Effect of thermal annealing on P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells: A critical review

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue , 2014, Pages 324-336

  Yang, Xiaohan ^a   Uddin, Ashraf ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Balancing; Electronic performance; Organic solar cell; Physical film property; Thermal annealing

Indexed keywords

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC; ELECTRONIC PERFORMANCE; FILM PROPERTIES; IMPROVE PERFORMANCE; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES; ORGANIC SOLAR CELL; THERMAL ANNEALING PROCESS; THERMAL-ANNEALING;

ANNEALING; BALANCING; HETEROJUNCTIONS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS;

SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 84887873182     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.025     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. MA Green, K Emery, Y Hishikawa, W Warta, and ED. Dunlop Solar cell efficiency tables (version 42) Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl 21 2013 827 837
2. CJ. Brabec Organic photovoltaics: technology and market Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 83 2004 273 292
3. T Ameri, P Khoram, J Min, and CJ. Brabec Organic ternary solar cells: a review Adv Mater 25 2013 4245 4266
4. J Ahmad, K Bazaka, LJ Anderson, RD White, and MV. Jacob Materials and methods for encapsulation of OPV: a review Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev 27 2013 104 117
5. CW Tang, and SA. VanSlyke Organic electroluminescent diodes Appl Phys Lett 51 1987 913 915
6. CW. Tang Two-layer organic photovoltaic cell Appl Phys Lett 48 1986 183 185
7. FC Krebs, T Tromholt, and M. Jorgensen Upscaling of polymer solar cell fabrication using full roll-to-roll processing Nanoscale 2 2010 873 886
8. FC. Krebs Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: a review of printing and coating techniques Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 93 2009 394 412
9. FC Krebs, M Jørgensen, K Norrman, O Hagemann, J Alstrup, and TD Nielsen A complete process for production of flexible large area polymer solar cells entirely using screen printing - first public demonstration Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 93 2009 422 441
10. M Campoy-Quiles, T Ferenczi, T Agostinelli, PG Etchegoin, Y Kim, and TD Anthopoulos Morphology evolution via self-organization and lateral and vertical diffusion in polymer:fullerene solar cell blends Nat Mater 7 2008 158 164 (Pubitemid 351161347)
11. M Wright, and A. Uddin Organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells: a comparative review Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 107 2012 87 111
12. A. Facchetti π-Conjugated polymers for organic electronics and photovoltaic cell applications Chem Mater 23 2010 733 758
13. U Zhokhavets, T Erb, G Gobsch, M Al-Ibrahim, and O. Ambacher Relation between absorption and crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene films for plastic solar cells Chem Phys Lett 418 2006 347 350 (Pubitemid 43121277)
14. T Ameri, N Li, and CJ. Brabec Highly efficient organic tandem solar cells: a follow up review Energy Environ Sci 6 2013 2390 2413
15. HY Chen, J Hou, S Zhang, Y Liang, G Yang, and Y Yang Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency Nat Photonics 3 2009 649 653
16. Z He, C Zhong, S Su, M Xu, H Wu, and Y. Cao Enhanced power-conversion efficiency in polymer solar cells using an inverted device structure Nat Photonics 6 2012 593 597
17. L Dou, J You, J Yang, CC Chen, Y He, and S Murase Tandem polymer solar cells featuring a spectrally matched low-bandgap polymer Nat Photonics 6 2012 180 185
18. X Guo, N Zhou, SJ Lou, J Smith, DB Tice, and JW Hennek Polymer solar cells with enhanced fill factors Nat Photonics 2013 (advance online publication)
