Neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine: A critical review and meta-analysis

Neuropsychology Review

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 275-297

  Scott, J Cobb ^a   Woods, Steven Paul ^b   Matt, Georg E ^c   Meyer, Rachel A ^b   Heaton, Robert K ^b   Atkinson, J Hampton ^b   Grant, Igor ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Abuse; Central nervous system; Cognition; Dependence; Methamphetamine; Neuropsychological assessment

Indexed keywords

METHAMPHETAMINE;

ABSTINENCE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; DEMOGRAPHY; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG USE; EFFECT SIZE; EPISODIC MEMORY; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; LANGUAGE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; REVIEW; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; VISUAL ADAPTATION;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; COGNITION; HUMANS; META-ANALYSIS AS TOPIC; METHAMPHETAMINE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS;

EID: 34848845292     PISSN: 10407308     EISSN: 15736660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11065-007-9031-0     Document Type: Review

References (198)

1. ADA Division of Communications (2005). For the dental patient. methamphetamine use and oral health. Journal of the American Dental Association, 136(10), 1491.
2. Aharonovich, E., Nunes, E., & Hasin, D. (2003). Cognitive impairment, retention and abstinence among cocaine abusers in cognitive-behavioral treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71(2), 207-211.
3. Alexander, G. E., Delong, M. R., & Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357-381.
4. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition: DSM-IV. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
5. Anglin, M. D., Burke, C., Perrochet, B., Stamper, E., & Dawud-Noursi, S. (2000). History of the methamphetamine problem. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(2), 137-141.
6. Arends, L. R., Voko, Z., & Stijnen, T. (2003). Combining multiple outcome measures in a meta-analysis: An application. Statistics in Medicine, 22(8), 1335-1353.
7. Axt, K. J., & Molliver, M. E. (1991). Immunocytochemical evidence for methamphetamine-induced serotonergic axon loss in the rat brain. Synapse, 9(4), 302-313.
8. Baberg, H. T., Nelesen, R. A., & Dimsdale, J. E. (1996). Amphetamine use: Return of an old scourge in a consultation psychiatry setting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(6), 789-793.
9. Bae, S. C., Lyoo, I. K., Sung, Y. H., Yoo, J., Chung, A., Yoon, S. J., et al. (2006). Increased white matter hyperintensities in male methamphetamine abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 81(1), 83-88.
10. Bakhit, C., Morgan, M. E., Peat, M. A., & Gibb, J. W. (1981). Long-term effects of methamphetamine on the synthesis and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in various regions of the rat brain. Neuropharmacology, 20(12A), 1135-1140.
11. Barr, A. M., Markou, A., & Phillips, A. G. (2002). A 'crash' course on psychostimulant withdrawal as a model of depression. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 23(10), 475-482.
12. Barr, A. M., Panenka, W. J., MacEwan, G. W., Thornton, A. E., Lang, D. J., Honer, W. G., et al. (2006). The need for speed: An update on methamphetamine addiction. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 31(5), 301-313.
13. Bechara, A., & Damasio, H. (2002). Decision-making and addiction (part I): Impaired activation of somatic states in substance dependent individuals when pondering decisions with negative future consequences. Neuropsychologia, 40(10), 1675-1689.
14. Bechara, A., & Martin, E. M. (2004). Impaired decision making related to working memory deficits in individuals with substance addictions. Neuropsychology, 18(1), 152-162.
15. Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1215-1220.
16. Block, R. I., Erwin, W. J., & Ghoneim, M. M. (2002). Chronic drug use and cognitive impairments. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 73, 491-504.
17. Bluthenthal, R. N., Kral, A. H., Gee, L., Lorvick, J., Moore, L., Seal, K., et al. (2001). Trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk among gay and bisexual men who inject drugs in San Francisco, 1988 to 2000. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 28(3), 264-269.
18. Bray, G. A. (1993). Use and abuse of appetite-suppressant drugs in the treatment of obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119(7 Pt 2), 707-713.
19. Brecht, M. L., O'Brien, A., von Mayrhauser, C., & Anglin, M. D. (2004). Methamphetamine use behaviors and gender differences. Addictive Behaviors, 29(1), 89-106.
20. Brown, J. M., Quinton, M. S., & Yamamoto, B. K. (2005). Methamphetamine-induced inhibition of mitochondrial complex II: Roles of glutamate and peroxynitrite. Journal of Neurochemistry, 95, 429-436.
21. Buffenstein, A., Heaster, J., & Ko, P. (1999). Chronic psychotic illness from methamphetamine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(4), 662.
22. Burrows, K. B., & Meshul, C. K. (1999). High-dose methamphetamine treatment alters presynaptic GABA and glutamate immunoreactivity. Neuroscience, 90(3), 833-850.
23. Busto, U., Bendayan, R., & Sellers, E. M. (1989). Clinical pharmacokinetics of non-opiate abused drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 16(1), 1-26.
