Statin Use and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 10, 2013, Pages

  Wang, Jinliang ^a   Li, Cheng ^a   Tao, Haitao ^a   Cheng, Yao ^a   Han, Lu ^a   Li, Xiaoyan ^a   Hu, Yi ^a  

^a CHINESE PLA GENERAL HOSPITAL   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; CERIVASTATIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEVINOLIN; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ARTICLE; CANCER RISK; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONFOUNDING VARIABLE; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DRUG USE; ETHNICITY; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; LUNG CANCER; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

COHORT STUDIES; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84886393427     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077950     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, et al. (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61: 69-90. doi:10.3322/caac.20107. PubMed: 21296855.
2. World Health Organization Cance Stats Cancer worldwide. Available: http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/world/. Accessed January 22 2011.
3. National Cancer Institute SEER stat fact sheets: Lung and Bronchus. Available: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html. Accessed January 22 2011.
4. Mihaylova B, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Keech A, Simes J, et al. (2012) The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380: 581-590. PubMed: 22607822.
5. Mills EJ, Rachlis B, Wu P, Devereaux PJ, Arora P, et al. (2008) Primary prevention of cardiovascular mortality and events with statin treatments: a network meta-analysis involving more than 65,000 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 52: 1769-1781. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.039. PubMed: 19022156.
6. Newman TB, Hulley SB, (1996) Carcinogenicity of lipid-lowering drugs. JAMA 275: 55-60. doi:10.1001/jama.275.1.55. PubMed: 8531288.
7. Keyomarsi K, Sandoval L, Band V, Pardee AB, (1991) Synchronization of tumor and normal cells from G1 to multiple cell cycles by lovastatin. Cancer Res 51: 3602-3609. PubMed: 1711413.
8. Dimitroulakos J, Marhin WH, Tokunaga J, Irish J, Gullane P, et al. (2002) Microarray and biochemical analysis of lovastatin-induced apoptosis of squamous cell carcinomas. Neoplasia 4: 337-346. doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900247. PubMed: 12082550.
9. Wong WW, Dimitroulakos J, Minden MD, Penn LZ, (2002) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and the malignant cell: the statin family of drugs as triggers of tumor-specific apoptosis. Leukemia 16: 508-519. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2402476. PubMed: 11960327.
10. Park HJ, Kong D, Iruela-Arispe L, Begley U, Tang D, et al. (2002) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors interfere with angiogenesis by inhibiting the geranylgeranylation of RhoA. Circ Res 91: 143-150. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000028149.15986.4C. PubMed: 12142347.
11. Weis M, Heeschen C, Glassford AJ, Cooke JP, (2002) Statins have biphasic effects on angiogenesis. Circulation 105: 739-745. doi:10.1161/hc0602.103393. PubMed: 11839631.
12. Alonso DF, Farina HG, Skilton G, Gabri MR, De Lorenzo MS, et al. (1998) Reduction of mouse mammary tumor formation and metastasis by lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 50: 83-93. doi:10.1023/A:1006058409974. PubMed: 9802623.
13. Kusama T, Mukai M, Iwasaki T, Tatsuta M, Matsumoto Y, et al. (2002) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase inhibitors reduce human pancreatic cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Gastroenterology 122: 308-317. doi:10.1053/gast.2002.31093. PubMed: 11832446.
14. Ghavami S, Mutawe MM, Hauff K, Stelmack GL, Schaafsma D, et al. (2010) Statin-triggered cell death in primary human lung mesenchymal cells involves p53-PUMA and release of Smac and Omi but not cytochrome c. Biochim Biophys Acta 1803: 452-467. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.12.005. PubMed: 20045437.
15. Hwang KE, Na KS, Park DS, Choi KH, Kim BR, et al. (2011) Apoptotic induction by simvastatin in human lung cancer A549 cells via Akt signaling dependent down-regulation of survivin. Invest New Drugs 29: 945-952. doi:10.1007/s10637-010-9450-2. PubMed: 20464445.
16. Maksimova E, Yie TA, Rom WN, (2008) In vitro mechanisms of lovastatin on lung cancer cell lines as a potential chemopreventive agent. Lung 186: 45-54. doi:10.1007/s00408-007-9053-7. PubMed: 18034278.
17. Park IH, Kim JY, Choi JY, Han JY, (2011) Simvastatin enhances irinotecan-induced apoptosis in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by inhibition of proteasome activity. Invest New Drugs 29: 883-890. doi:10.1007/s10637-010-9439-x. PubMed: 20467885.
