Observed parenting behaviors interact with a polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene to predict the emergence of oppositional defiant and callous-unemotional behaviors at age 3 years

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 25, Issue 4 PART 1, 2013, Pages 903-917

  Willoughby, Michael T ^a   Mills Koonce, Roger ^a   Propper, Cathi B ^a   Waschbusch, Daniel A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR;

ADULT; ALLELE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD PARENT RELATION; CONDUCT DISORDER; EMOTION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFANT; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ADULT; ALLELES; ATTENTION DEFICIT AND DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CONDUCT DISORDER; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT BEHAVIOR; MALE; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PARENTING; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 84887792309     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000266     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Achenbach, T.M., &Rescorla, L. A. (2000).Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms and Profiles: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Aguilar, B., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. (2000). Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 109-132
3. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
4. Alink, L. R. A., Mesman, J., van Zeijl, J., Stolk, M. N., Juffer, F., Koot, H. M., et al. (2006). The early childhood aggression curve: Development of physical aggression in 10- to 50-month-old children. Child Development, 77, 954-966
5. Barry, R. A., Kochanska, G., & Philibert, R. A. (2008). G-E interaction in the organization of attachment: Mothers' responsiveness as a moderator of children's genotypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1313-1320
6. Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., Mills-Koonce, R., Willoughby, M., Greenberg, M. T., et al. (2008). Maternal and child contributions to cortisol response to emotional arousal in young children from low-income, rural communities. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1095-1109
7. Blair, R. J. R. (2007). Dysfunctions of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in psychopathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1121, 461-479
8. Blair, R. J. R. (2008). The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: Functional contributions and dysfunction in psychopathy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 363B, 2557-2565
9. Blair, R. J. R. (2010). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on child and adolescent psychopathy. In R. T. Salelin& D. R. Lynam (Eds.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 156-178). New York: Guilford Press
10. Blair, R. J. R., Peschardt, K. S., Budhani, S., Mitchell, D. G. V., & Pine, D. S. (2006). The development of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 262-276
11. Bliss-Moreau, E., Toscano, J. E., Bauman, M. D., Mason,W. A., & Amaral, D. G. (2010). Neonatal amygdala or hippocampus lesions influence responsiveness to objects. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 487-503
12. Burke, J. D.,Waldman, I.,&Lahey, B. B. (2010). Predictive validity of childhood oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Implications for the DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 739-751
13. Buss, C., Lord, C., Wadiwalla, M., Hellhammer, D. H., Lupien, S. J., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2007). Maternal care modulates the relationship between prenatal risk and hippocampal volume in women but not in men. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2592-2595
14. Casey, B. J., Glatt, C. E., Tottenham, N., Soliman, F., Bath, K., Amso, D., et al. (2009). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a model system for examining gene by environment interactions across development. Neuroscience, 164, 108-120
15. Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: Joining forces with neuroscience. Nature Review Neuroscience, 7, 583
16. Christian, R. E., Frick, P. J., Hill, N. L., Tyler, L., & Frazer, D. R. (1997 Psychopathy and conduct problems in children: 2. Implications for subtyping children with conduct problems. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 233-241
17. Cornell, A. H., & Frick, P. J. (2007). The moderating effects of parenting styles in the association between behavioral inhibition and parent-reported guilt and empathy in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 305-318
18. Crittenden, P. (2008). Raising parents: Attachment, parenting and child safety. Devon: Willan Publishing
19. Dadds, M., & Salmon, K. (2003). Punishment insensitivity and parenting: Temperament and learning as interacting risks for antisocial behavior. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6, 69-86
20. Dadds, M. R., Fraser, J., Frost, A., & Hawes, D. J. (2005). Disentangling the underlying dimensions of psychopathy and conduct problems in childhood: A community study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 400-410
21. Dadds, M. R., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. D., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., Hunter, K., et al. (2009). Learning to 'talk the talk': The relationship of psychopathic traits to deficits in empathy across childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 599-606
22. Daversa, M. T. (2010). Early environmental predictors of the affective and interpersonal constructs of psychopathy. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 6-21
23. DeWolff, M.,&van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment:A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571-591
24. Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Congdon, E., Canli, T., & Hayden, E. P. (2010). Interaction between 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on HPA axis reactivity in preschoolers. Biological Psychology, 83, 93-100