24. Cadet, J. L., Jayanthi, S., & Deng, X. (2005). Methamphetamine- induced neuronal apoptosis involves the activation of multiple death pathways. Neurotoxicity Research, 8(3-4), 199-206.
25. Caligiuri, M. P., & Buitenhuys, C. (2005). Do preclinical findings of methamphetamine-induced motor abnormalities translate to an observable clinical phenotype? Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(12), 2125-2134.
26. Carey, C. L., Woods, S. P., Rippeth, J. D., Gonzalez, R., Heaton, R. K., & Grant, I. (2006). Additive deleterious effects of methamphetamine dependence and immunosuppression on neuropsychological functioning in HIV infection. AIDS and Behavior, 10(2), 185-190.
27. Cartier, J., Farabee, D., & Prendergast, M. L. (2006). Methamphetamine use, self-reported violent crime, and recidivism among offenders in California who abuse substances. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(4), 435-445.
28. Cass, W. A. (1997). Decreases in evoked overflow of dopamine in rat striatum after neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 280(1), 105-113.
29. Cass, W. A., & Manning, M. W. (1999). Recovery of presynaptic dopaminergic functioning in rats treated with neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 19(17), 7653-7660.
30. Chan, P., Di Monte, D. A., Luo, J. J., DeLanney, L. E., Irwin, I., & Langston, J. W. (1994). Rapid ATP loss caused by methamphetamine in the mouse striatum: Relationship between energy impairment and dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Journal of Neurochemistry, 62(6), 2484-2487.
31. Chang, L., Cloak, C., Patterson, K., Grob, C., Miller, E. N., & Ernst, T. (2005a). Enlarged striatum in abstinent methamphetamine abusers: A possible compensatory response. Biological Psychiatry, 57(9), 967-974.
32. Chang, L., Ernst, T., Speck, O., & Grob, C. S. (2005b). Additive effects of HIV and chronic methamphetamine use on brain metabolite abnormalities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 361-369.
33. Chang, L., Ernst, T., Speck, O., Patel, H., DeSilva, M., Leonido-Yee, M., et al. (2002). Perfusion MRI and computerized cognitive test abnormalities in abstinent methamphetamine users. Psychiatry Research, 114(2), 65-79.
34. Chen, C. K., Lin, S. K., Sham, P. C., Ball, D., el Loh, W., & Murray, R. M. (2005). Morbid risk for psychiatric disorder among the relatives of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 136(1), 87-91.
35. Chen, C. K., Lin, S. K., Sham, P. C., Ball, D., Loh, E. W., Hsiao, C. C., et al. (2003). Pre-morbid characteristics and co-morbidity of methamphetamine users with and without psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 33(8), 1407-1414.
36. Cherner, M., Letendre, S., Heaton, R. K., Durelle, J., Marquie-Beck, J., Gragg, B., et al. (2005). Hepatitis C augments cognitive deficits associated with HIV infection and methamphetamine. Neurology, 64(8), 1343-1347.
37. Chin, K. M., Channick, R. N., & Rubin, L. J. (2006). Is methamphetamine use associated with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension? Chest, 130(6), 1657-1663.
38. Chou, Y. H., Huang, W. S., Su, T. P., Lu, R. B., Wan, F. J., & Fu, Y. K. (2007). Dopamine transporters and cognitive function in methamphetamine abuser after a short abstinence: A SPECT study. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 17(1), 46-52.
39. Chung, A., Lyoo, I. K., Kim, S. J., Hwang, J., Bae, S. C., Sung, Y. H., et al. (2006). Decreased frontal white-matter integrity in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1-11.
40. Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003). Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(1), 18-25.
41. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analyses for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
42. Comer, S. D., Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (2001). Effects of repeated oral methamphetamine administration in humans. Psychopharmacology, 155(4), 397-404.
43. Community Epidemiology Work Group (2006). Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse-advance report. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
44. Craik, F. I., & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognition through the lifespan: Mechanisms of change. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10(3), 131-138.
45. Cretzmeyer, M., Sarrazin, M. V., Huber, D. L., Block, R. I., & Hall, J. A. (2003). Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: Research findings and clinical directions. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24(3), 267-277.
46. Davidson, C., Gow, A. J., Lee, T. H., & Ellinwood, E. H. (2001). Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: Necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms and relevance to human abuse and treatment. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 36(1), 1-22.
47. Davis, G. G., & Swalwell, C. I. (1994). Acute aortic dissections and ruptured berry aneurysms associated with methamphetamine abuse. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 39(6), 1481-1485.
48. Delaney, P., & Estes, M. (1980). Intracranial hemorrhage with amphetamine abuse. Neurology, 30(10), 1125-1128.
49. di Michele, F., Prichep, L., John, E. R., & Chabot, R. J. (2005). The neurophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 58(1), 81-93.
50. Dluzen, D. E., & McDermott, J. L. (2006). Estrogen, testosterone, and methamphetamine toxicity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1074, 282-294.
51. Domier, C. P., Simon, S. L., Rawson, R. A., Huber, A., & Ling, W. (2000). A comparison of injecting and noninjecting methamphetamine users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(2), 229-232.
52. Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. L. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel plot based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455-463.
53. Ernst, T., Chang, L., Leonido-Yee, M., & Speck, O. (2000). Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: A 1H MRS study. Neurology, 54(6), 1344-1349.
54. Fals-Stewart, W. (1993). Neurocognitive defects and their impact on substance abuse treatment. Journal of Addictions and Offender Counseling, 13, 46-57.
55. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Seidman, L. J., Mick, E., et al. (2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: An overview. Biological Psychiatry, 48(1), 9-20.
56. Forton, D. M., Taylor-Robinson, S. D., & Thomas, H. C. (2003). Cerebral dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C infection. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 10(2), 81-86.
57. Friedman, S. D., Castaneda, E., & Hodge, G. K. (1998). Long-term monoamine depletion, differential recovery, and subtle behavioral impairment following methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 61(1), 35-44.
58. Giros, B., Jaber, M., Jones, S. R., Wightman, R. M., & Caron, M. G. (1996). Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature, 379(6566), 606-612.
59. Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (2004). Genes and the parsing of cognitive processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(7), 325-335.
60. Gonzales, R., Marinelli-Casey, P., Shoptaw, S., Ang, A., & Rawson, R. A. (2006). Hepatitis C virus infection among methamphetamine-dependent individuals in outpatient treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(2), 195-202.
61. Gonzalez, R., Bechara, A., & Martin, E. M. (2007). Executive functions among individuals with methamphetamine or alcohol as drugs of choice: Preliminary observations. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(2), 155-159.
62. Gonzalez, R., Rippeth, J. D., Carey, C. L., Heaton, R. K., Moore, D. J., Schweinsburg, B. C., et al. (2004). Neurocognitive performance of methamphetamine users discordant for history of marijuana exposure. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76(2), 181-190.
63. Gonzalez Castro, F., Barrington, E. H., Walton, M. A., & Rawson, R. A. (2000). Cocaine and methamphetamine: Differential addiction rates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14(4), 390-396.
64. Grant, I. (1987). Alcohol and the brain: Neuropsychological correlates. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 310-324.
65. Grant, I., Gonzalez, R., Carey, C. L., Natarajan, L., Wolfson, T. (2003). Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of cannabis use: A meta-analytic study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 679-689.
66. Grilli, L., & Rampichini, C. (2006). A review of tandom effects modelling using gllamm in Stata. In Software reviews of multilevel analysis packages. University of Bristol, UK: Centre for Multilevel Modelling.
67. Halkitis, P. N., Parsons, J. T., & Stirratt, M. J. (2001). A double epidemic: Crystal methamphetamine drug use in relation to HIV transmission among gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 17-35.
68. Halkitis, P. N., & Shrem, M. T. (2006). Psychological differences between binge and chronic methamphetamine using gay and bisexual men. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 549-552.
69. Hall, C. D., Blanton, D. E., Scatliff, J. H., & Morris, C. E. (1973). Speed kills: Fatality from the self-administration of methamphetamine intravenously. Southern Medical Journal, 66(6), 650-652.
70. Hall, W., Hando, J., Darke, S., & Ross, J. (1996). Psychological morbidity and route of administration among amphetamine users in Sydney, Australia. Addiction, 91(1), 81-87.
71. Harris, D., & Batki, S. L. (2000). Stimulant psychosis: Symptom profile and acute clinical course. American Journal on Addictions, 9(1), 28-37.
72. Hart, C. L., Haney, M., Nasser, J., & Foltin, R. W. (2005). Combined effects of methamphetamine and zolpidem on performance and mood during simulated night shift work. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 81(3), 559-568.
73. Hart, C. L., Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Foltin, R. W., & Fischman, M. W. (2001). Methamphetamine self-administration by humans. Psychopharmacology, 157(1), 75-81.
74. Harvey, D. C., Lacan, G., Tanious, S. P., & Melega, W. P. (2000). Recovery from methamphetamine induced long-term nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits without substantia nigra cell loss. Brain Research, 871(2), 259-270.
75. Heaton, R. K., Marcotte, T. D., Mindt, M. R., Sadek, J., Moore, D. J., Bentley, H., et al. (2004). The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(3), 317-331.
76. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, L. I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
77. Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., & Curry, J. F. (2004). Neuropsychology of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 18(3), 485-503.
78. Hilsabeck, R. C., Hassanein, T. I., Carlson, M. D., Ziegler, E. A., & Perry, W. (2003). Cognitive functioning and psychiatric symptomatology in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(6), 847-854.
79. Hiranita, T., Nawata, Y., Sakimura, K., Anggadiredja, K., & Yamamoto, T. (2006). Suppression of methamphetamine-seeking behavior by nicotinic agonists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(22), 8523-8527.
80. Hoffman, W. F., Moore, M., Templin, R., McFarland, B., Hitzemann, R. J., & Mitchell, S. H. (2006). Neuropsychological function and delay discounting in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology, 188(2), 162-170.
