxy in long-term, methadone-treated former heroin addicts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 295, 1070-1076.
59. Melichar, J.K., Hume, S.P., Williams, T.M. et al. (2005) Using [C-11]diprenorphine to image opioid receptor occupancy by methadone in opioid addiction: Clinical and preclinical studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 312, 309-315.
60. Daglish, M.R.C. and Nutt, D.J. (2003) Brain imaging studies in human addicts. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 453-458.
61. Gabilondo, A.M., Meana, J.J., Barturen, F. et al. (1994) Mu-opioid receptor and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist binding-sites in the postmortem brain of heroin-addicts. Psychopharmacology, 115, 135-140.
62. Wang, G.J., Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S. et al. (1997) Dopamine D-2 receptor availability in opiatedependent subjects before and after naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology, 16, 174-182.
63. Kish, S.J., Kalasinsky, K.S., Derkach, P. et al. (2001) Striatal dopaminergic and serotonergic markers in human heroin users. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 561-567.
64. Bartzokis, G., Beckson, M., Lu, P.H. et al. (2000) Age-related brain volume reductions in amphetamine and cocaine addicts and normal controls: Implications for addiction research. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 98, 93-102.
65. Kim, S.J., Lyoo, I.K., Hwang, J. et al. (2006) Prefrontal grey-matter changes in short-term and long-term abstinent methamphetamine abusers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 221-228.
66. Thompson, P.M., Hayashi, K.M., Simon, S.L. et al. (2004) Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. J Neurosci, 24, 6028-6036.
67. Chang, L., Cloak, C., Patterson, K. et al. (2005) Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: A possible compensatory response. Biol Psychiat, 57, 967-974.
68. Chang, L., Alicata, D., Ernst, T., and Volkow, N. (2007) Structural and metabolic brain changes in the striatum associated with methamphetamine abuse. Addiction, 102, 16-32.
69. Jernigan, T.L., Gamst, A.C., Archibald, S.L. et al. (2005) Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology. Am J Psychiatry, 162, 1461-1472.
70. Fein, G., Di Sclafani, V., and Meyerhoff, D.J. (2002) Prefrontal cortical volume reduction associated with frontal cortex function deficit in 6-week abstinent crack-cocaine dependent men. Drug Alcohol Depend, 68, 87-93.
71. Franklin, T.R., Acton, P.D., Maldjian, J.A. et al. (2002) Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients. Biol Psychiat, 51, 134-142.
72. Matochik, J.A., London, E.D., Eldreth, D.A. et al. (2003) Frontal cortical tissue composition in abstinent cocaine abusers: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage, 19, 1095-1102.
73. Jacobsen, L.K., Giedd, J.N., Gottschalk, C. et al. (2001) Quantitative morphology of the caudate and putamen in patients with cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 486-489.
74. Danos, P., Van Roos, D., Kasper, S. et al. (1998) Enlarged cerebrospinal fluid spaces in opiatedependent male patients: A stereological CT study. Neuropsychobiology, 38, 80-83.
75. Liu, H.H., Hao, Y.H., Kaneko, Y. et al. (2009) Frontal and cingulate gray matter volume reduction in heroin dependence: Optimized voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 63, 563-568.
76. Lyoo, I.K., Pollack, M.H., Silveri, M.M. et al. (2006) Prefrontal and temporal gray matter density decreases in opiate dependence. Psychopharmacology, 184, 139-144.
77. Pezawas, L.M., Fischer, G., Diamant, K. et al. (1998) Cerebral CT findings in male opioiddependent patients: Stereological, planimetric and linear measurements. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 83, 139-147.
78. Yuan, Y., Zhu, Z.D., Shi, J.F. et al. (2009) Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals. Brain and Cognition, 71, 223-228.
79. Reid, A.G., Daglish, M.R.C., Kempton, M.J. et al. (2008) Reduced thalamic grey matter volume in opioid dependence is influenced by degree of alcohol use: A voxel-based morphometry study. J Psychopharmacol, 22, 7-10.
80. Hahn, J.A., Page-Shafer, K., Lum, P.J. et al. (2002) Hepatitis C virus seroconversion among young injection drug users: Relationships and risks. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186, 1558-1564.