18. Sanli T, Liu C, Rashid A, Hopmans SN, Tsiani E, et al. (2011) Lovastatin sensitizes lung cancer cells to ionizing radiation: modulation of molecular pathways of radioresistance and tumor suppression. J Thorac Oncol 6: 439-450. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182049d8b. PubMed: 21258249.
19. Chen J, Hou J, Zhang J, An Y, Zhang X, et al. (2012) Atorvastatin synergizes with IFN-γ in treating human non-small cell lung carcinomas via potent inhibition of RhoA activity. Eur J Pharmacol 682: 161-170. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.015. PubMed: 22510296.
20. Hanai J, Doro N, Sasaki AT, Kobayashi S, Cantley LC, et al. (2012) Inhibition of lung cancer growth: ATP citrate lyase knockdown and statin treatment leads to dual blockade of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathways. J Cell Physiol 227: 1709-1720. doi:10.1002/jcp.22895. PubMed: 21688263.
21. Hawk MA, Cesen KT, Siglin JC, Stoner GD, Ruch RJ, (1996) Inhibition of lung tumor cell growth in vitro and mouse lung tumor formation by lovastatin. Cancer Lett 109: 217-222. doi:10.1016/S0304-3835(96)04465-5. PubMed: 9020924.
22. Khanzada UK, Pardo OE, Meier C, Downward J, Seckl MJ, et al. (2006) Potent inhibition of small-cell lung cancer cell growth by simvastatin reveals selective functions of Ras isoforms in growth factor signalling. Oncogene 25: 877-887. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209117. PubMed: 16170339.
23. Chen J, Liu B, Yuan J, Yang J, Zhang J, et al. (2012) Atorvastatin reduces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mol Oncol 6: 62-72. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2011.11.003. PubMed: 22153388.
24. Kidera Y, Tsubaki M, Yamazoe Y, Shoji K, Nakamura H, et al. (2010) Reduction of lung metastasis, cell invasion, and adhesion in mouse melanoma by statin-induced blockade of the Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 29: 127. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-29-127. PubMed: 20843370.
25. Park IH, Kim JY, Jung JI, Han JY, (2010) Lovastatin overcomes gefitinib resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer cells with K-Ras mutations. Invest New Drugs 28: 791-799. doi:10.1007/s10637-009-9319-4. PubMed: 19760159.
26. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 8: 336-341. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007. PubMed: 20171303.
27. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG, (2003) Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 327: 557-560. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557. PubMed: 12958120.
28. Begg CB, Mazumdar M, (1994) Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 50: 1088-1101. doi:10.2307/2533446. PubMed: 7786990.
29. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C, (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315: 629-634. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629. PubMed: 9310563.
30. Officers ALLHAT, and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2002) Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized topravastatin vs usual care: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to PreventHeart Attack Trial (ALLHAT-LLT). JAMA 288: 2998-3007.
31. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, et al. (1998) Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279: 1615-1622. doi:10.1001/jama.279.20.1615. PubMed: 9613910.
32. Ford I, Murray H, Packard CJ, Shepherd J, Macfarlane PW, et al. (2007) Long-term follow-up of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. N Engl J Med 357: 1477-1486. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065994. PubMed: 17928595.
33. Serruys PW, de Feyter P, Macaya C, Kokott N, Puel J, et al. (2002) Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287: 3215-3222. doi:10.1001/jama.287.24.3215. PubMed: 12076217.
34. Strandberg TE, Pyörälä K, Cook TJ, Wilhelmsen L, Faergeman O, et al. (2004) Mortality and incidence of cancer during 10-year follow-up of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 364: 771-777. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16936-5. PubMed: 15337403.
35. Farwell WR, Scranton RE, Lawler EV, Lew RA, Brophy MT, et al. (2008) The association between statins and cancer incidence in a veterans population. J Natl Cancer Inst 100: 134-139. doi:10.1093/jnci/djm286. PubMed: 18182618.
36. Friedman GD, Flick ED, Udaltsova N, Chan J, Quesenberry CP Jr., et al. (2008) Screening statins for possible carcinogenic risk: up to 9 years of follow-up of 361,859 recipients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17: 27-36. doi:10.1002/pds.1507. PubMed: 17944002.
37. Friis S, Poulsen AH, Johnsen SP, McLaughlin JK, Fryzek JP, et al. (2005) Cancer risk among statin users: a population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 114: 643-647. doi:10.1002/ijc.20758. PubMed: 15578694.
