Pancreatic cancer: A comprehensive review and update

Disease-a-Month

Volumn 59, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 368-402

  Muniraj, Thiruvengadam ^a   Jamidar, Priya A ^a   Aslanian, Harry R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILIRUBIN; CA 19-9 ANTIGEN; CAPECITABINE; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN RELATED CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; CISPLATIN; DUPAN 2; ERLOTINIB; EXATECAN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GADOLINIUM; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GEMCITABINE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR; GROWTH DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR 15; INSULIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; IRINOTECAN; K RAS PROTEIN; METFORMIN; OXALIPLATIN; PACLITAXEL; PEMETREXED; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITAMIN D;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; AGE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE BLOOD LEVEL; APOPTOSIS; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ATAXIA TELANGIECTASIA; AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CHOLESTASIS; CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CYSTADENOMA; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DNA METHYLATION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FAMILIAL ATYPICAL MULTIPLE MOLE MELANOMA SYNDROME; FAMILY HISTORY; FATIGUE; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INTRADUCTAL PAPILLARY MUCINOUS TUMOR; JAUNDICE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METASTASIS; MUCINOUS CYSTIC NEOPLASM; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NEUTROPENIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ONSET AGE; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PANCREAS ADENOCARCINOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; PANCREAS CYST; PANCREAS DUCT; PANCREATICODUODENECTOMY; PANCREATITIS; PARTIAL GASTRECTOMY; PASSIVE SMOKING; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PHYSICAL INACTIVITY; PORTAL VEIN OBSTRUCTION; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PRURITUS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; STOMACH EMPTYING; SURVIVAL RATE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; TIME TO TREATMENT; TREATMENT DURATION; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ADENOCARCINOMA; CARCINOMA, PANCREATIC DUCTAL; HUMANS; PANCREAS;

EID: 84887110844     PISSN: 00115029     EISSN: 15578194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2013.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Matrisian LM, Aizenberg R, Rosenzweig A. The alarming rise of pancreatic cancer deaths in the United States: why we need to stem the tide today in Pancreatic Cancer Action Network. Manhattan Beach, CA, USA.
2. Siegel R., Naishadham D., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 2013, 63:11-30.
3. SEER. National Cancer Institute. Ed. Institute, N.C. (; 2013. http://seercancergov/statfacts/html/pancreashtml.
4. Davids P.H., Groen A.K., Rauws E.A., Tytgat G.N., Huibregtse K. Randomised trial of self-expanding metal stents versus polyethylene stents for distal malignant biliary obstruction. Lancet 1992, 340:1488-1492.
5. Cancer Facts & Figures 2013. Atlanta: American Cancer Society (American Cancer Society, 2013).
6. Algra A.M., Rothwell P.M. Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 2012, 13:518-527.
7. Silverman D.T., et al. Why do Black Americans have a higher risk of pancreatic cancer than White Americans?. Epidemiology 2003, 14:45-54.
8. Berrington de Gonzalez A., Sweetland S., Spencer E. A meta-analysis of obesity and the risk of pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2003, 89:519-523.
9. Michaud D.S., Giovannucci E., Willett W.C., Colditz G.A., Stampfer M.J., Fuchs CS. Physical activity, obesity, height, and the risk of pancreatic cancer. J Am Med Assoc 2001, 286:921-929.
10. Arslan A.A., Helzlsouer K.J., Kooperberg C., et al. Anthropometric measures, body mass index, and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan). Arch Intern Med 2010, 170:791-802.
11. Li D., Morris J.S., Liu J, et al. Body mass index and risk, age of onset, and survival in patients with pancreatic cancer. J Am Med Assoc 2009, 301:2553-2562.
12. Larsson S.C., Permert J., Hakansson N., Naslund I., Bergkvist L., Wolk A. Overall obesity, abdominal adiposity, diabetes and cigarette smoking in relation to the risk of pancreatic cancer in two Swedish population-based cohorts. Br J Cancer 2005, 93:1310-1315.
13. Heinen M.M., Verhage B.A., Goldbohm R.A., Lumey L.H., van den Brandt P.A. Physical activity, energy restriction, and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a prospective study in the Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94:1314-1323.
14. Nothlings U., Wilkens L.R., Murphy S.P., Hankin J.H., Henderson B.E., Kolonel LN. Body mass index and physical activity as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2007, 18:165-175.
15. Patel A.V., Rodriguez C., Bernstein L., Chao A., Thun M.J., Calle EE. Obesity, recreational physical activity, and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large U.S. cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14:459-466.
