Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder: Clinical and Neurobiological Foundations

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 133-199

  Lyoo, In Kyoon ^a   Renshaw, Perry F ^b  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cerebral concentrations of N acetylaspartate (NAA); Choline containing compounds (Cho); Diffusion tensor imaging in bipolar disorder; DTI studies of bipolar disorder using region of interest approach; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in patients with BD; Functional magnetic resonance imaging in bipolar disorder; Functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in bipolar disorder; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in bipolar disorder; Membrane phospholipid phosphomonoester (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE); Neurobiological underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886006492     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470661277.ch14     Document Type: Chapter

References (163)

1. Stork, C. and Renshaw, P.F. (2005) Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder: Evidence from magnetic resonance spectroscopy research. Mol. Psychiatry, 10, 900-919.
2. 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopic findings to their molecular mechanisms. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 63, 21-40.
3. Schulz, U.G., Blamire, A.M., Corkill, R.G. et al. (2007) Association between cortical metabolite levels and clinical manifestations of migrainous aura: an MR-spectroscopy study. Brain, 130, 3102-3110.
4. Öngür, D., Jensen, J.E., Prescot, A.P. et al. (2008) Abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuronal-glial interactions in acute mania. Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 718-726.
5. Winsberg, M.E., Sachs, N., Tate, D.L. et al. (2000) Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetyl aspartate in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 47, 475-481.
6. Cecil, K.M., DelBello, M.P., Morey, R. and Strakowski, S.M. (2002) Frontal lobe differences in bipolar disorder as determined by proton MR spectroscopy. Bipolar. Disord., 4, 357-365.
7. Bertolino, A., Frye, M., Callicott, J.H. et al. (2003) Neuronal pathology in the hippocampal area of patients with bipolar disorder: A study with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Biol. Psychiatry, 53, 906-913.
8. Deicken, R.F., Pegues, M.P., Anzalone, S. et al. (2003) Lower concentration of hippocampal N-acetylaspartate in familial bipolar I disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 160, 873-882.
9. 1H MRS in first-episode bipolar I patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 30, 1235-1239.
10. Bhagwagar, Z., Wylezinska, M., Jezzard, P. et al. (2007) Reduction in occipital cortex gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in medication-free recovered unipolar depressed and bipolar subjects. Biol. Psychiatry, 61, 806-812.
11. Scherk, H., Backens, M., Schneider-Axmann, T. et al. (2008) Neurochemical pathology in hippocampus in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 117, 283-288.
12. Chang, K., Adleman, N., Dienes, K. et al. (2003) Decreased N-acetylaspartate in children with familial bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 53, 1059-1065.
13. Sassi, R.B., Stanley, J.A., Axelson, D. et al. (2005) Reduced naa levels in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of young bipolar patients. Am. J. Psychiatry, 162, 2109-2115.
14. Olvera, R.L., Caetano, S.C., Fonseca, M. et al. (2007) Low levels of N-acetyl aspartate in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of pediatric bipolar patients. J Child. Adolesc Psychopharmacol., 17, 461-473.
15. Cecil, K.M., DelBello, M.P., Sellars, M.C. and Strakowski, S.M. (2003) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal lobe and cerebellar vermis in children with a mood disorder and a familial risk for bipolar disorders. J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol., 13, 545-555.
16. Hamakawa, H., Kato, T., Murashita, J. and Kato, N. (1998) Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in patients with affective disorders. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 248, 53-58.
17. Hamakawa, H., Kato, T., Shioiri, T. et al. (1999) Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the bilateral frontal lobes in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol. Med., 29, 639-644.