19. W Li, KH Hendriks, WSC Roelofs, Y Kim, MM Wienk, and Janssen RAJ. Efficient small bandgap polymer solar cells with high fill factors for 300 nm thick films Adv Mater 25 2013 3182 3186
20. S. Rohr Heliatek consolidates its technology leadership by establishing a new world record for organic solar technology with a cell efficiency of 12% 2013 http://www.heliatek.com
21. FC Krebs, TD Nielsen, J Fyenbo, M Wadstrom, and MS. Pedersen Manufacture, integration and demonstration of polymer solar cells in a lamp for the Lighting Africa initiative Energy Environ Sci 3 2010 512 525
22. FC Krebs, J Fyenbo, DM Tanenbaum, SA Gevorgyan, R Andriessen, and B van Remoortere The OE-A OPV demonstrator anno domini 2011 Energy Environ Sci 4 2011 4116 4123
23. N Espinosa, FO Lenzmann, S Ryley, D Angmo, M Hosel, and RR Sondergaard OPV for mobile applications: an evaluation of roll-to-roll processed indium and silver free polymer solar cells through analysis of life cycle, cost and layer quality using inline optical and functional inspection tools J Mater Chem A 1 2013 7037 7049
24. NS Sariciftci, L Smilowitz, AJ Heeger, and F. Wudl Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene Science 258 1992 1474 1476
25. G Yu, J Gao, JC Hummelen, F Wudl, and AJ. Heeger Polymer photovoltaic cells: enhanced efficiencies via a network of internal donor-acceptor heterojunctions Science 270 1995 1789 1791 (Pubitemid 126635480)
26. JC Hummelen, BW Knight, F LePeq, F Wudl, J Yao, and CL. Wilkins Preparation and characterization of fulleroid and methanofullerene derivatives J Org Chem 60 1995 532 538
27. CJ Brabec, SE Shaheen, C Winder, NS Sariciftci, and P. Denk Effect of LiF/metal electrodes on the performance of plastic solar cells Appl Phys Lett 80 2002 1288 1290
28. MM Wienk, JM Kroon, WJH Verhees, J Knol, JC Hummelen, and PA van Hal Efficient methano[70]fullerene/MDMO-PPV bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells Angew Chem Int Ed 42 2003 3371 3375 (Pubitemid 36975330)
29. VD Mihailetchi, HX Xie, B de Boer, Koster LJA, and Blom PWM. Charge transport and photocurrent generation in poly(3-hexylthiophene): methanofullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells Adv Funct Mater 16 2006 699 708
30. X Yang, J Loos, SC Veenstra, WJH Verhees, MM Wienk, and JM Kroon Nanoscale morphology of high-performance polymer solar cells Nano Lett 5 2005 579 583 (Pubitemid 40609723)
31. MS Ryu, HJ Cha, and J. Jang Effects of thermal annealing of polymer:fullerene photovoltaic solar cells for high efficiency Curr Appl Phys 10 2010 S206 S209
32. AJ Moulé, and K. Meerholz Controlling morphology in polymer-fullerene mixtures Adv Mater 20 2008 240 245 (Pubitemid 351205696)
33. K Kim, J Liu, MAG Namboothiry, and DL. Carroll Roles of donor and acceptor nanodomains in 6% efficient thermally annealed polymer photovoltaics Appl Phys Lett 90 2007 163511 163513
34. SH Park, A Roy, S Beaupre, S Cho, N Coates, and JS Moon Bulk heterojunction solar cells with internal quantum efficiency approaching 100% Nat Photonics 3 2009 297 302
35. CJ Brabec, S Gowrisanker, JJM Halls, D Laird, S Jia, and SP. Williams Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells Adv Mater 22 2010 3839 3856
36. TA Bull, LSC Pingree, SA Jenekhe, DS Ginger, and CK. Luscombe The role of mesoscopic PCBM crystallites in solvent vapor annealed copolymer solar cells ACS Nano 3 2009 627 636
37. F-C Chen, C-J Ko, J-L Wu, and W-C. Chen Morphological study of P3HT:PCBM blend films prepared through solvent annealing for solar cell applications Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 94 2010 2426 2430
38. Y Kim, AM Ballantyne, J Nelson, and DDC. Bradley Effects of thickness and thermal annealing of the PEDOT:PSS layer on the performance of polymer solar cells Org Electron 10 2009 205 209
39. L Zeng, CW Tang, and SH. Chen Effects of active layer thickness and thermal annealing on polythiophene: fullerene bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices Appl Phys Lett 97 2010 053305 (3)