16. Genkinger J.M., Spiegelman D., Anderson K.E., et al. Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of fourteen cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009, 18:765-776.
17. Tramacere I., Scotti L., Jenab M., et al. Alcohol drinking and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis of the dose-risk relation. Int J Cancer 2010, 126:1474-1486.
18. Mohr S.B., Garland C.F., Gorham E.D., Grant W.B., Garland F.C. Ultraviolet B irradiance and vitamin D status are inversely associated with incidence rates of pancreatic cancer worldwide. Pancreas 2010, 39:669-674.
19. Bao Y., Ng K., Wolpin B.M., Michaud D.S., Giovannucci E., Fuchs CS. Predicted vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in two prospective cohort studies. Br J Cancer 2010, 102:1422-1427.
20. Giovannucci E. Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the Harvard cohorts. Ann Epidemiol 2009, 19:84-88.
21. Permert J., Ihse I., Jorfeldt L., von Schenck H., Arnqvist H.J., Larsson J. Pancreatic cancer is associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Eur J Surg 1993, 159:101-107.
22. Pannala R., Leirness J.B., Bamlet W.R., Basu A., Petersen G.M., Chari ST. Prevalence and clinical profile of pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:981-987.
23. Chari S.T., Leibson C.L., Rabe K.G., et al. Pancreatic cancer-associated diabetes mellitus: prevalence and temporal association with diagnosis of cancer. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:95-101.
24. Ben Q., Xu M., Ning X., et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Cancer 2011, 47:1928-1937.
25. Li D., Yeung S.C., Hassan M.M., Konopleva M., Abbruzzese J.L. Antidiabetic therapies affect risk of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2009, 137:482-488.
26. Bodmer M., Becker C., Meier C., Jick S.S., Meier C.R. Use of antidiabetic agents and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a case-control analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2012, 107:620-626.
27. Perfetti R., Zhou J., Doyle M.E., Egan J.M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 induces cell proliferation and pancreatic-duodenum homeobox-1 expression and increases endocrine cell mass in the pancreas of old, glucose-intolerant rats. Endocrinology 2000, 141:4600-4605.
28. Gier B., Matveyenko A.V., Kirakossian D., Dawson D., Dry S.M., Butler PC. Chronic GLP-1 receptor activation by exendin-4 induces expansion of pancreatic duct glands in rats and accelerates formation of dysplastic lesions and chronic pancreatitis in the Kras(G12D) mouse model. Diabetes 2012, 61:1250-1262.
29. Sipos B., Frank S., Gress T., Hahn S., Kloppel G. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia revisited and updated. Pancreatology 2009, 9:45-54.
30. Chari S.T., Leibson C.L., Rabe K.G., Ransom J., de Andrade M., Petersen GM. Probability of pancreatic cancer following diabetes: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2005, 129:504-511.
31. Raimondi S., Lowenfels A.B., Morselli-Labate A.M., Maisonneuve P., Pezzilli R. Pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis; aetiology, incidence, and early detection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010, 24:349-358.
32. Chari S.T., Mohan V., Pitchumoni C.S., Viswanathan M., Madanagopalan N., Lowenfels AB. Risk of pancreatic carcinoma in tropical calcifying pancreatitis: an epidemiologic study. Pancreas 1994, 9:62-66.
33. Howes N., Lerch M.M., Greenhalf W., et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of hereditary pancreatitis in Europe. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004, 2:252-261.
34. Lowenfels A.B., Maisonneuve P., DiMagno E.P., et al. Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:442-446.
35. Ji B, Tsou L, Wang H, et al. Ras activity levels control the development of pancreatic diseases. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1072-1082, [1082 e1071-1076].
36. Logsdon C.D., Ji B. Ras activity in acinar cells links chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 7:S40-S43.
37. Talar-Wojnarowska R., Gasiorowska A., Smolarz B., et al. Usefulness of p16 and K-ras mutation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis differential diagnosis. J Physiol Pharmacol 2004, 55(suppl 2):129-138.
38. Bournet B., Souque A., Senesse P., et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy coupled with KRAS mutation assay to distinguish pancreatic cancer from pseudotumoral chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2009, 41:552-557.
39. Maluf-Filho F., Kumar A., Gerhardt R., et al. Kras mutation analysis of fine needle aspirate under EUS guidance facilitates risk stratification of patients with pancreatic mass. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007, 41:906-910.
