Shame and guilt in preschool depression: Evidence for elevations in self-conscious emotions in depression as early as age 3

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines

Volumn 50, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1156-1166

  Luby, Joan ^a   Belden, Andy ^a   Sullivan, Jill ^a   Hayen, Robin ^a   McCadney, Amber ^a   Spitznagel, Ed ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Depression; Guilt; Preschoolers; Shame; Young children

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CHILD; CONSCIOUSNESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR; EMOTION; FEMALE; GROUPS BY AGE; GUILT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SHAME;

ANXIETY; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; GUILT; HUMANS; MALE; PARENTS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEX FACTORS; SHAME;

EID: 69249140620     PISSN: 00219630     EISSN: 14697610     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02077.x     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Barrett, K.C., Cole, P.M. Zahn-Waxler, C. (1993). Avoiders versus amenders: Implications for the investigation of guilt and shame during toddlerhood Cognition and Emotion, 7, 481 505.
2. Belden, A.C., Sullivan, J.P. Luby, J.L. (2007). Depressed and healthy preschoolers' internal representations of their mothers' caregiving: Associations with observed caregiving behaviors one year later. Attachment and Human Development, 9, 239 254.
3. Bretherton, I., Oppenheim, D., Buchsbaum, H., Emde, R. The MacArthur Transition Network Narrative Group 2001). MacArthur Story Stem Battery Manual (MSSB). Unpublished manuscript, Denver.
4. Bullock, M. Lutkenhaus, P. (1990). Who am I? Self-understanding in toddlers. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36, 217 238.
5. Cole, P.M. Hall, S.E. (2008). Emotion dysregulation as a risk factor for psychopathology. In T.P. Beauchaine S.P. Hinshaw (Eds Child and adolescent psychopathology (pp. 265 298). Hoboken, NJ : Wiley & Sons.
6. Cole, P.M., Luby, J.L. Sullivan, M.W. (2008). Emotions and the development of depressive disorders: The gap to be bridged. Child Development Perspectives, 2 (3 141 148.
7. Crick, N.R. Zahn-Waxler, C. (2003). The development of psychopathology in females and males: Current progress and future challenges. Developmental Psychopathology, 15, 719 742.
8. Damon, W. Hart, D. (1988). Self-understanding in childhood and adolescence. Cambridge Studies in Social and Emotional Development, xii, 205. New York : Cambridge University Press.
9. Denham, S.A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York : Guilford Press.
10. Egger, H.L. Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 313.
11. Egger, H.L., Ascher, B. Angold, A. (2003). The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment: Version 1.4. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
12. Egger, H.L., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., Potts, E., Walter, B. Angold, A. (2006). Test-retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 538 549.
13. Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665 697.
14. Emde, R.N., Wolf, D.P. Oppenheim, D. (Eds 2003). Revealing the inner worlds of young children: The MacArthur Story Stem Battery and Parent-Child Narratives. New York : Oxford University Press.
15. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York : Guilford Press.
16. Hoffman, M.L. (1998). Varieties of empathy-based guilt. In J. Bybee (ed Guilt and children (pp. 91 112). San Diego, CA : Academic Press.
17. Kochanska, G 1992). My Child. University of Iowa.
18. Kochanska, G., DeVet, K., Goldman, M., Murray, K. Putnam, S.P. (1994). Maternal reports of conscience development and temperament in young children. Child Development, 65, 852 868.
19. Kochanska, G., Gross, J., Lin, M. Nichols, K. (2002). Guilt in young children: Development, determinants, and relations with a broader system of standards. Child Development, 73, 461 482.
20. Lewis, M. (1995). Embarrassment: The emotion of self-exposure and evaluation. In F.K. Tangney (Ed Self-conscious emotions (pp. 198 218). New York : Guilford Press.
21. Lewis, M. (1998). Emotional competence and development. In D. Pushkar, W. Bukowski, A. Schwartzman, D. Stack D. White (Eds Improving competence across the lifespan (pp. 27 36). New York : Plenum Press.