25. Edens, J. F., Skopp, N. A., & Cahill, M. A. (2008). Psychopathic features moderate the relationship between harsh and inconsistent parental discipline and adolescent antisocial behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 472-476
26. Egan, M. F., Kojima, M., Callicott, J. H., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Bertolino, A., et al. (2003) The BDNF val 66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function. Cell, 112, 257-269
27. Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313-337
28. Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Jones, M., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008). Dissociable roles of medial orbitofrontal cortex in human operant extinction learning. NeuroImage, 43, 748-755
29. Fite, P. J., Greening, L., Stoppelbein, L., & Fabiano, G. A. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis of the antisocial process screening device with a clinical inpatient population. Assessment, 16, 103-114
30. Fox, J. (1991). Regression diagnostics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
31. Frick, P. J. (2009). Extending the construct of psychopathy to youth: Implications for understanding, diagnosing, and treating antisocial children and adolescents. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry-Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 54, 803-812
32. Frick, P. J., Bodin, S. D., & Barry, C. T. (2000). Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: Further development of the Psychopathy Screening Device. Psychological Assessment, 12, 382-393
33. Frick, P. J., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010). A proposal to the DSM-V childhood disorders and the ADHD and disruptive behavior disorders work groups to include a specifier to the diagnosis of conduct disorder based on the presence of callous-unemotional traits.Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
34. Frick, P. J., & Morris, A. S. (2004). Temperament and developmental pathways to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 54-68
35. Frick, P. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 1111-1131
36. Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous- unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 359-375
37. Gao,Y., Raine, A., Chan, F., Venables, P. H.,&Mednick, S. A. (2010). Early maternal and paternal bonding, childhood physical abuse and adult psychopathic personality. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1007-1016
38. Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dawson, M. E., & Mednick, S. A. (2008). Skin conductance fear conditioning from ages 3 to 8 years and antisocial/aggressive behavior at age 8. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 32S.
39. Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dawson, M. E., & Mednick, S. A. (2010a). Association of poor childhood fear conditioning and adult crime. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 56-60
40. Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., Dawson, M. E., & Mednick, S. A. (2010b). Reduced electrodermal fear conditioning from ages 3 to 8 years is associated with aggressive behavior at age 8 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 550-558
41. Gao, Y., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2004). Relations between skin conductance orienting at ages 3-8 years and antisocial behavior at ages 8, 11, and 17 years. Psychophysiology, 41, S49
42. Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the Revised Infant Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development, 26, 64-86
43. Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2007). Early temperamental and psychophysiological precursors of adult psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 508-518
44. Granic, I., & Patterson, G. R. (2006). Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development: A dynamic systems approach. Psychological Review, 113, 101-131
45. Hajcak, G., Castille, C., Olvet, D. M., Dunning, J. P., Roohi, J., & Hatchwell, E. (2009). Genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and human fear conditioning. Genes Brain Behavior, 8, 80-85
46. Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2005). The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 737-741
47. Hayden, E. P.,Klein,D.N., Dougherty L. R.Olino T. M.Dyson M.W.Durbin C.E. et al. 2010 The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor genotype, parental depression, and relationship discord in predicting earlyemerging negative emotionality. Psychological Science 21 1678-1685
48. Henningsson, S., Borg, J., Lundberg, J., Bah, J., Lindstrom, M., Ryding, E., et al. (2009). Genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with serotonin transporter but not serotonin-1A receptor availability in men. Biological Psychiatry, 66, 477-485
49. Hipwell, A. E., Pardini, D. A., Loeber, R., Sembower, M., Keenan, K., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2007). Callous-unemotional behaviors in young girls: Shared and unique effects relative to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 293-304
50. Hutchison, K. E., Stallings, M., McGeary, J.,& Bryan, A. (2004). Population stratification in the candidate gene study: Fatal threat or red herring? Psychological Bulletin, 130, 66-79
51. Jaffee, S. R., & Price, T. S. (2007). Gene-environment correlations: A review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 432-442
52. Keenan, K., Boeldt, D., Chen, D., Coyne, C., Donald, R., Duax, J., et al. (2011). Predictive validity of DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorders in clinically referred preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 47-55
53. Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social Influences on young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95-113
54. Keenan, K., &Wakschlag, L. S. (2000). More than the terrible twos: The nature and severity of behavior problems in clinic-referred preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 33-46
55. Keenan, K., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2004). Are oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms normative behaviors in preschoolers? A comparison of referred and nonreferred children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 356-358