40. Shi C., Fukushima N., Abe T., et al. Sensitive and quantitative detection of KRAS2 gene mutations in pancreatic duct juice differentiates patients with pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis, potential for early detection. Cancer Biol Ther 2008, 7:353-360.
41. Algul H., Treiber M., Lesina M., Schmid R.M. Mechanisms of disease: chronic inflammation and cancer in the pancreas-a potential role for pancreatic stellate cells?. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 4:454-462.
42. Duell E.J., Lucenteforte E., Olson S.H., et al. Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Ann Oncol 2012, 23:2964-2970.
43. Wolpin B.M., Kraft P., Gross M., et al. Pancreatic cancer risk and ABO blood group alleles: results from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Res 2010, 70:1015-1023.
44. Amundadottir L., Kraft P., Stolzenberg-Solomon R.Z., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer. Nat Genet 2009, 41:986-990.
45. Wolpin B.M., Chan A.T., Hartge P., et al. ABO blood group and the risk of pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009, 101:424-431.
46. Iodice S., Gandini S., Maisonneuve P., Lowenfels A.B. Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Langenbeck's Arch Surg 2008, 393:535-545.
47. Vrieling A., Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B., Boshuizen H.C., et al. Cigarette smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and pancreatic cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 2010, 126:2394-2403.
48. Bosetti C., Lucenteforte E., Silverman D.T., et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Ann Oncol 2012, 23:1880-1888.
49. Volume 100 E. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2012, 100:1-538. Personal habits and indoor combustions.
50. Tarafa G., Tuck D., Ladner D., et al. Mutational load distribution analysis yields metrics reflecting genetic instability during pancreatic carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Am 2008, 105:4306-4311.
51. Parikh H., Jia J., Zhang X., et al. A resequence analysis of genomic loci on chromosomes 1q32.1, 5p15.33, and 13q22.1 associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Pancreas 2013, 42:209-215.
52. Maisonneuve P., Marshall B.C., Lowenfels A.B. Risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with cystic fibrosis. Gut 2007, 56:1327-1328.
53. Lin G., Zeng Z., Wang X., et al. Cholecystectomy and risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Causes Control 2012, 23:59-67.
54. Gong Y., Zhou Q., Zhou Y., et al. Gastrectomy and risk of pancreatic cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Causes Control 2012, 23:1279-1288.
55. Risch H.A., Yu H., Lu L., Kidd M.S. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity, and risk of pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010, 102:502-505. ABO blood group.
56. El-Serag H.B., Engels E.A., Landgren O., et al. Risk of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers after hepatitis C virus infection: a population-based study of U.S. veterans. Hepatology 2009, 49:116-123.
57. Hassan M.M., Li D., El-Deeb A.S., et al. Association between hepatitis B virus and pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:4557-4562.
58. Hruban R.H., Goggins M., Parsons J., Kern S.E. Progression model for pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2000, 6:2969-2972.
59. de Jong K., Nio C.Y., Mearadji B., et al. Disappointing interobserver agreement among radiologists for a classifying diagnosis of pancreatic cysts using magnetic resonance imaging. Pancreas 2012, 41:278-282.
60. Tanaka M., Fernandez-del Castillo C., Adsay V., et al. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2012, 12:183-197.
61. Apte M.V., Park S., Phillips P.A., et al. Desmoplastic reaction in pancreatic cancer: role of pancreatic stellate cells. Pancreas 2004, 29:179-187.
62. Olive K.P., Jacobetz M.A., Davidson C.J., et al. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Science 2009, 324:1457-1461.
63. Apte M.V., Wilson J.S., Lugea A., Pandol S.J. A starring role for stellate cells in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Gastroenterology 2013, 144:1210-1219.
64. Whitcomb D., Greer J. Germ-line mutations, pancreatic inflammation, and pancreatic cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009, 7:S29-S34.
65. Daniluk J., Liu Y., Deng D., et al. An NF-kappaB pathway-mediated positive feedback loop amplifies Ras activity to pathological levels in mice. J Clin Invest 2012, 122:1519-1528.
66. Biankin A.V., Waddell N., Kassahn K.S., et al. Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes. Nature 2012, 491:399-405.
67. Yan L., McFaul C., Howes N., et al. Molecular analysis to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in high-risk groups. Gastroenterology 2005, 128:2124-2130.
68. Yakubovskaya M.S., Spiegelman V., Luo F.C., et al. High frequency of K-ras mutations in normal appearing lung tissues and sputum of patients with lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1995, 63:810-814.