22. Luby, J.L. Belden, A.C. (2006). Mood disorders: Phenomenology and a developmental emotion reactivity model. In J.L. Luby (Ed Handbook of preschool mental health: Development, disorders, and treatment (pp. 209 230). New York : Guilford Press.
23. Luby, J.L., Belden, A.C., Pautsch, J., Si, X. Spitznagel, E. (2009). The clinical significance of preschool depression: Impairment in functioning and clinical markers of the disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112 (1-3 111 119.
24. Luby, J., Heffelfinger, A., Koenig-McNaught, A., Brown, K. Spitznagel, E. (2004a). The preschool feelings checklist: A brief and sensitive screening measure for depression in young children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 708 717.
25. Luby, J.L., Heffelfinger, A., Mrakotsky, C., Brown, K., Hessler, M. Spitznagel, E. (2003). Alterations in stress cortisol reactivity in depressed preschoolers relative to psychiatric and no-disorder comparison groups. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1248 1255.
26. Luby, J., Heffelfinger, A., Mrakotsky, C., Hessler, M., Brown, K. Hildebrand, T. (2002). Preschool major depressive disorder: Preliminary validation for developmentally modified DSM-IV criteria. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 928 937.
27. Luby, J., Heffelfinger, A., Mrakotsky, C. Hildebrand, T. (1999). Preschool Feelings Checklist. St. Louis, MO : Washington University.
28. Luby, J.L., Mrakotsky, C., Heffelfinger, A., Brown, K. Spitznagel, E. (2004b). Characteristics of depressed preschoolers with and without anhedonia: Evidence for a melancholic depressive subtype in young children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1998 2004.
29. Luby, J.L., Sullivan, J., Belden, A., Stalets, M., Blankenship, S. Spitznagel, E. (2006). An observational analysis of behavior in depressed preschoolers: Further validation of early onset depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 203 212.
30. Robins, E. Guze, S.B. (1970). Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: Its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 983 986.
31. Robinson, J., Mantz-Simmons, L., MacFie, J., Kelsay, K. The MacArthur Narrative Working Group 2002). The MacArthur Narrative Coding Manual. Unpublished manuscript.
32. Robinson, J.L. (2007). Story stem narratives with young children: Moving to clinical research and practice. Attachment and Human Development, 9, 179 185.
33. Stalets, M.M. Luby, J.L. (2006). Preschool depression. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 15, 899 917.
34. Stipek, D., Recchia, S. McClintic, S. (1992). Self-evaluation in young children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57 (1, serial no. 226 1 84.
35. Stuewig, J. McCloskey, A.L. (2005). The relation of child maltreatment to shame and guilt among adolescents: Psychological routes to depression and delinquency. Child Maltreatment, 10, 324 336.
36. Tangney, J.P. (1998). How does guilt differ from shame In J. Bybee (Ed Guilt and children (pp. 1 17). San Diego, CA : Academic Press.
37. Tangney, J.P., Stuewig, J. Mashek, D.J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345 372.
38. Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C. Gramzow, R. (1992a). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669 675.
39. Tangney, J.P., Wagner, P. Gramzow, R. (1992b). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 469 478.
40. The Task Force on Research Diagnostic Criteria: Infancy and Preschool. (2003). Research diagnostic criteria for infants and preschool children: The process and empirical support. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 1504 1512.
41. Thompson, R. Berenbaum, H. (2006). Shame reactions to everday dilemmas are associated with depressive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 30, 415 425.
42. Thompson, R., Goodvin, R. Meyer, S. (2006). Social development: Psychological understanding, self-understanding, and relationships. In J.L. Luby (Ed Preschool mental health: Handbook of preschool mental health: Development, disorders and treatment (pp. 3 22). New York : Guilford Press.
43. Tracy, J.L. Robins, R.W. (2006). Appraisal antecedents of shame and guilt: Support for a theoretical model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1339 1351.
44. Zahn-Waxler, C., Kochanska, G., Krupnick, J. McKnew, D (1990). Pattern of guilt in children of depressed and well mothers. Developmental Psychology, 26, 51 59.