81. Hong, R., Matsuyama, E., & Nur, K. (1991). Cardiomyopathy associated with the smoking of crystal methamphetamine. JAMA, 265(9), 1152-1154.
82. Hotchkiss, A. J., & Gibb, J. W. (1980). Long-term effects of multiple doses of methamphetamine on tryptophan hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 214(2), 257-262.
83. Hunt, D. (1995). Pulse check: National trends in drug abuse. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy.
84. Hwang, J., Lyoo, I. K., Kim, S. J., Sung, Y. H., Bae, S., Cho, S. N., et al. (2006). Decreased cerebral blood flow of the right anterior cingulate cortex in long-term and short-term abstinent methamphetamine users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82(2), 177-181.
85. Iwanami, A., Sugiyama, A., Kuroki, N., Toda, S., Kato, N., Nakatani, Y., et al. (1994). Patients with methamphetamine psychosis admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Japan. A preliminary report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(6), 428-432.
86. Iyo, M., Namba, H., Yanagisawa, M., Hirai, S., Yui, N., & Fukui, S. (1997). Abnormal cerebral perfusion in chronic methamphetamine abusers: A study using 99MTc-HMPAO and SPECT. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 21(5), 789-796.
87. Iyo, M., Sekine, Y., & Mori, N. (2004). Neuromechanism of developing methamphetamine psychosis: A neuroimaging study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1025, 288-295.
88. Jaffe, C., Bush, K. R., Straits-Tröster, K., Meredith, C., Romwall, L., Rosenbaum, G., et al. (2005). A comparison of methamphetamine-dependent inpatients childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. Journal on Addictive Disorders, 24(3), 133-152.
89. Jernigan, T. L., Gamst, A. C., Archibald, S. L., Fennema-Notestine, C., Mindt, M. R., Marcotte, T. D., et al. (2005). Effects of methamphetamine dependence and HIV infection on cerebral morphology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(8), 1461-1472.
90. Johanson, C. E., Frey, K. A., Lundahl, L. H., Keenan, P., Lockhart, N., Roll, J., et al. (2006). Cognitive function and nigrostriatal markers in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Psychopharmacology, 185(3), 327-338.
91. Johnson, B. A., Ait-Daoud, N., & Wells, L. T. (2000). Effects of isradipine, a dihydropyridine-class calcium channel antagonist, on D-methamphetamine-induced cognitive and physiological changes in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 22(5), 504-512.
92. Johnson, B. A., Roache, J. D., Ait-Daoud, N., Wallace, C., Wells, L. T., & Wang, Y. (2005). Effects of isradipine on methamphetamine-induced changes in attentional and perceptual-motor skills of cognition. Psychopharmacology, 178(2-3), 296-302.
93. Jovanovski, D., Erb, S., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2005). Neurocognitive deficits in cocaine users: A quantitative review of the evidence. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 27(2), 189-204.
94. Kalaian, H. A., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1996). A multivariate mixed linear model for meta-analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(3), 227.
95. Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F., & Green, M. (2003). Methamphetamine dependence is associated with neurocognitive impairment in the initial phases of abstinence. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(2), 215-220.
96. Kalechstein, A. D., Newton, T. F., Longshore, D., Anglin, M. D., van Gorp, W. G., & Gawin, F. H. (2000). Psychiatric comorbidity of methamphetamine dependence in a forensic sample. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12(4), 480-484.
97. Khoshbouei, H., Wang, H., Lechleiter, J. D., Javitch, J. A., & Galli, A. (2003). Amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux. A voltage-sensitive and intracellular Na+-dependent mechanism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(14), 12070-12077.
98. Kim, S. J., Lyoo, I. K., Hwang, J., Chung, A., Hoon Sung, Y., Kim, J., et al. (2006). Prefrontal grey-matter changes in short-term and long-term abstinent methamphetamine abusers. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 9(2), 221-228.
99. Kim, S. J., Lyoo, I. K., Hwang, J., Sung, Y. H., Lee, H. Y., Lee, D. S., et al. (2005). Frontal glucose hypometabolism in abstinent methamphetamine users. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30(7), 1383-1391.
100. Kokoshka, J. M., Metzger, R. R., Wilkins, D. G., Gibb, J. W., Hanson, G. R., & Fleckenstein, A. E. (1998). Methamphetamine treatment rapidly inhibits serotonin, but not glutamate, transporters in rat brain. Brain Research, 799(1), 78-83.
101. Lawrence, A. D., Watkins, L. H., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., & Robbins, T. W. (2000). Visual object and visuospatial cognition in Huntington's disease: Implications for information processing in corticostriatal circuits. Brain, 123(Pt 7), 1349-1364.
102. Letendre, S. L., Cherner, M., Ellis, R. J., Marquie-Beck, J., Gragg, B., Marcotte, T., et al. (2005). The effects of hepatitis C, HIV, and methamphetamine dependence on neuropsychological performance: Biological correlates of disease. AIDS, 19(Suppl 3), S72-S78.