81. Alleyne, B.C., Stuart, P., and Copes, R. (1991) Alcohol and other drug-use in occupational fatalities. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 33, 496-500.
82. Pollack, E.S., Franklin, G.M., Fulton-Kehoe, D., and Chowdhury, R. (1998) Risk of job-related injury among construction laborers with a diagnosis of substance abuse. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 40, 573-577.
83. Aitken, C., Kerger, M., and Crofts, N. (2000) Drivers who use illicit drugs: Behaviour and perceived risks. Drugs-Education Prevention and Policy, 7, 39-50.
84. Albery, I.P., Strang, J., Gossop, M., and Griffiths, P. (2000) Illicit drugs and driving: Prevalence, beliefs and accident involvement among a cohort of current out-of-treatment drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend, 58, 197-204.
85. Darke, S., Kelly, E., and Ross, J. (2004) Drug driving among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia: Prevalence, risk factors and risk perceptions. Addiction, 99, 175-185.
86. Bechara, A., Dolan, S., Denburg, N. et al. (2001) Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia, 39, 376-389.
87. Bechara, A., Dolan, S., and Hindes, A. (2002) Decision-making and addiction (part II): Myopia for the future or hypersensitivity to reward? Neuropsychologia, 40, 1690-1705.
88. Grant, S., Contoreggi, C., London, E.D. (2000) Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1180-1187.
89. Clark, L., Cools, R., and Robbins, T.W. (2004) The neuropsychology of ventral prefrontal cortex: Decision-making and reversal learning. Brain and Cognition, 55, 41-53.
90. Fellows, L.K. and Farah, M.J. (2005) Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial and dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans. Cereb Cortex, 15, 58-63.
91. Clark, L. and Robbins, T.W. (2002) Decision-making deficits in drug addiction. Trends Cogn Sci, 6, 361-363.
92. Rogers, R.D., Everitt, B.J., Baldacchino, A. et al. (1999 b). Dissociable deficits in the decisionmaking cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: Evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms, Neuropsychopharmacology, 322-339.
93. Ersche, K.D., Fletcher, P.C., Lewis, S.J.G. et al. (2005) Abnormal frontal activations related to decision-making in current and former amphetamine and opiate dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology, 180, 612-623.
94. Paulus, M.P., Hozack, N.E., Zauscher, B.E. et al. (2002) Behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence for prefrontal dysfunction in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 53-63.
95. Paulus, M.P., Hozack, N., Frank, L. et al. (2003) Decision making by methamphetaminedependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation. Biol Psychiat, 53, 65-74.
96. Mann, L., Burnett, P., Radford, M., and Ford, S. (1997) The Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire: An instrument for measuring patterns for coping with decisional conflict. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 10, 1-19.
97. Gorodetzky, H., Sahakian, B.J., Robbins, T.W., and Ersche, K.D. (2010) Differences in selfreported decision-making styles in stimulant-dependent and opiate-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Research, 187: 437-440.
98. Rogers, R.D. and Robbins, T.W. (2001) Investigating the neurocognitive deficits associated with chronic drug misuse. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 11, 250-257.
99. Rogers, R.D. and Robbins, T.W. (2003) The neuropsychology of chronic drug abuse, in Disorders of Brain and Mind: Vols 2 (eds Ron, M.A., Robbins, T.W.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 447-467.
100. Verdejo-Garcia, A., Lopez-Torrecillas, F., Gimenez, C.O., and Perez-Garcia, M. (2004) Clinical implications and methodological challenges in the study of the neuropsychological correlates of cannabis, stimulant, and opioid abuse. Neuropsychology Review, 14, 1-41.
101. Bechara, A. and Damasio, H. (2002) Decision-making and addiction (part I): Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1675-1689.
102. Fillmore, M.T. (2003) Drug Abuse as a Problem of Impaired Control: Current Approaches and Findings. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, 2, 179-197.
103. Kaufman, J.N., Ross, T.J., Stein, E.A., and Garavan, H. (2003) Cingulate Hypoactivity in Cocaine Users During a GO-NOGO Task as Revealed by Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Neurosci, 23, 7839-7843.