69. Parsons B.L., Meng F. K-RAS mutation in the screening, prognosis and treatment of cancer. Biomarkers Med 2009, 3:757-769.
70. Huang H., Daniluk J., Liu Y., et al. Oncogenic K-Ras requires activation for enhanced activity. Oncogene 2013.
71. Kanda M., Matthaei H., Wu J., et al. Presence of somatic mutations in most early-stage pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Gastroenterology 2012, 142:730-733. [e739].
72. Hong S.M., Vincent A., Kanda M., et al. Genome-wide somatic copy number alterations in low-grade PanINs and IPMNs from individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012, 18:4303-4312.
73. Guerra C., Collado M., Navas C., et al. Pancreatitis-induced inflammation contributes to pancreatic cancer by inhibiting oncogene-induced senescence. Cancer Cell 2011, 19:728-739.
74. Lee K.E., Bar-Sagi D. Oncogenic KRas suppresses inflammation-associated senescence of pancreatic ductal cells. Cancer Cell 2010, 18:448-458.
75. Hidalgo M., Maitra A. The hedgehog pathway and pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:2094-2096.
76. Chaika N.V., Gebregiworgis T., Lewallen M.E., et al. MUC1 mucin stabilizes and activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha to regulate metabolism in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012, 109:13787-13792.
77. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011, 144:646-674.
78. Neesse A., Michl P., Frese K.K., et al. Stromal biology and therapy in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2011, 60:861-868.
79. Khorana A.A., Fine R.L. Pancreatic cancer and thromboembolic disease. Lancet Oncol 2004, 5:655-663.
80. Porta M., Fabregat X., Malats N., et al. Exocrine pancreatic cancer: symptoms at presentation and their relation to tumour site and stage. Clin Transl Oncol 2005, 7:189-197.
81. Muniraj T., Chari S.T. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2012, 58:331-345.
82. Furukawa H., Okada S., Saisho H., et al. Clinicopathologic features of small pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A collective study. Cancer 1996, 78:986-990.
83. Mujica V.R., Barkin J.S., Go V.L. Acute pancreatitis secondary to pancreatic carcinoma. Study group participants. Pancreas 2000, 21:329-332.
84. Tempero M.A., Uchida E., Takasaki H., Burnett D.A., Steplewski Z., Pour PM. Relationship of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and Lewis antigens in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 1987, 47:5501-5503.
85. DiMagno E.P., Reber H.A., Tempero M.A. AGA technical review on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology 1999, 117:1464-1484.
86. Kim H.J., Kim M.H., Myung S.J., et al. A new strategy for the application of CA19-9 in the differentiation of pancreaticobiliary cancer: analysis using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:1941-1946.
87. Chiorean E.G., et al. CA 19-9 decrease at 8 weeks as a predictor of overall survival (OS) in a randomized phase III trial (IMPACT) of weekly nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) plus gemcitabine (G) versus G alone in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (MPC). J Clin Oncol 2013, 31.
88. Sugiura T., Uesaka K., Kanemoto H., et al. Serum CA19-9 is a significant predictor among preoperative parameters for early recurrence after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2012, 16:977-985.
89. Ballehaninna U.K., Chamberlain R.S. The clinical utility of serum CA 19-9 in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: an evidence based appraisal. J Gastrointest Oncol 2012, 3:105-119.
90. Humphris J.L., Chang D.K., Johns A.L., et al. The prognostic and predictive value of serum CA19.9 in pancreatic cancer. Ann Oncol 2012, 23:1713-1722.
91. Haas M., Heinemann V., Kullmann F., et al. Prognostic value of CA 19-9, CEA, CRP, LDH and bilirubin levels in locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer: results from a multicenter, pooled analysis of patients receiving palliative chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013, 139:681-689.
92. Rickes S., Unkrodt K., Neye H., Ocran K.W., Wermke W. Differentiation of pancreatic tumours by conventional ultrasound, unenhanced and echo-enhanced power Doppler sonography. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002, 37:1313-1320.
93. Hessel S.J., Siegelman S.S., McNeil B.J., et al. A prospective evaluation of computed tomography and ultrasound of the pancreas. Radiology 1982, 143:129-133.
94. Freeny P.C., Marks W.M., Ryan J.A., Traverso L.W. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: diagnosis and staging with dynamic CT. Radiology 1988, 166:125-133.