40. P Schilinsky, U Asawapirom, U Scherf, M Biele, and CJ. Brabec Influence of the molecular weight of poly(3-hexylthiophene) on the performance of bulk heterojunction solar cells Chem Mater 17 2005 2175 2180 (Pubitemid 40567230)
41. ukauskas V Ka, A Arlauskas, M Pranaitis, M Glatthaar, and A. Hinsch Charge transport and trapping in bulk-heterojunction solar cells J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10 2010 1376 1380
42. L Chang, HWA Lademann, JB Bonekamp, K Meerholz, and AJ. Moulé Effect of trace solvent on the morphology of P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cells Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 1779 1787
43. JS Kim, JH Lee, JH Park, C Shim, M Sim, and K. Cho High-efficiency organic solar cells based on preformed poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanowires Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 480 486
44. MH Kim, M Sun, V Gowrishankar, MD McGehee, and YU. Kwon Confinement effects of P3HT in nanochannels and their implications for bulk heterojunction solar cells J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10 2010 279 284
45. 2 nanowires by electrospinning: preferred architecture for nanostructured solar cells Energy Environ Sci 4 2011 2807 2812
46. 2 nanotube arrays Appl Phys Lett 91 2007 152111 152113
47. B Yin, Q Liu, L Yang, X Wu, Z Liu, and Y Hua Buffer layer of PEDOT:PSS/graphene composite for polymer solar cells J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10 2010 1934 1938
48. 60 thin films for solar cell applications Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 93 2009 1674 1680
49. W Cai, X Gong, and Y. Cao Polymer solar cells: recent development and possible routes for improvement in the performance Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 94 2010 114 127
50. D Chirvase, J Parisi, JC Hummelen, and V. Dyakonov Influence of nanomorphology on the photovoltaic action of polymer-fullerene composites Nanotechnology 15 2004 1317 1323
51. Y Kim, SA Choulis, J Nelson, DDC Bradley, S Cook, and JR. Durrant Device annealing effect in organic solar cells with blends of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) and soluble fullerene Appl Phys Lett 86 2005 063502 063503
52. G Li, V Shrotriya, J Huang, Y Yao, T Moriarty, and K Emery High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends Nat Mater 4 2005 864 868
53. Y Kim, S Cook, SM Tuladhar, SA Choulis, J Nelson, and JR Durrant A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene:fullerene solar cells Nat Mater 5 2006 197 203 (Pubitemid 43320634)
54. T Erb, U Zhokhavets, G Gobsch, S Raleva, B Stühn, and P Schilinsky Correlation between structural and optical properties of composite polymer/fullerene films for organic solar cells Adv Funct Mater 15 2005 1193 1196 (Pubitemid 41042348)
55. BR. Saunders Hybrid polymer/nanoparticle solar cells: preparation, principles and challenges J Colloid Interface Sci 369 2012 1 15
56. G Garcia-Belmonte, A Munar, EM Barea, J Bisquert, I Ugarte, and R. Pacios Charge carrier mobility and lifetime of organic bulk heterojunctions analyzed by impedance spectroscopy Org Electron 9 2008 847 851
57. E Bundgaard, and FC. Krebs Low band gap polymers for organic photovoltaics Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 91 2007 954 985 (Pubitemid 46635041)
58. E Bundgaard, SE Shaheen, FC Krebs, and DS. Ginley Bulk heterojunctions based on a low band gap copolymer of thiophene and benzothiadiazole Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 91 2007 1631 1637 (Pubitemid 47259357)
59. J Hou, HY Chen, S Zhang, RI Chen, Y Yang, and Y Wu Synthesis of a low band gap polymer and its application in highly efficient polymer solar cells J Am Chem Soc 131 2009 15586 15587
60. J Hou, HY Chen, S Zhang, G Li, and Y. Yang Synthesis, characterization, and photovoltaic properties of a low band gap polymer based on silole-containing polythiophenes and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole J Am Chem Soc 130 2008 16144 16145