56. Kiehl, K. A. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research, 142, 107-128
57. Kiehl, K. A.,&Liddle, P. F. (2004). Electrophysiological evidence for paralimbic abnormalities in psychopathic offenders. Psychophysiology, 41, S91
58. Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Boris, N. W., Smyke, A. T., Cornell, A. H., Farrell, J. M., et al. (2006). Callous-unemotional features, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: Independent predictors of aggression in a high-risk preschool sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 745-756
59. Kochanska, G., Barry, R. A., Aksan, N., & Boldt, L. J. (2008). A developmental model of maternal and child contributions to disruptive conduct: The first six years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 1220-1227
60. Kochanska, G., Barry, R. A., Jimenez, N. B., Hollatz, A. L., & Woodard, J. (2009). Guilt and effortful control: Two mechanisms that prevent disruptive developmental trajectories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 322-333
61. Kochanska, G., Barry, R. A., Stellern, S. A., & O'Bleness, J. J. (2009). Early attachment organization moderates the parent-child mutually coercive pathway to children's antisocial conduct. Child Development, 80, 1288-1300
62. Kochanska, G., Kim, S., Barry, R. A., & Philibert, R. A. (2011). Children's genotypes interact with maternal responsive care in predicting children's competence: Diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility? Development and Psychopathology, 23, 605-616
63. Kochanska, G., Koenig, J. L., Barry, R. A., Kim, S., & Yoon, J. E. (2010 Children's conscience during toddler and preschool years, moral self, and a competent, adaptive developmental trajectory. Developmental Psychology, 46, 1320-1332
64. Kochanska, G., Philibert, R. A.,&Barry, R. A. (2009). Interplay of genes and early mother-child relationship in the development of self-regulation from toddler to preschool age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1331-1338
65. Kochanska, G.,Woodard, J., Kim, S., Koenig, J. L., Yoon, J. E., & Barry, R. A. (2010). Positive socialization mechanisms in secure and insecure parent- child dyads: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 998-1009
66. Kotler, J. S., & McMahon, R. J. (2005). Child psychopathy: Theories, measurement, and relations with the development and persistence of conduct problems. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8, 291-325
67. Larsson, H., Tuvblad, C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Andershed, H., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2007). A common genetic factor explains the association between psychopathic personality and antisocial behavior. Psychological Medicine, 37, 15-26
68. Larsson, H., Viding, E.,&Plomin, R. (2008). Callous-unemotional traits and antisocial behavior-Genetic, environmental, and early parenting characteristics. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 197-211
69. Lavigne, J. V., Cicchetti, C., Gibbons, R. D., Binns, H. J., Larsen, L., & De- Vito, C. (2001). Oppositional defiant disorder with onset in preschool years: Longitudinal stability and pathways to other disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1393-1400
70. Liu, I. Y., Lyons,W. E., Mamounas, L. A.,&Thompson, R. F. (2004). Brainderived neurotrophic factor plays a critical role in contextual fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 7958-7963
71. Loeber, R., Burke, J. D., Lahey, B. B., Winters, A., & Zera, M. (2000). Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: A review of the past 10 years, part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1468-1484
72. Loeber, R., Wung, P., Keenan, K., Giroux, B., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Van Kammen, W. B., et al. (1993). Developmental pathways in disruptive child behavior. Developmental Psychopathology, 5, 101-133
73. Luby, J., Belden, A., Sullivan, J., Hayen, R., McCadney, A.,&Spitznagel, E. (2009). Shame and guilt in preschool depression: Evidence for elevations in self-conscious emotions in depression as early as age 3. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1156-1166
74. Lyons-Ruth, K., Bronfman, E., & Parsons, E. (1999). Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 64(3), 67-96
75. Madigan, S., Moran, G., Schuengel, C., Pederson, D. R., & Otten, R. (2007 Unresolved maternal attachment representations, disrupted maternal behavior and disorganized attachment in infancy: Links to toddler behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1042-1050
76. Marks, I. M. (1987). The development of normal fear: A review. Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 28, 667-697
77. Martinowich, K., & Lu, B. (2008). Interaction between BDNF and serotonin: Role in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 73-83
78. McMahon, R. J., & Witkiewitz, K., Kotler, J. S., & Conduct Problems Research Group. (2010). Predictive validity of callous-unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple antisocial outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 752-763
79. Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2001). Childhood predictors differentiate lifecourse- persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 355-375
80. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005). Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 473-481
81. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2006). Measured gene-environment interactions in psychopathology concepts, research strategies, and implications for research, intervention, and public understanding of genetics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 5-27
82. Moore, G. A., Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Propper, C. B., Calkins, S. D., Mills- Koonce, W., & Cox, M. J. (2009). Mother-infant vagal regulation in the face-to-face still-face paradigm is moderated by maternal sensitivity. Child Development, 80, 209-223