104. Hester, R. and Garavan, H. (2004) Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: Evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity. J Neurosci, 24, 11017-11022.
105. Ersche, K.D., Clark, L., London, M. et al. (2006) Profile of executive and memory function associated with amphetamine and opiate dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1036-1047.
106. Ornstein, T.J., Iddon, J.L., Baldacchino, A.M., et al. (2000) Profiles of cognitive dysfunction in chronic amphetamine and heroin abusers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 113-126.
107. Verdejo-Garcia, A., Toribio, I., Orozco, C., et al. (2005) Neuropsychological functioning in methadone maintenance patients versus abstinent heroin abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend, 78, 238-288.
108. Mintzer, M.Z. and Stitzer, M.L. (2002) Cognitive impairment in methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend, 67, 41-51.
109. Tomasi, D., Goldstein, R.Z., Telang, F. et al. (2007) Widespread disruption in brain activation patterns to a working memory task during cocaine abstinence. Brain Research, 1171: 83-92.
110. Scott, J.C., Woods, S.P., Matt, G.E. et al. (2007) Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 17, 275-297.
111. Gooding, D.C., Burroughs, S., and Boutros, N.N. (2008) Attentional deficits in cocainedependent patients: Converging behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Psychiatry Research, 160, 145-154.
112. Horner, M.D. (1999) Attentional functioning in abstinent cocaine abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend, 54, 19-3.
113. Levine, A.J., Hardy, D.J., Miller, E. et al. (2006) The effect of recent stimulant use on sustained attention in HIV-Infected adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 29-42.
114. London, E.D., Berman, S.M., Voytek, B. et al. (2005) Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Biol Psychiat, 58, 770-778.
115. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,4th edn, Text Revision. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
116. Kalivas, P.W. and Volkow, N.D. (2005) The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice. Am J Psychiatry, 162, 1403-1413.
117. Cools, R., Sheridan, M., Jacobs, E., and D'Esposito M (2007b). Impulsive personality predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory, J Neurosci, 5506-5514.
118. Dalley, J.W., Fryer, T.D., Brichard, L. et al. (2007) Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science, 315, 1267-1270.
119. Robbins, T.W. and Everitt, B.J. (2007) A role for mesencephalic dopamine in activation: Commentary on Berridge (2006). Psychopharmacology, 191, 433-437.
120. Moeller, F.G., Barratt, E.S., Dougherty, D.M. et al. (2001) Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Am J Psychiatry, 158, 1783-1793.
121. Goldstein, R.Z., Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J. et al. (2001) Addiction changes orbitofrontal gyrus function: Involvement in response inhibition. Neuroreport, 12, 2595-2599.
122. Dougherty, D.M., Bjork, J.M., Andrew Harper, R. et al. (2003) Behavioral impulsivity paradigms: A comparison in hospitalized adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1145-1157.
123. Evenden, J.L. (1999) Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 146, 348-361.
124. Horn, N.R., Dolan, M., Elliott, R. et al. (2003) Response inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1959-1966.
125. Fillmore, M.T. and Rush, C.R. (2002) Impaired inhibitory control of behavior in chronic cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend, 66, 265-273.
126. Fillmore, M.T., Rush, C.R., and Marczinski, C.A. (2003) Effects of d-amphetamine on behavioral control in stimulant abusers: The role of prepotent response tendencies. Drug Alcohol Depend, 71, 143-152.
127. Chambers, R.A., Taylor, J.R., and Potenza, M.N. (2003) Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: A critical period of addiction vulnerability. Am J Psychiatry, 160, 1041-1052.
128. Lubman, D.I., Yucel, M., and Pantelis, C. (2004) Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation. Addiction, 99, 1491-1502.
129. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., and Wang, G.J. (2003) The addicted human brain: Insights from imaging studies. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 111, 1444-1451.
130. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., and Wang, G.J. (2004) The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: Brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharmacology, 47, 3-13.
131. Lee, B., London, E.D., Poldrack, R.A. et al. (2009) Striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability is reduced in methamphetamine dependence and is linked to impulsivity. J Neurosci, 29, 14734-14740.
132. Piazza, P.V., Deminiere, J.M., LeMoal, M., and Simon, H. (1989) Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science, 245, 1511-1513.