95. Prokesch R.W., Chow L.C., Beaulieu C.F., Bammer R., Jeffrey R.B. Isoattenuating pancreatic adenocarcinoma at multi-detector row CT: secondary signs. Radiology 2002, 224:764-768.
96. Ahualli J. The double duct sign. Radiology 2007, 244:314-315.
97. Valls C., Andia E., Sanchez A., et al. Dual-phase helical CT of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: assessment of resectability before surgery. Am J Roentgenol 2002, 178:821-826.
98. Bronstein Y.L., Loyer E.M., Kaur H., et al. Detection of small pancreatic tumors with multiphasic helical CT. Am J Roentgenol 2004, 182:619-623.
99. Karmazanovsky G., Fedorov V., Kubyshkin V., Kotchatkov A. Pancreatic head cancer: accuracy of CT in determination of resectability. Abdom Imaging 2005, 30:488-500.
100. Kaneko O.F., Lee D.M., Wong J., et al. Performance of multidetector computed tomographic angiography in determining surgical resectability of pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2010, 34:732-738.
101. Lee H., Lee J.K., Kang S.S., et al. Is there any clinical or radiologic feature as a preoperative marker for differentiating mass-forming pancreatitis from early-stage pancreatic adenocarcinoma?. Hepatogastroenterology 2007, 54:2134-2140.
102. Takakura K., Sumiyama K., Munakata K., et al. Clinical usefulness of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for detection of pancreatic cancer: comparison with enhanced multidetector-row CT. Abdom Imaging 2011, 36:457-462.
103. Abu-Alfa A.K. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium-based contrast agents. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2011, 18:188-198.
104. Singer E., Gschwantler M., Plattner D., et al. Differential diagnosis of benign and malign pancreatic masses with 18F-fluordeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography recorded with a dual-head coincidence gamma camera. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007, 19:471-478.
105. Kauhanen S.P., Komar G., Seppanen M.P., et al. A prospective diagnostic accuracy study of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, multidetector row computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in primary diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg 2009, 250:957-963.
106. Lytras D., Connor S., Bosonnet L., et al. Positron emission tomography does not add to computed tomography for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Dig Surg 2005, 22:55-61. [discussion 62].
107. Yasuda K., Mukai H., Fujimoto S., Nakajima M., Kawai K. The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc 1988, 34:1-8.
108. Brugge W.R. Endoscopic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2013.
109. Chhieng D.C., Jhala D., Jhala N., et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: a study of 103 cases. Cancer 2002, 96:232-239.
110. Eloubeidi M.A., Tamhane A. EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a learning curve with 300 consecutive procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2005, 61:700-708.
111. Brugge W.R. Advances in the endoscopic management of patients with pancreatic and biliary malignancies. South Med J 2006, 99:1358-1366.
112. Dewitt J., Devereaux B.M., Lehman G.A., Sherman S., Imperiale T.F. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography for the preoperative evaluation of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 4:717-725. [quiz 664].
113. Soriano A., Castells A., Ayuso C., et al. Preoperative staging and tumor resectability assessment of pancreatic cancer: prospective study comparing endoscopic ultrasonography, helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:492-501.
114. DeWitt J., Devereaux B., Chriswell M., et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasonography and multidetector computed tomography for detecting and staging pancreatic cancer. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141:753-763.
115. Mertz H.R., Sechopoulos P., Delbeke D., Leach S.D. EUS, PET, and CT scanning for evaluation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2000, 52:367-371.
116. Tierney W.M., Francis I.R., Eckhauser F., Elta G., Nostrant T.T., Scheiman JM. The accuracy of EUS and helical CT in the assessment of vascular invasion by peripapillary malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001, 53:182-188.
117. Wang W., Shpaner A., Krishna S.G., et al. Use of EUS-FNA in diagnosing pancreatic neoplasm without a definitive mass on CT. Gastrointest Endosc 2013, 78:73-80.
118. Sotoudehmanesh R., Khatibian M., Ghadir M.R., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in patients with inconclusive magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of biliopancreatic abnormalities. Indian J Gastroenterol 2011, 30:156-160.
119. Siddiqui A.A., Brown L.J., Hong S.K., et al. Relationship of pancreatic mass size and diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Dig Dis Sci 2011, 56:3370-3375.
120. Niederau C., Grendell J.H. Diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Imaging techniques and tumor markers. Pancreas 1992, 7:66-86.
121. Hawes R.H. Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of ERCP in pancreatic and biliary tract malignancies. Gastrointest Endosc 2002, 56:S201-S205.