103. Logan, B. K. (1996). Methamphetamine and driving impairment. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(3), 457-464.
104. Logan, B. K., Fligner, C. L., & Haddix, T. (1998). Cause and manner of death in fatalities involving methamphetamine. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(1), 28-34.
105. London, E. D., Berman, S. M., Voytek, B., Simon, S. L., Mandelkern, M. A., Monterosso, J., et al. (2005). Cerebral metabolic dysfunction and impaired vigilance in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Biological Psychiatry, 58(10), 770-778.
106. London, E. D., Simon, S. L., Berman, S. M., Mandelkern, M. A., Lichtman, A. M., Bramen, J., et al. (2004). Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(1), 73-84.
107. Maggio, R., Riva, M., Vaglini, F., Fornai, F., Molteni, R., Armogida, M., et al. (1998). Nicotine prevents experimental parkinsonism in rodents and induces striatal increase of neurotrophic factors. Journal of Neurochemistry, 71(6), 2439-2446.
108. Mason, G. F., & Rothman, D. L. (2004). Basic principles of metabolic modeling of NMR (13)C isotopic turnover to determine rates of brain metabolism in vivo. Metabolic Engineering, 6(1), 75-84.
109. Matsumoto, T., Kamijo, A., Yamaguchi, A., Iseki, E., & Hirayasu, Y. (2005). Childhood histories of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders in Japanese methamphetamine and inhalant abusers: Preliminary report. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59(1), 102-105.
110. McCann, U. D., Wong, D. F., Yokoi, F., Villemagne, V., Dannals, R. F., & Ricaurte, G. A. (1998). Reduced striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and methcathinone users: Evidence from positron emission tomography studies with [11C]WIN-35,428. Journal of Neuroscience, 18(20), 8417-8422.
111. McGregor, C., Srisurapanont, M., Jittiwutikarn, J., Laobhripatr, S., Wongtan, T., & White, J. M. (2005). The nature, time course and severity of methamphetamine withdrawal. Addiction, 100(9), 1320-1329.
112. McKetin, R., McLaren, J., Lubman, D. I., & Hides, L. (2006). The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users. Addiction, 101(10), 1473-1478.
113. Meredith, C. W., Jaffe, C., Ang-Lee, K., & Saxon, A. J. (2005). Implications of chronic methamphetamine use: A literature review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 13(3), 141-154.
114. Mewaldt, S. P., & Ghoneim, M. M. (1979). The effects and interactions of scopolamine, physostigmine and methamphetamine on human memory. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 10(2), 205-210.
115. Mielke, R., Kessler, J., Szelies, B., Herholz, K., Wienhard, K., & Heiss, W. D. (1998). Normal and pathological aging-findings of positron-emission-tomography. Journal of Neural Transmission, 105(8-9), 821-837.
116. Miller, D. B., & O'Callaghan, J. P. (2003). Elevated environmental temperature and methamphetamine neurotoxicity. Environmental Research, 92(1), 48-53.
117. Mitler, M. M., Hajdukovic, R., & Erman, M. K. (1993). Treatment of narcolepsy with methamphetamine. Sleep, 16(4), 306-317.
118. Mohs, R. C., Tinklenberg, J. R., Roth, W. T., & Kopell, B. S. (1978). Methamphetamine and diphenhydramine effects on the rate of cognitive processing. Psychopharmacology, 59(1), 13-19.
119. Mohs, R. C., Tinklenberg, J. R., Roth, W. T., & Kopell, B. S. (1980). Sensitivity of some human cognitive functions to effects of methamphetamine and secobarbital. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 5(2), 145-150.
120. Monterosso, J. R., Ainslie, G., Xu, J., Cordova, X., Domier, C. P., & London, E. D. (2006). Frontoparietal cortical activity of methamphetamine- dependent and comparison subjects performing a delay discounting task. Human Brain Mapping, 28(5), 383-393.
121. Monterosso, J. R., Aron, A. R., Cordova, X., Xu, J., & London, E. D. (2005). Deficits in response inhibition associated with chronic methamphetamine abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 79(2), 273-277.
122. Morgan, M. E., & Gibb, J. W. (1980). Short-term and long-term effects of methamphetamine on biogenic amine metabolism in extra-striatal dopaminergic nuclei. Neuropharmacology, 19(10), 989-995.
123. Moszczynska, A., Fitzmaurice, P., Ang, L., Kalasinsky, K. S., Schmunk, G. A., Peretti, F. J., et al. (2004). Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users? Brain, 127(Pt 2), 363-370.
124. National Drug Intelligence Center (2006). 2006 National drug threat assessment. McLean, VA: National Drug Intelligence Center.
125. National Institute on Drug Abuse (2006). NIDA research report-methamphetamine abuse and addiction (NIH publication no. 06-4210). Rockville, MD: National Institutes of Health.
126. Newton, T. F., Kalechstein, A. D., Duran, S., Vansluis, N., & Ling, W. (2004). Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: Preliminary findings. American Journal on Addictions, 13(3), 248-255.