38. Haukka J, Sankila R, Klaukka T, Lonnqvist J, Niskanen L, et al. (2010) Incidence of cancer and statin usage--record linkage study. Int J Cancer 126: 279-284. doi:10.1002/ijc.24536. PubMed: 19739258.
39. Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, (2010) Unintended effects of statins in men and women in England and Wales: population based cohort study using the QResearch database. BMJ 340: c2197. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2197. PubMed: 20488911.
40. Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, Thun MJ, Gapstur SM, (2011) Long-term use of cholesterol-lowering drugs and cancer incidence in a large United States cohort. Cancer Res 71: 1763-1771. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2953. PubMed: 21343395.
41. Sato S, Ajiki W, Kobayashi T, Awata N, (2006) Pravastatin use and the five-year incidence of cancer in coronary heart disease patients: from the prevention of coronary sclerosis study. J Epidemiol 16: 201-206. doi:10.2188/jea.16.201. PubMed: 16951539.
42. Setoguchi S, Glynn RJ, Avorn J, Mogun H, Schneeweiss S, (2007) Statins and the risk of lung, breast, and colorectal cancer in the elderly. Circulation 115: 27-33. PubMed: 17179016.
43. Blais L, Desgagné A, LeLorier J, (2000) 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors and the risk of cancer: a nested case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160: 2363-2368. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.15.2363. PubMed: 10927735.
44. Cheng MH, Chiu HF, Ho SC, Yang CY, (2012) Statin use and the risk of female lung cancer: a population-based case-control study. Lung Cancer 75: 275-279. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.08.014. PubMed: 21958449.
45. Coogan PF, Rosenberg L, Strom BL, (2007) Statin use and the risk of 10 cancers. Epidemiology 18: 213-219. doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000254694.03027.a1. PubMed: 17235211.
46. Graaf MR, Beiderbeck AB, Egberts AC, Richel DJ, Guchelaar HJ, (2004) The risk of cancer in users of statins. J Clin Oncol 22: 2388-2394. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.027. PubMed: 15197200.
47. Kaye JA, Jick H, (2004) Statin use and cancer risk in the General Practice Research Database. Br J Cancer 90: 635-637. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601566. PubMed: 14760377.
48. Khurana V, Bejjanki HR, Caldito G, Owens MW, (2007) Statins reduce the risk of lung cancer in humans: a large case-control study of US veterans. Chest 131: 1282-1288. doi:10.1378/chest.06-0931. PubMed: 17494779.
49. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J, (2011) Exposure to statins and risk of common cancers: a series of nested case-control studies. BMC Cancer 11: 409. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-409. PubMed: 21943022.
50. Undela K, Srikanth V, Bansal D, (2012) Statin use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 135: 261-269. doi:10.1007/s10549-012-2154-x. PubMed: 22806241.
51. Cui X, Xie Y, Chen M, Li J, Liao X, et al. (2012) Statin use and risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 23: 1099-1111. doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9979-9. PubMed: 22562222.
52. Pradelli D, Soranna D, Scotti L, Zambon A, Catapano A, et al. (2013) Statins and primary liver cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev, 22: 229-34. PubMed: 23010949.
53. Emberson JR, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Newman C, Reith C, et al. (2012) Lack of effect of lowering LDL cholesterol on cancer: meta-analysis of individual data from 175,000 people in 27 randomised trials of statin therapy. PLOS ONE 7: e29849. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029849. PubMed: 22276132.
54. Hamelin BA, Turgeon J, (1998) Hydrophilicity/lipophilicity: relevance for the pharmacology and clinical effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19: 26-37. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(97)01147-4. PubMed: 9509899.
55. Goldstein MR, Mascitelli L, Pezzetta F, (2009) The double-edged sword of statin immunomodulation. Int J Cardiol 135: 128-130. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.01.023. PubMed: 18485499.
56. Lee KJ, Moon JY, Choi HK, Kim HO, Hur GY, et al. (2010) Immune regulatory effects of simvastatin on regulatory T cell-mediated tumour immune tolerance. Clin Exp Immunol 161: 298-305. PubMed: 20491794.
57. Mausner-Fainberg K, Luboshits G, Mor A, Maysel-Auslender S, Rubinstein A, et al. (2008) The effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T cells. Atherosclerosis 197: 829-839. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.031. PubMed: 17826781.
58. Raemer PC, Kohl K, Watzl C, (2009) Statins inhibit NK-cell cytotoxicity by interfering with LFA-1-mediated conjugate formation. Eur J Immunol 39: 1456-1465. doi:10.1002/eji.200838863. PubMed: 19424968.