122. van der Gaag N.A., Rauws E.A., van Eijck C.H., et al. Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:129-137.
123. Brand R.E., Lerch M.M., Rubinstein W.S., et al. Advances in counselling and surveillance of patients at risk for pancreatic cancer. Gut 2007, 56:1460-1469.
124. Zubarik R., Gordon S.R., Lidofsky S.D., et al. Screening for pancreatic cancer in a high-risk population with serum CA 19-9 and targeted EUS: a feasibility study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011, 74:87-95.
125. Chari S.T. Detecting early pancreatic cancer: problems and prospects. Semin Oncol 2007, 34:284-294.
126. Rulyak S.J., Kimmey M.B., Veenstra D.L., Brentnall T.A. Cost-effectiveness of pancreatic cancer screening in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds. Gastrointest Endosc 2003, 57:23-29.
127. Tempero M.A., Arnoletti J.P., Behrman S.W., et al. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2012: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw 2012, 10:703-713.
128. Neoptolemos J.P., Stocken D.D., Friess H., et al. A randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy and chemotherapy after resection of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1200-1210.
129. Pawlik T.M., Laheru D., Hruban R.H., et al. Evaluating the impact of a single-day multidisciplinary clinic on the management of pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008, 15:2081-2088.
130. Shaib Y., Davila J., Naumann C., El-Serag H. The impact of curative intent surgery on the survival of pancreatic cancer patients: a U.S. population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2007, 102:1377-1382.
131. Muniraj T., Barve P. Laparoscopic staging and surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer. North American J Med Sci 2013, 5:1-9.
132. Tseng J.F., Tamm E.P., Lee J.E., Pisters P.W., Evans D.B. Venous resection in pancreatic cancer surgery. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006, 20:349-364.
133. Konstantinidis I.T., Warshaw A.L., Allen J.N., et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: is there a survival difference for R1 resections versus locally advanced unresectable tumors? What is a true R0 resection?. Ann Surg 2013, 257:731-736.
134. Katz M.H., Pisters P.W., Evans D.B., et al. Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: the importance of this emerging stage of disease. J Am Coll Surg 2008, 206:833-846. [discussion 846-838].
135. Kalser M.H., Ellenberg S.S. Pancreatic cancer. Adjuvant combined radiation and chemotherapy following curative resection. Arch Surg 1985, 120:899-903.
136. Oettle H., Post S., Neuhaus P., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine vs observation in patients undergoing curative-intent resection of pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2007, 297:267-277.
137. Regine W.F., Winter K.A., Abrams R.A., et al. Fluorouracil vs gemcitabine chemotherapy before and after fluorouracil-based chemoradiation following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2008, 299:1019-1026.
138. Neoptolemos J.P., Stocken D.D., Bassi C., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus folinic acid vs gemcitabine following pancreatic cancer resection: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2010, 304:1073-1081.
139. Burris HA, Moore M.J., Andersen J., et al. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1997, 15(6):2403-2413.
140. Heinemann V., Boeck S., Hinke A., Labianca R., Louvet C. Meta-analysis of randomized trials: evaluation of benefit from gemcitabine-based combination chemotherapy applied in advanced pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2008, 8:82.
141. Conroy T., Desseigne F., Ychou M., et al. Folfirinox versus gemcitabine for metastatic pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 2011, 364:1817-1825.
142. Komar G., Kauhanen S., Liukko K., et al. Decreased blood flow with increased metabolic activity: a novel sign of pancreatic tumor aggressiveness. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:5511-5517.
143. Von Hoff D.D., Ramanathan R.K., Borad M.J., et al. Gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel is an active regimen in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: a phase I/II trial. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29:4548-4554.
144. Von Hoff D.D., Ervin T.J., Arena F.P., et al. Results of a randomized phase III trial (MPACT) of weekly nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine alone for patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with PET and CA19-9 correlates. J Clin Oncol 2013, 31(suppl). [Abstract #4005].
145. Von Hoff DD, et al. Increased survival in pancreatic cancer with nab-Paclitaxel plus Gemcitabine. New England Journal of Medicine. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=24131140.
146. Huguet F., Andre T., Hammel P., et al. Impact of chemoradiotherapy after disease control with chemotherapy in locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma in GERCOR phase II and III studies. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:326-331.
147. Bayraktar S., Rocha-Lima C.M. Advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: molecular targeted therapies. Mt Sinai J Med 2010, 77:606-619.