83. Murrie, D. C., & Cornell, D. G. (2002). Psychopathy screening of incarcerated juveniles: A comparison of measures. Psychological Assessment, 14, 390-396
84. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (1999). Child care and mother- child interaction in the first three years of life. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1399-1413
85. Oxford, M., Cavell, T. A.,&Hughes, J. N. (2003). Callous/unemotional traits moderate the relation between ineffective parenting and child externalizing problems: A partial replication and extension. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 577-585
86. Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 913-938
87. Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia. Patterson, G. R., DeGarmo, D. S., & Knutson, N. (2000). Hyperactive and antisocial behaviors: Comorbid or two points in the same process? Development and Psychopathology, 12, 91-106
88. Pauli-Pott, U., Friedl, S., Hinney, A., & Hebebrand, J. (2009). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), environmental conditions, and developing negative emotionality and fear in early childhood. Journal of Neural Transmission, 116, 503-512
89. Raine, A., Reynolds, C., Venables, P. H., Mednick, S. A.,& Farrington, D. P. (1998). Fearlessness, stimulation-seeking, and large body size at age 3 years as early predispositions to childhood aggression at age 11 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 745-751
90. Sadeh, N., Javdani, S., Jackson, J. J., Reynolds, E. K., Potenza, M. N., Gelernter, J., et al. (2010). Serotonin transporter gene associations with psychopathic traits in youth vary as a function of socioeconomic resources. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 604-609
91. Saltaris, C. (2002). Psychopathy in juvenile offenders-Can temperament and attachment be considered as robust developmental precursors? Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 729-752
92. Savitz, J., Solms, M., & Ramesar, R. (2006). The molecular genetics of cognition: Dopamine, COMTand BDNF. Genes Brain and Behavior, 5, 311-328
93. Shi, Z., Bureau, J.-F., Easterbrooks, M. A., Zhao, X., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and prospectively observed quality of early care as predictors of antisocial personality disorder. Infant Mental Health Journal, 33, 55-69
94. Soliman, F., Glatt, C. E., Bath, K. G., Levita, L., Jones, R. M., Pattwell, S. S., et al. (2010). A genetic variant BDNF polymorphism alters extinction learning in both mouse and human. Science, 327, 863-866
95. Speltz, M., McClellan, J., DeKleyn, M., & Jones, K. (1999). Preschool boys with oppositional defiant disorder: Clinical presentation and diagnostic change. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 838-845
96. Suzuki, A., Matsumoto, Y., Shibuya, N., Sadahiro, R., Kamata, M., Goto, K., et al. (2011). The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism modulates the effects of parental rearing on personality traits in healthy subjects. Genes Brain and Behavior, 10, 385-391
97. Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007). Brain basis of early parent-infant interactions: Psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 262-287
98. Taylor, J., Loney, B. R., Bobadilla, L., Iacono,W. G., & McGue, M. (2003 Genetic and environmental influences on psychopathy trait dimensions in a community sample of male twins. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 633-645
99. Taylor, S. E., Eisenberger, N. I., Saxbe, D., Lehman, B. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2006). Neural responses to emotional stimuli are associated with childhood family stress. Biological Psychiatry, 60, 296-301
100. Thomason, M. E., Yoo, D. J., Glover, G. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). BDNF genotype modulates resting functional connectivity in children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 1-10
101. Viding, E., Blair, R. J. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 592-597
102. Viding, E., Frick, P. J., & Plomin, R. (2007). Aetiology of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, S33-S38
103. Viding, E., Jones, A. P., Frick, P. J., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2008). Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: Do callous-unemotional traits matter? Developmental Science, 11, 17-22
104. Wakschlag, L. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Hill, C., Danis, B., Keenan, K., et al. (2007). A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 976-987
105. Waschbusch, D. A., Carrey, N. J., Willoughby, M. T., King, S., & Andrade, B. F. (2007). Effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on the social and academic behavior of children with disruptive behavior disorders: The moderating role of callous/unemotional traits. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 629-644
106. Weiler, B. L., &Widom, C. S. (1996). Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 6, 253-271
107. Whittle, S., Yap, M. B. H., Sheeber, L., Dudgeon, P., Yücel, M., Pantelis, C., et al. (2011). Hippocampal volume and sensitivity to maternal aggressive behavior:A prospective study of adolescent depressive symptoms. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 115-129
108. Willoughby, M. T., Waschbusch, D. A., Moore, G. A., & Propper, C. B. (2011). Using the ASEBA to screen for callous unemotional traits in early childhood: Factor structure, temporal stability, and utility. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 19-30
109. Woodworth, M., & Waschbusch, D. (2008). Emotional processing in children with conduct problems and callous/unemotional traits. Child Care Health and Development, 34, 234-244
110. Wootton, J. M., Frick, P. J., Shelton, K. K., & Silverthorn, P. (1997). Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: The moderating role of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 301-308
111. Yap, M. H., Whittle, S., Yücel, M., Sheeber, L., Pantelis, C., Simmons, J. G., et al. (2008). Interaction of parenting experiences and brain structure in the prediction of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1377-1385.