133. Belin, D., Mar, A.C., Dalley, J.W. et al. (2008) High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science, 320, 1352-1355.
134. Diergaarde, L., Pattij, T., Poortvliet, I. et al. (2008) Impulsive choice and impulsive action predict vulnerability to distinct stages of nicotine seeking in rats. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 301-308.
135. McNamara, R., Dalley, J., Robbins, T. et al. (2010) Trait-like impulsivity does not predict escalation of heroin self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 1-12.
136. Dickman, S.J. (1990) Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity-personality and cognitive correlates. J Pers Soc Psychol, 58, 95-102.
137. Clark, L., Robbins, T.W., Ersche, K.D., and Sahakian, B.J. (2006) Reflection impulsivity in chronic and former substance users. Biol Psychiat, 60, 512-522.
138. Clark, L., Roiser, J.P., Robbins, T.W., and Sahakian, B.J. (2009) Disrupted 'reflection' impulsivity in cannabis users but not current or former ecstasy users. J Psychopharmacol, 23, 14-22.
139. Dugas, M.J., Freeston, M.H., and Ladouceur, R. (1997) Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 593-606.
140. Fiorillo, C.D., Tobler, P.N., and Schultz, W. (2003) Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons. Science, 299, 1898-1902.
141. Zuckerman, M. (1984) Sensation seeking-a comparative approach to a human trait. Behav Brain Sci, 7, 413-434.
142. Patton, J.H., Stanford, M.S., and Barratt, E.S. (1995) Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. J Clin Psychol, 51, 768-774.
143. Stanford, M.S., Mathias, C.W., Dougherty, D.M. et al. (2009) Fifty years of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale: An update and review. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 385-395.
144. Franques, P., Auriacombe, M., Piquemal, E. et al. (2003) Sensation seeking as a common factor in opioid dependent subjects and high risk sport practicing subjects. A cross sectional study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69, 121-126.
145. Ersche, K.D., Turton, A.J., Pradhan, S., et al. (2010 b). Drug addiction endophenotypes: Impulsive versus sensation-seeking personality traits, Biological Psychiatry, 770-773.
146. Clatworthy, P.L., Lewis, S.J.G., Brichard, L. et al. (2009) Dopamine release in dissociable striatal subregions predicts the different effects of oral methylphenidate on reversal learning and spatial working memory. J Neurosci, 29, 4690-4696.
147. Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E. et al. (2003) Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Finding from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Focus, 1, 196-204.
148. Molina, B.S.G. and Pelham, W.E. (2003) Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 497-507.
149. Jester, J.M., Nigg, J.T., Buu, A. et al. (2008) Trajectories of childhood aggression and inattention/hyperactivity: Differential effects on substance abuse in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1158-1165.
150. Mariani, J.J. and Levin, F.R. (2007) Treatment strategies for co-occurring ADHD and substance use disorders. American Journal on Addictions, 16, 45-56.
151. Sullivan, M.A. and Rudnik-Levin, F. (2001) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse-Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Ann NY Acad Sci, 931, 251-270.
152. Wilens, T.E. (2004) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: The nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 27, 283-301.
153. Volkow, N.D., Ding, Y.S., Fowler, J.S. et al. (1995) Is methylphenidate like cocaine-studies on their pharmacokinetics and distribution in the human brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52, 456-463.
154. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G., Fowler, J.S. et al. (1999) Methylphenidate and cocaine have a similar in vivo potency to block dopamine transporters in the human brain. Life Sciences, 65, L7-L12.
155. Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E. et al. (1995) Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (Adhd)-effects of adhd and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry, 152, 1652-1658.
156. Carroll, K.M. and Rounsaville, B.J. (1993) History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 75-82.
157. Clure, C., Brady, K.T., Saladin, M.E. et al. (1999) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use: Symptom pattern and drug choice. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25, 441-448.
158. Gordon, S.M., Tulak, F., and Troncale, J. (2004) Prevalence and characteristics of adolescent patients with co-occurring ADHD and substance dependence. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 23, 31-40.
159. Levin, F.R., Evans, S.M., and Kleber, H.D. (1998b). Prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among cocaine abusers seeking treatment, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15-25.