127. Newton, T. F., Kalechstein, A. D., Hardy, D. J., Cook, I. A., Nestor, L., Ling, W., et al. (2004). Association between quantitative EEG and neurocognition in methamphetamine-dependent volunteers. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 194-198.
128. Nordahl, T. E., Salo, R., & Leamon, M. (2003). Neuropsychological effects of chronic methamphetamine use on neurotransmitters and cognition: A review. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 15(3), 317-325.
129. Nordahl, T. E., Salo, R., Possin, K., Gibson, D. R., Flynn, N., Leamon, M., et al. (2002). Low N-acetyl-aspartate and high choline in the anterior cingulum of recently abstinent methamphetamine-dependent subjects: A preliminary proton MRS study. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychiatry Research, 116(1-2), 43-52.
130. Oh, J. S., Lyoo, I. K., Sung, Y. H., Hwang, J., Kim, J., Chung, A., et al. (2005). Shape changes of the corpus callosum in abstinent methamphetamine users. Neuroscience Letters, 384(1-2), 76-81.
131. Olsen, E. R. (1977). Intracranial hemorrhage and amphetamine usage. Review of the effects of amphetamines on the central nervous system. Angiology, 28(7), 464-471.
132. Paulus, M. P., Hozack, N., Frank, L., Brown, G. G., & Schuckit, M. A. (2003). Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation. Biological Psychiatry, 53(1), 65-74.
133. Paulus, M. P., Hozack, N. E., Zauscher, B. E., Frank, L., Brown, G. G., Braff, D. L., et al. (2002). Behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence for prefrontal dysfunction in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(1), 53-63.
134. Paulus, M. P., Tapert, S. F., & Schuckit, M. A. (2005). Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(7), 761-768.
135. Perez, J. A., Jr., Arsura, E. L., & Strategos, S. (1999). Methamphetamine-related stroke: Four cases. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(3), 469-471.
136. Piatt, A. L., Fields, J. A., Paolo, A. M., Koller, W. C., & Tröster, A. I. (1999a). Lexical, semantic, and action verbal fluency in Parkinson's disease with and without dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21(4), 435-443.
137. Piatt, A. L., Fields, J. A., Paolo, A. M., & Tröster, A. I. (1999b). Action (verb naming) fluency as an executive function measure: Convergent and divergent evidence of validity. Neuropsychologia, 37(13), 1499-1503.
138. Pliszka, S. R. (2007). Pharmacologic treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action. Neuropsychology Review, 17(1), 61-72.
139. Rabe-Hesketh, S., Skrondal, A., & Pickles, A. (2004). GLLAMM manual. In Berkeley Division of Biostatistics working paper series, paper 160. Berkeley, CA: U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics. Retrieved from http://www.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper160.
140. Ricaurte, G. A., Guillery, R. W., Seiden, L. S., Schuster, C. R., & Moore, R. Y. (1982). Dopamine nerve terminal degeneration produced by high doses of methylamphetamine in the rat brain. Brain Research, 235(1), 93-103.
141. Richards, J. R., Bretz, S. W., Johnson, E. B., Turnipseed, S. D., Brofeldt, B. T., & Derlet, R. W. (1999). Methamphetamine abuse and emergency department utilization. Western Journal of Medicine, 170(4), 198-202.
142. Rippeth, J. D., Heaton, R. K., Carey, C. L., Marcotte, T. D., Moore, D. J., Gonzalez, R., et al. (2004). Methamphetamine dependence increases risk of neuropsychological impairment in HIV infected persons. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(1), 1-14.
143. Ross, B., Lin, A., Harris, K., Bhattacharya, P., & Schweinsburg, B. (2003). Clinical experience with 13C MRS in vivo. NMR in Biomedicine, 16(6-7), 358-369.
144. Sadek, J. R., Vigil, O., Grant, I., & Heaton, R. K. (2007). The impact of neuropsychological functioning and depressed mood on functional complaints in HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine dependence. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29(3), 266-276.
145. Salo, R., Nordahl, T. E., Moore, C., Waters, C., Natsuaki, Y., Galloway, G. P., et al. (2005). A dissociation in attentional control: Evidence from methamphetamine dependence. Biological Psychiatry, 57(3), 310-313.
146. Salo, R., Nordahl, T. E., Natsuaki, Y., Leamon, M. H., Galloway, G. P., Waters, C., et al. (2007). Attentional control and brain metabolite levels in methamphetamine abusers. Biological Psychiatry, 61(11), 1272-1280.
147. Salo, R., Nordahl, T. E., Possin, K., Leamon, M., Gibson, D. R., Galloway, G. P., et al. (2002). Preliminary evidence of reduced cognitive inhibition in methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Psychiatry Research, 111, 65-74.
148. Sato, M. (1986). Acute exacerbation of methamphetamine psychosis and lasting dopaminergic supersensitivity-a clinical survey. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22(3), 751-756.