61. J Hou, TL Chen, S Zhang, HY Chen, and Y. Yang Poly[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene-2, 6-diyl-alt-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-4,7- diyl], a new low band gap polymer in polymer solar cells J Phys Chem C 113 2009 1601 1605
62. BA Gregg, and MC. Hanna Comparing organic to inorganic photovoltaic cells: theory, experiment, and simulation J Appl Phys 93 2003 3605 3614
63. L Zuo, X Jiang, M Xu, L Yang, Y Nan, and Q Yan Enhancement of short current density in polymer solar cells with phthalocyanine tin (IV) dichloride as interfacial layer Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 95 2011 2664 2669
64. H-L Yip, and AKY. Jen Recent advances in solution-processed interfacial materials for efficient and stable polymer solar cells Energy Environ Sci 5 2012 5994 6011
65. CJ Brabec, A Cravino, D Meissner, N Serdar Sariciftci, T Fromherz, and MT Rispens Origin of the open circuit voltage of plastic solar cells Adv Funct Mater 11 2001 374 380 (Pubitemid 33050758)
66. MC Scharber, D Mühlbacher, M Koppe, P Denk, C Waldauf, and AJ Heeger Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells - towards 10% energy-conversion efficiency Adv Mater 18 2006 789 794
67. T Yamanari, T Taima, J Sakai, and K. Saito Origin of the open-circuit voltage of organic thin-film solar cells based on conjugated polymers Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 93 2009 759 761
68. WJ Potscavage Jr, A Sharma, and B. Kippelen Critical interfaces in organic solar cells and their influence on the open-circuit voltage Acc Chem Res 42 2009 1758 1767
69. MA Green, K Emery, Y Hishikawa, W Warta, and ED. Dunlop Solar cell efficiency tables (version 39) Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl 20 2012 12 20
70. J Zhao, A Wang, and MA. Green 24.5% efficiency silicon PERT cells on MCZ substrates and 24.7% efficiency PERL cells on FZ substrates Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl 7 1999 471 474 (Pubitemid 30527301)
71. D Gupta, S Mukhopadhyay, and KS. Narayan Fill factor in organic solar cells Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 94 2010 1309 1313
72. T Kirchartz, K Taretto, and U. Rau Efficiency limits of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells J Phys Chem C 113 2009 17958 17966
73. JD Servaites, MA Ratner, and TJ. Marks Practical efficiency limits in organic photovoltaic cells: functional dependence of fill factor and external quantum efficiency Appl Phys Lett 95 2009 163302 163303
74. E. Yablonovitch Statistical ray optics J Opt Soc Am 72 1982 899 907
75. G Dennler, MC Scharber, and CJ. Brabec Polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells Adv Mater 21 2009 1323 1338
76. Sourty E Bavel SSv, With Gd, and J. Loos Three-dimensional nanoscale organization of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells Nano Lett 9 2008 507 513
77. W Ma, C Yang, X Gong, K Lee, and AJ. Heeger Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology Adv Funct Mater 15 2005 1617 1622 (Pubitemid 41454589)
78. T-F Guo, T-C Wen, G L'Vovich Pakhomov, X-G Chin, S-H Liou, and P-H Yeh Effects of film treatment on the performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/soluble fullerene-based organic solar cells Thin Solid Films 516 2008 3138 3142 (Pubitemid 351297763)
79. T Agostinelli, S Lilliu, JG Labram, M Campoy-Quiles, M Hampton, and E Pires Real-time investigation of crystallization and phase-segregation dynamics in P3HT:PCBM solar cells during thermal annealing Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 1701 1708
80. M Dante, J Peet, and TQ. Nguyen Nanoscale charge transport and internal structure of bulk heterojunction conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells by scanning probe microscopy J Phys Chem C 112 2008 7241 7249 (Pubitemid 351704655)