160. Martinez, D., Narendran, R., Foltin, R.W. et al. (2007) Amphetamine-induced dopamine release: Markedly blunted in cocaine dependence and predictive of the choice to self-administer cocaine. Am J Psychiatry, 164, 622-629.
161. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Newcorn, J. et al. (2007a). Depressed dopamine activity in caudate and preliminary evidence of limbic involvement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 932-940.
162. Volkow, N.D., Fowler, J.S., Wang, G.J. et al. (2007 b). Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: Results of imaging studies and treatment implications, Arch Neurol, 1575-1579.
163. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Kollins, S.H. et al. (2009) Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD clinical implications. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 1084-1091.
164. Levin, F.R., Evans, S.M., McDowell, D.M., and Kleber, H.D. (1998 a). Methylphenidate treatment for cocaine abusers with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A pilot study, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 300-305.
165. Somoza, E.C., Winhusen, T.M., Bridge, T.P. et al. (2004) An open-label pilot study of methylphenidate in the treatment of cocaine dependent patients with adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 23, 77-92.
166. Koesters, M., Becker, T., Kilian, R. et al. (2009) Limits of meta-analysis: Methylphenidate in the treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol, 23, 733-744.
167. Grabowski, J., Roache, J.D., Schmitz, J.M. et al. (1997) Replacement medication for cocaine dependence: Methylphenidate. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 485-488.
168. American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
169. Lingford-Hughes, A., Davies, S.J.C., McIver, S. et al. (2003) Addiction. Br Med Bull, 65, 209-222.
170. Kalivas, P.W., Pierce, R.C., Cornish, J., and Sorg, B.A. (1998) A role for sensitization in craving and relapse in cocaine addiction. J Psychopharmacol, 12, 49-53.
171. Robinson, T.E. and Berridge, K.C. (1993) The neural basis of drug craving-an incentivesensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev, 18, 247-291.
172. Robinson, T.E. and Berridge, K.C. (2008) The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: Some current issues. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 363, 3137-3146.
173. Wong, D.F., Kuwabara, H., Schretlen, D.J. et al. (2006) Increased occupancy of dopamine receptors in human striatum during cue-elicited cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2716-2727.
174. Elkashef, A. and Vocci, F. (2003) Biological markers of cocaine addiction: Implications for medications development. Addiction Biology, 8, 123-139.
175. Childress, A.R., Franklin, T.R., Listerud, J. et al. (2002) Neuroimaging of cocaine craving states: Cession, stimulant administration, and drug cue paradigms, in Neuropsychopharmacology: the 5th Generation of Progress (eds K.L. Davis, D. Charney, J.T. Coyle, and C. Nemeroff), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1575-1590.
176. Daglish, M.R.C., Weinstein, A., Malizia, A.L. et al. (2003) Functional connectivity analysis of the neural circuits of opiate craving: "More" rather than "different"? Neuroimage, 20, 1964-1970.
177. Dom, G., Sabbe, B., Hulstijn, W., and Van Den Brink, W. (2005) Substance use disorders and the orbitofrontal cortex-Systematic review of behavioural decision-making and neuroimaging studies. Brit J Psychiat, 187, 209-220.
178. Wilson, S.J., Sayette, M.A., and Fiez, J.A. (2004) Prefrontal responses to drug cues: A neurocognitive analysis. Nat Neurosci, 7, 211-214.
179. Schultz, W. (2000) Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci, 1, 199-207.
180. Wertz, J.M. and Sayette, M.A. (2001) A review of the effects of perceived drug use opportunity on self-reported urge. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9, 3-13.
181. Childress, A.R., Hole, A.V., Ehrman, R.N. et al. (1993) Cue reactivity and cue reactivity interventions in drug dependence, in Behavioral Treatments for Drug Abuse and Dependence (eds L.S. Onken, J.D. Blaine, and J.J. Boren), NIDA Research Monograph, Rockville, MD, pp. 73-95.
182. Goldstein, R.Z. and Volkow, N.D. (2002) Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry, 159, 1642-1652.
183. Macleod, C.M. (1991) Half A century of research on the stroop effect-an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.
