Interpersonal emotion regulation

Emotion

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 803-810

  Zaki, Jamil ^a   Craig Williams, W ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotion regulation; Empathy; Prosocial behavior; Social sharing; Social support

Indexed keywords

EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; REPRESSION, PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 84887387164     PISSN: 15283542     EISSN: 19311516     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0033839     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Allen, K., Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2002). Cardiovascular reactivity and the presence of pets, friends, and spouses: The truth about cats and dogs. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 727-739. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000024236.11538.41
2. Allport, G. (1954). The historical background of modern social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1-80). Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
3. Andreoni, J. (1990). Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving. The Economic Journal, 100, 464-477. doi:10.2307/2234133
4. Ayduk, O., & Kross, E. (2010). From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 809-829. doi:10.1037/a0019205
5. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a socialpsychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Batson, C. D. (2011). Altruism in humans. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
7. Batson, C. D., Dyck, J. L., Brandt, J. R., Batson, J. G., Powell, A. L., McMaster, M. R., & Griffitt, C. (1988). Five studies testing two new egoistic alternatives to the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 52-77. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.52
8. Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55, 19-39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x
9. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
10. Bavelas, J., Black, A., Lemery, C., & Mullett, J. (1986). "I show how you feel". Motor mimicry as a communicative act. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 322-329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.322
11. Beckes, L., & Coan, J. (2011). Social baseline theory: The role of social proximity in emotion and economy of action. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 976-988. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00400.x
12. Bolger, N., & Eckenrode, J. (1991). Social relationships, personality, and anxiety during a major stressful event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 440-449. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.440
13. Bolger, N., Zuckerman, A., & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Invisible support and adjustment to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 953-961. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.6.953
14. Bowlby, J. (1990). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development: New York, NY: Basic Books.
15. Burleson, B. R. (1985). The production of comforting messages: Socialcognitive foundations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 253-273. doi:10.1177/0261927X8543006
16. Butler, E. A., & Randall, A. K. (2013). Emotional coregulation in close relationships. Emotion Review, 5(2), 202-210.
17. Byrne, D. (1961). Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715. doi:10.1037/h0044721
18. Camerer, C. F., & Fehr, E. (2006). When does "economic man" dominate social behavior? Science, 311(5757), 47-52. doi:10.1126/science.1110600
19. Cameron, C. D., & Payne, B. K. (2011). Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 1-15. doi:10.1037/a0021643
20. Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 481-494. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481
21. Cialdini, R. B., & Kenrick, D. T. (1976). Altruism as hedonism: A social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 34, 907-914. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.34.5.907
22. Coan, J. (2011). The social regulation of emotion. In J. Decety & J. T.
23. Cacioppo (Eds.), Handbook of social neuroscience, 614-623. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342161.013.0041
24. Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H., & Davidson, R. (2006). Lending a hand: Social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science, 17(12), 1032-1039. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x
25. Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053-1073. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1053
26. Cooper, M. L., Shaver, P. R.,&Collins, N. L. (1998). Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1380. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1380
27. Darwin, C. (1872/1965). The expression of emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
28. Davis, M. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
29. Decety, J. (2011). Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy. Emotion Review, 3(1), 92-108. doi:10.1177/1754073910374662
30. de Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 279-300. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625
31. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 241-273. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1
32. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1975/2003). Unmasking the face. Cambridge, MA: Malor Books.
33. Fogel, A. (1993). Developing through relationships. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
34. Fridlund, A. J. (1991). Sociality of solitary smiling: Potentiation by an implicit audience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 229-240. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.229
35. Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2012). Mechanisms of social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 287-313. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449
36. Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010). Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 195-257. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(10)42004-3
37. Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 351. doi:10.1037/a0018807
38. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
39. Gross, J. J., Sheppes, G., & Urry, H. L. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: A distinction we should make (carefully). Cognition and Emotion, 25, 765-781. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.555753
40. Harbaugh, W. T. (1998). The prestige motive for making charitable transfers. The American Economic Review, 88, 277-282.
41. Harbaugh, W. T., Mayr, U., & Burghart, D. R. (2007). Neural responses to taxation and voluntary giving reveal motives for charitable donations. Science, 316(5831), 1622-1625. doi:10.1126/science.1140738
42. Harlow, H. F., & Zimmermann, R. R. (1959). Affectional responses in the infant monkey. Science, 130, 421-432.
43. Hein, G., Silani, G., Preuschoff, K., Batson, C. D., & Singer, T. (2010). Neural responses to ingroup and outgroup members' suffering predict individual differences in costly helping. Neuron, 68(1), 149-160. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.003
44. Jakobs, E., Manstead, A. S., & Fischer, A. H. (2001). Social context effects on facial activity in a negative emotional setting. Emotion, 1(1), 51-69. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.1.51
45. Jung, J. (1984). Social support and its relation to health: A critical evaluation. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5(2), 143-169. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0502_7
46. Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2007). Integrating simulation and theory of mind: From self to social cognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 11(5), 194-196. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.02.002
47. Kircanski, K., Lieberman, M. D., & Craske, M. G. (2012). Feelings into words: Contributions of language to exposure therapy. Psychological Science. doi:10.1177/0956797612443830
48. Klucharev, V., Hytonen, K., Rijpkema, M., Smidts, A., & Fernandez, G. (2009). Reinforcement learning signal predicts social conformity. Neuron, 61(1), 140-151. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.027
49. Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W. (2005). When asking, "why" does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science, 16, 709-715. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x
50. Lakey, B., & Orehek, E. (2011). Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychological Review, 118, 482-495. doi:10.1037/a0023477
51. Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. Neuroimage, 54, 2492-2502. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.014
52. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, & coping. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
53. Lepore, S. J. (1992). Social conflict, social support, and psychological distress: Evidence of cross-domain buffering effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 857-867. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.857
54. Lepore, S. J., Allen, K. A., & Evans, G. W. (1993). Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 518-524.
55. Lieberman, M. D., Inagaki, T. K., Tabibnia, G., & Crockett, M. J. (2011). Subjective responses to emotional stimuli during labeling, reappraisal, and distraction. Emotion, 11, 468-480. doi:10.1037/a0023503
56. Lindquist, K. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2008). Emotional complexity. In M. Lewis, J. Haviland-Jones & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed.), 513-530. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
57. Marroquín, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1276-1290. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005
58. McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415-444. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
59. McRae, K., Hughes, B., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010). The neural bases of distraction and reappraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 248-262. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21243
60. Morelli, S. A., Rameson, L. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). The neural components of empathy: Predicting daily prosocial behavior. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss088
61. Neisser, U. (1980). On "social knowing". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 601-605. doi:10.1177/014616728064012
62. Nils, F., & Rimé, B. (2012). Beyond the myth of venting: Social sharing modes determine the benefits of emotional disclosure. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(6), 672-681. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1880
63. Niven, K., Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2009). A classification of controlled interpersonal affect regulation strategies. Emotion; Emotion, 9, 498-509. doi:10.1037/a0015962
64. Niven, K., Totterdell, P., Stride, C. B., & Holman, D. (2011). Emotion Regulation of Others and Self (EROS): The development and validation of a new individual difference measure. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 30(1), 53-73. doi:10.1007/s12144-011-9099-9
65. Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn Sci, 9, 242-249. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010
66. Ochsner, K., Silvers, J., & Buhle, J. (in press). Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: A synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
67. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00403.x
68. Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., & Rimé, B. (2001). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social, and health consequences. In M. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, R. Hansson, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 517-543). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10436-022
69. Reis, H. T., Smith, S. M., Carmichael, C. L., Caprariello, P. A., Tsai, F. F., Rodrigues, A., & Maniaci, M. R. (2010). Are you happy for me? How sharing positive events with others provides personal and interpersonal benefits. Journal of Personality Soc Psychol, 99, 311-329. doi:10.1037/a0018344
70. Rimé, B. (2007). Interpersonal emotion regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 466-485). New York, NY: Guilford Press
71. Rimé, B. (2009). Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: Theory and empirical review. Emotion Review, 1(1), 60-85. doi:10.1177/1754073908097189
72. Rottenberg, J., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion and emotion regulation: A map for psychotherapy researchers. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 323-328. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00093.x
73. Schachter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation: Experimental studies of the sources of gregariousness (Vol. 1). Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ Press.
74. Schilbach, L., Timmermans, B., Reddy, V., Costall, A., Bente, G., Schlicht, T., & Vogeley, K. (in press). Toward a second-person neuroscience. Behavioural Brain Research.
75. Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1962). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
76. Snodgrass, S. E., Hecht, M. A., & Ploutz-Snyder, R. (1998). Interpersonal sensitivity: Expressivity or perceptivity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 238-249. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.238
77. Stiles, W. B. (1987). I have to talk to somebody: A fever model of disclosure. In V. Derlega & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 257-282), New York, NY: Plenum Press.
78. Taylor, G. T. (1981). Fear and affiliation in domesticated male rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 95, 685. doi: 10.1037/h0077817
79. Taylor, S., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological review, 107, 411-429. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411
80. Thoits, P. A. (1996). Managing the emotions of others. Symbolic Interaction, 19, 85-109. doi:10.1525/si.1996.19.2.85
81. Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675-691; discussion 691-735. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X05000129
82. Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 488-531. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488
83. Uchino, B. N., & Garvey, T. S. (1997). The availability of social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(1), 15-27. doi:10.1023/A:1025583012283
84. Waytz, A., & Zaki, J. (submitted). Placebic altruism: When meaningless giving justifies meaningful selfishness. Manuscript submitted for publication.
85. Waytz, A., Zaki, J., & Mitchell, J. (2012). Response of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex predicts altruistic behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 7646-7650. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6193-11.2012
86. Wispé, L. (1986). The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 314-321. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314
87. Zaki, J. (2013). Cue integration: A common framework for physical perception and social cognition. Perspect Psychol Sci, 8, 296-312. doi:10.1177/1745691613475454
88. Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. (2008). It takes two: The interpersonal nature of empathic accuracy. Psychological Science, 19, 399-404. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02099.x
89. Zaki, J., Lopez, G., & Mitchell, J. (in press). Activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex covaries with revealed social preferences: Evidence for personinvariant value. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. doi:10.1093/scan/nst005
90. Zaki, J., & Mitchell, J. (2011). Equitable decision making is associated with neural markers of subjective value. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 19761-19766. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112324108
91. Zaki, J., & Mitchell, J. (in press). Intuitive prosociality. Current Directions in Psychological Science.
92. Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2009). The need for a cognitive neuroscience of naturalistic social cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167(1), 16-30. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04601.x
93. Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2011). Reintegrating accuracy into the study of social cognition. Psychological Inquiry, 22, 159-182. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2011.551743
94. Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls, and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 675-680. doi:10.1038/nn.3085
95. Zaki, J., Schirmer, J., & Mitchell, J. (2011). Social influence modulates the neural computation of value. Psychological Science, 22(7), 894-900. doi:10.1177/0956797611411057
96. Zaki, J., Weber, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. (2009). The neural bases of empathic accuracy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 11382-11387. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902666106
97. Zaki, J., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012). Task-dependent neural bases of perceiving emotionally expressive targets. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(228), 1-11.