81. 61 blends Appl Phys Lett 87 2005 083506 (3)
82. 61-butyric acid methyl ester processed with oleic acid surfactant Appl Phys Lett 90 2007 183512 183513
83. T Wang, AJ Pearson, DG Lidzey, and Jones RAL. Evolution of structure, optoelectronic properties, and device performance of polythiophene:fullerene solar cells during thermal annealing Adv Funct Mater 21 2011 1383 1390
84. JY Kim, S Noh, J Kwak, and C. Lee Analysis of annealing process on P3HT:PCBM-based polymer solar cells using optical and impedance spectroscopy J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13 2013 3360 3364
85. AJ Pearson, T Wang, RAL Jones, DG Lidzey, PA Staniec, and PE Hopkinson Rationalizing phase transitions with thermal annealing temperatures for P3HT:PCBM organic photovoltaic devices Macromolecules 45 2012 1499 1508
86. H Kim, M Shin, and Y. Kim Distinct annealing temperature in polymer:fullerene:polymer ternary blend solar cells J Phys Chem C 113 2009 1620 1623
87. S-O Kim, D Sung Chung, H Cha, J Wan Jang, Y-H Kim, and J-W Kang Thermally stable organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells incorporating an amorphous fullerene derivative as an electron acceptor Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 95 2011 432 439
88. H Kim, W-W So, and S-J. Moon The importance of post-annealing process in the device performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene): methanofullerene polymer solar cell Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 91 2007 581 587 (Pubitemid 46274199)
89. C Zhang, SW Tong, C Zhu, C Jiang, ET Kang, and DSH. Chan Enhancement in open circuit voltage induced by deep interface hole traps in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells Appl Phys Lett 94 2009 103305 (3)
90. O Oklobia, and TS. Shafai A quantitative study of the formation of PCBM clusters upon thermal annealing of P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction solar cell Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 117 2013 1 8
91. F Padinger, RS Rittberger, and NS. Sariciftci Effects of postproduction treatment on plastic solar cells Adv Funct Mater 13 2003 85 88
92. O Oklobia, and TS. Shafai A study of donor/acceptor interfaces in a blend of P3HT/PCBM solar cell: effects of annealing and PCBM loading on optical and electrical properties Solid-State Electron 87 2013 64 68
93. H Kong, JS Moon, NS Cho, IH Jung, M-J Park, and J-H Park Thermal annealing induced bicontinuous networks in bulk heterojunction solar cells and bipolar field-effect transistors Appl Phys Lett 95 2009 173301 173303
94. M Jørgensen, K Norrman, SA Gevorgyan, T Tromholt, B Andreasen, and FC. Krebs Stability of polymer solar cells Adv Mater 24 2012 580 612
95. S Bertho, I Haeldermans, A Swinnen, W Moons, T Martens, and L Lutsen Influence of thermal ageing on the stability of polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 91 2007 385 389 (Pubitemid 46149269)
96. K Norrman, MV Madsen, SA Gevorgyan, and FC. Krebs Degradation patterns in water and oxygen of an inverted polymer solar cell J Am Chem Soc 132 2010 16883 16892
97. S Schumann, R Da Campo, B Illy, AC Cruickshank, MA McLachlan, and MP Ryan Inverted organic photovoltaic devices with high efficiency and stability based on metal oxide charge extraction layers J Mater Chem 21 2011 2381 2386
98. R Søndergaard, M Hösel, D Angmo, TT Larsen-Olsen, and FC. Krebs Roll-to-roll fabrication of polymer solar cells Mater Today 15 2012 36 49
99. FC. Krebs Roll-to-roll fabrication of monolithic large-area polymer solar cells free from indium-tin-oxide Solar Energy Mater Solar Cells 93 2009 1636 1641
100. RR Søndergaard, M Hösel, and FC. Krebs Roll-to-Roll fabrication of large area functional organic materials J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 51 2013 16 34
101. G Li, R Zhu, and Y. Yang Polymer solar cells Nat Photonics 6 2012 153 161