184. Stroop, J.R. (1992) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions (Reprinted from Journal Experimental-Psychology, Vol 18, Pg 643-662, 1935). J Exp Psychol Gen, 121, 15-23.
185. Cox, W.M., Fadardi, J.S., and Pothos, E.M. (2006) The addiction-stroop test: Theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 443-476.
186. Field, M. and Cox, W.M. (2008) Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97, 1-20.
187. Weinstein, A. and Cox, W.M. (2006) Cognitive processing of drug-related stimuli: The role of memory and attention. J Psychopharmacol, 20, 850-859.
188. Carpenter, K.M., Schreiber, E., Church, S., and McDowell, D. (2006) Drug Stroop performance: Relationships with primary substance of use and treatment outcome in a drug-dependent outpatient sample. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 174-181.
189. Cox, W.M., Hogan, L.M., Kristian, M.R., and Race, J.H. (2002) Alcohol attentional bias as a predictor of alcohol abusers' treatment outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend, 68, 237-243.
190. Marissen, M.A.E., Franken, I.H.A., Waters, A.J. et al. (2006) Attentional bias predicts heroin relapse following treatment. Addiction, 101, 1306-1312.
191. Waters, A.J., Shiffman, S., Sayette, M.A., et al. (2003) Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 22, 378-387.
192. Franken, I.H.A., Hendriks, V.M., Stam, C.J., and Van Den Brink, W. (2004) A role for dopamine in the processing of drug cues in heroin dependent patients. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 503-508.
193. Hitsman, B., MacKillop, J., Lingford-Hughes, A. et al. (2008) Effects of acute tyrosine/phenylalanine depletion on the selective processing of smoking-related cues and the relative value of cigarettes in smokers. Psychopharmacology, 196, 611-621.
194. Munafo, M.R., Mannie, Z.N., Cowen, P.J. et al. (2007) Effects of acute tyrosine depletion on subjective craving and selective processing of smoking-related cues in abstinent cigarette smokers. J Psychopharmacol, 21, 805-814.
195. Ersche, K.D., Bullmore, E.T., Craig, K.J. et al. (2010 a). Influence of compulsivity of drug abuse on dopaminergic modulation of attentional bias in stimulant dependence, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 632-644.
196. Franken, I.H.A., Hendriks, V.M., and Van Den Brink, W. (2002) Initial validation of two opiate craving questionnaires: The Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale and the Desires for Drug Questionnaire. Addict Behav, 27, 675-685.
197. Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., Rasmussen, S.A. et al. (1989) The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. 1. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 46, 1006-1011.
198. Ersche, K.D., Roiser, J.P., Robbins, T.W., and Sahakian, B.J. (2008) Chronic cocaine but not chronic amphetamine use is associated with perseverative responding in humans. Psychopharmacology, 197, 421-431.
199. Jentsch, J.D., Olausson, P., De La Garza, I.R., and Taylor, J.R. (2002) Impairments of reversal learning and response perseveration after repeated, intermittent cocaine administrations to monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 183-190.
200. Schoenbaum, G., Saddoris, M.P., Ramus, S.J., et al. (2004) Cocaine-experienced rats exhibit learning deficits in a task sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Eur J Neurosci, 19, 1997-2002.
201. Kawagoe, R., Takikawa, Y., and Hikosaka, O. (1998) Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia. Nat Neurosci, 1, 411-416.
202. Schultz, W., Dayan, P., and Montague, P.R. (1997) A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275, 1593-1599.
203. Kringelbach, M.L. and Rolls, E.T. (2004) The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Progress in Neurobiology, 72, 341-372.
204. Cools, R., Clark, L., Owen, A.M., and Robbins, T.W. (2002) Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci, 22, 4563-4567.
205. Cools, R., Lewis, S.J.G., Clark, L. et al. (2007a) L-DOPA disrupts activity in the nucleus accumbens during reversal learning in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 180-189.
206. Dodds, C.M., Muller, U., Clark, L. et al. (2008) Methylphenidate has differential effects on blood oxygenation level-dependent signal related to cognitive subprocesses of reversal learning. J Neurosci, 28, 5976-5982.
207. Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Fowler, J.S., and Thanos P (2001c) Role of dopamine in drug abuse and addiction in human subjects: Results from imaging studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 6, S3-S4.