149. Schuckit, M. A. (1994). The treatment of stimulant dependence. Addiction, 89(11), 1559-1563.
150. Sekine, Y., Iyo, M., Ouchi, Y., Matsunaga, T., Tsukada, H., Okada, H., et al. (2001). Methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms and reduced brain dopamine transporters studied with PET. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(8), 1206-1214.
151. Sekine, Y., Minabe, Y., Kawai, M., Suzuki, K., Iyo, M., Isoda, H., et al. (2002). Metabolite alterations in basal ganglia associated with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. A proton MRS study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(3), 453-461.
152. Sekine, Y., Minabe, Y., Ouchi, Y., Takei, N., Iyo, M., Nakamura, K., et al. (2003). Association of dopamine transporter loss in the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices with methamphetamine-related psychiatric symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(9), 1699-1701.
153. Sekine, Y., Ouchi, Y., Takei, N., Yoshikawa, E., Nakamura, K., Futatsubashi, M., et al. (2006). Brain serotonin transporter density and aggression in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(1), 90-100.
154. Semple, S. J., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (2003). Binge use of methamphetamine among HIV-positive men who have sex with men: Pilot data and HIV prevention implications. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(2), 133-147.
155. Semple, S. J., Patterson, T. L., & Grant, I. (2004). A comparison of injection and non-injection methamphetamine-using HIV positive men who have sex with men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76(2), 203-212.
156. Semple, S. J., Zians, J., Grant, I., & Patterson, T. L. (2005). Impulsivity and methamphetamine use. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29(2), 85-93.
157. Shadish, W. R., Robinson, L., & Lu, C. (1999). ES: A computer program and manual for effect size calculation. Minneapolis, MN: Assessment Systems.
158. Shoptaw, S. (2006). Methamphetamine use in urban gay and bisexual populations. Topics in HIV Medicine, 14(2), 84-87.
159. Shoptaw, S., Peck, J., Reback, C. J., & Rotheram-Fuller, E. (2003). Psychiatric and substance dependence comorbidities, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk behaviors among methamphetamine-dependent gay and bisexual men seeking outpatient drug abuse treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 35(Suppl 1), 161-168.
160. Silber, B. Y., Croft, R. J., Papafotiou, K., & Stough, C. (2006). The acute effects of d-amphetamine and methamphetamine on attention and psychomotor performance. Psychopharmacology, 187(2), 154-169.
161. Sim, T., Simon, S. L., Domier, C. P., Richardson, K., Rawson, R. A.,
162. Simon, S. L., Dacey, J., Glynn, S., Rawson, R., & Ling, W. (2004). The effect of relapse on cognition in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27(1), 59-66.
163. Simon, S. L., Domier, C., Carnell, J., Brethen, P., Rawson, R., & Ling, W. (2000). Cognitive impairment in individuals currently using methamphetamine. American Journal on Addictions, 9(3), 222-231.
164. Simons, J. S., Oliver, M. N., Gaher, R. M., Ebel, G., & Brummels, P. (2005). Methamphetamine and alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms: Associations with affect lability and impulsivity in a rural treatment population. Addictive Behaviors, 30(7), 1370-1381.
165. Smith, D. E., & Fischer, C. M. (1970). An analysis of 310 cases of acute high-dose methamphetamine toxicity in Haight-Ashbury. Clinical Toxicology, 3(1), 117-124.
166. Soetens, E., Casaer, S., D'Hooge, R., & Hueting, J. E. (1995). Effect of amphetamine on long-term retention of verbal material. Psychopharmacology, 119(2), 155-162.
167. Srisurapanont, M., Ali, R., Marsden, J., Sunga, A., Wada, K., & Monteiro, M. (2003). Psychotic symptoms in methamphetamine psychotic in-patients. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 6(4), 347-352.
168. StataCorp. (2006). Stata Statistical Software: Release 9.2. College Station, TX.
169. Stuss, D. T., & Alexander, M. P. (2007). Is there a dysexecutive syndrome? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 362(1481), 901-915.
170. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2006a). Drug abuse warning network, 2004: National estimates of drug-related emergency department visits (DAWN series D-28, DHHS publication no. SMA 06-4143). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
171. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2006b). Results from the 2005 national survey on drug use and health: National findings (NSDUH Series H-30, DHHS publication no. SMA 06-4194). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
172. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2006c). Treatment episode data set (TEDS): 1994-2004 (DASIS series: S-33, DHHS publication no. SMA 064180). Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies.
173. Sung, Y. H., Cho, S. C., Hwang, J., Kim, S. J., Kim, H., Bae, S., et al. (2006). Relationship between N-acetyl-aspartate in gray and white matter of abstinent methamphetamine abusers and their history of drug abuse: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(1), 28-35.
174. Taylor, M. J., Letendre, S. L., Schweinsburg, B. C., Alhassoon, O. M., Brown, G. G., Gongvatana, A., et al. (2004). Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with reduced white matter N-acetylaspartate in abstinent methamphetamine users. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10(1), 110-113.
175. Taylor, M., Schweinsburg, B., Alhassoon, O., Gongvatana, A., Brown, G., Young-Casey, C., et al. (2007). Effects of human immunodeficiency virus and methamphetamine on cerebral metabolites measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Neurovirology, 13(2), 150-159.
176. Thompson, P. M., Hayashi, K. M., Simon, S. L., Geaga, J. A., Hong, M. S., Sui, Y., et al. (2004). Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(26), 6028-6036.
177. Trevisan, L. A., Boutros, N., Petrakis, I. L., & Krystal, J. H. (1998). Complications of alcohol withdrawal: Pathophysiological insights. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22(1), 61-66.
178. Troyer, A. K., Moscovitch, M., Winocur, G., Alexander, M. P., & Stuss, D. (1998). Clustering and switching on verbal fluency: The effects of focal frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia, 36(6), 499-504.
179. Ujike, H., Harano, M., Inada, T., Yamada, M., Komiyama, T., Sekine, Y., et al. (2003). Nine- or fewer repeat alleles in VNTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene is a strong risk factor for prolonged methamphetamine psychosis. Pharmacogenomics Journal, 3(4), 242-247.
180. Ujike, H., & Sato, M. (2004). Clinical features of sensitization to methamphetamine observed in patients with methamphetamine dependence and psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1025, 279-287.
181. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Ding, Y. S., Sedler, M., et al. (2001a). Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: Association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(12), 2015-2021.
182. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Franceschi, D., Sedler, M., et al. (2001b). Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. Journal of Neuroscience, 21(23), 9414-9418.
183. Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G. J., Fowler, J. S., Leonido-Yee, M., Franceschi, D., et al. (2001c). Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(3), 377-382.
184. von Mayrhauser, C., Brecht, M. L., & Anglin, M. D. (2002). Use ecology and drug use motivations of methamphetamine users admitted to substance abuse treatment facilities in Los Angeles: An emerging profile. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 21(1), 45-60.
185. Voytek, B., Berman, S. M., Hassid, B. D., Simon, S. L., Mandelkern, M. A., Brody, A. L., et al. (2005). Differences in regional brain metabolism associated with marijuana abuse in methamphetamine abusers. Synapse, 57(2), 113-115.
186. Wagner, G. C., Ricaurte, G. A., Seiden, L. S., Schuster, C. R., Miller, R. J., & Westley, J. (1980). Long-lasting depletions of striatal dopamine and loss of dopamine uptake sites following repeated administration of methamphetamine. Brain Research, 181(1), 151-160.
187. Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Miller, E., Sedler, M., Hitzemann, R., et al. (2004). Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(2), 242-248.
188. Wiegmann, D. A., Stanny, R. R., McKay, D. L., Neri, D. F., & McCardie, A. H. (1996). Methamphetamine effects on cognitive processing during extended wakefulness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 6(4), 379-397.
189. Wilens, T. E., Prince, J. B., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., & Frances, R. J. (1995). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use disorders in adults. Psychiatric Services, 46(8), 761-763, 765.
190. Wilson, J. M., Kalasinsky, K. S., Levey, A. I., Bergeron, C., Reiber, G., Anthony, R. M., et al. (1996). Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nature Medicine, 2(6), 699-703.
191. Woods, S. P., Carey, C. L., Troster, A. I., & Grant, I. (2005a). Action (verb) generation in HIV-1 infection. Neuropsychologia, 43(8), 1144-1151.
192. Woods, S. P., Conover, E., Rippeth, J. D., Carey, C. L., Gonzalez, R., Marcotte, T. D., et al. (2004). Qualitative aspects of verbal fluency in HIV-associated dementia: A deficit in rule-guided lexical-semantic search processes? Neuropsychologia, 42(6), 801-809.
193. Woods, S. P., Rippeth, J. D., Conover, E., Gongvatana, A., Gonzalez, R., Carey, C. L., et al. (2005b). Deficient strategic control of verbal encoding and retrieval in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. Neuropsychology, 19(1), 35-43.
194. Woolverton, W. L., Ricaurte, G. A., Forno, L. S., & Seiden, L. S. (1989). Long-term effects of chronic methamphetamine administration in rhesus monkeys. Brain Research, 486(1), 73-78.
195. Yen, D. J., Wang, S. J., Ju, T. H., Chen, C. C., Liao, K. K., Fuh, J. L., et al. (1994). Stroke associated with methamphetamine inhalation. European Neurology, 34(1), 16-22.
196. Yui, K., Ikemoto, S., & Goto, K. (2002). Factors for susceptibility to episode recurrence in spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 965, 292-304.
197. Zaczek, R., Culp, S., & De Souza, E. B. (1990). Intrasynaptosomal sequestration of [3H]amphetamine and [3H]methylenedioxyamphetamine: Characterization suggests the presence of a factor responsible for maintaining sequestration. Journal of Neurochemistry, 54(1), 195-204.
198. Zweben, J. E., Cohen, J. B., Christian, D., Galloway, G. P., Salinardi, M., Parent, D., et al. (2004). Psychiatric symptoms in methamphetamine users. American Journal on Addictions, 13(2), 181-190.