18. Michael, N., Erfurth, A., Ohrmann, P. et al. (2003) Acute mania is accompanied by elevated glutamate/glutamine levels within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 168, 344-346.
19. Dager, S.R., Friedman, S.D., Parow, A. et al. (2004) Brain metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 61, 450-458.
20. Brambilla, P., Stanley, J.A., Nicoletti, M.A. et al. (2005) 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder patients. J. Affect. Disord., 86, 61-67.
21. 1H MRS study. Bipolar Disord., 9 (Suppl 1), 119-127.
22. Colla, M., Schubert, F., Bubner, M. et al. (2009) Glutamate as a spectroscopic marker of hippocampal structural plasticity is elevated in long-term euthymic bipolar patients on chronic lithium therapy and correlates inversely with diurnal cortisol. Mol. Psychiatry, 14, 696-704.
23. Castillo, M., Kwock, L., Courvoisie, H. and Hooper, S.R. (2000) Proton mr spectroscopy in children with bipolar affective disorder: Preliminary observations. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., 21, 832-838.
24. Gallelli, K.A., Wagner, C.M., Karchemskiy, A. et al. (2005) N-acetylaspartate levels in bipolar offspring with and at high-risk for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 7, 589-597.
25. Deicken, R.F., Eliaz, Y., Feiwell, R. and Schuff, N. (2001) Increased thalamic N-acetylaspartate in male patients with familial bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Res., 106, 35-45.
26. Sharma, R., Venkatasubramanian, P.N., Barany, M. and Davis, J.M. (1992) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in schizophrenic and affective patients. Schizophr. Res., 8, 43-49.
27. Moore, G.J., Bebchuk, J.M., Hasanat, K. et al. (2000) Lithium increases N-acetyl-aspartate in the human brain: In vivo evidence in support of bcl-2's neurotrophic effects? Biol. Psychiatry, 48, 1-8.
28. Silverstone, P.H., Wu, R.H., O'Donnell, T. et al. (2003) Chronic treatment with lithium, but not sodium valproate, increases cortical N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations in euthymic bipolar patients. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 18, 73-79.
29. Frye, M.A., Watzl, J., Banakar, S. et al. (2007) Increased anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortical glutamate and creatine in bipolar depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 2490-2499.
30. Forester, B.P., Streeter, C.C., Berlow, Y.A. et al. (2009) Brain lithium levels and effects on cognition and mood in geriatric bipolar disorder: A lithium-7 magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 17, 13-23.
31. Friedman, S.D., Dager, S.R., Parow, A. et al. (2004) Lithium and valproic acid treatment effects on brain chemistry in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 56, 340-348.
32. Davanzo, P., Thomas, M.A., Yue, K. et al. (2001) Decreased anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine spectroscopy resonance with lithium treatment in children with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 359-369.
33. Patel, N.C., DelBello, M.P., Cecil, K.M. et al. (2008) Temporal change in N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations in adolescents with bipolar depression treated with lithium. J. Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol., 18, 132-139.
34. Moore, G.J., Bebchuk, J.M., Parrish, J.K. et al. (1999) Temporal dissociation between lithium-induced changes in frontal lobe myo-inositol and clinical response in manicdepressive illness. Am. J. Psychiatry, 156, 1902-1908.
35. Silverstone, P.H., Wu, R.H., O'Donnell, T. et al. (2002) Chronic treatment with both lithium and sodium valproate may normalize phosphoinositol cycle activity in bipolar patients. Hum. Psychopharmacol., 17, 321-327.
36. Wu, R.H., O'Donnell, T., Ulrich, M. et al. (2004) Brain choline concentrations may not be altered in euthymic bipolar disorder patients chronically treated with either lithium or sodium valproate. Ann. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry, 3, 13.
37. Patel, N.C., DelBello, M.P., Cecil, K.M. et al. (2006) Lithium treatment effects on myo-inositol in adolescents with bipolar depression. Biol. Psychiatry, 60, 998-1004.
38. Urenjak, J., Williams, S.R., Gadian, D.G. and Noble, M. (1993) Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unambiguously identifies different neural cell types. J. Neurosci., 13, 981-989.
39. Ross, B. and Bluml, S. (2001) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the human brain. Anat. Rec., 265, 54-84.
40. Baslow, M.H. (2003) N-acetylaspartate in the vertebrate brain: Metabolism and function. Neurochem. Res., 28, 941-953.
41. Taylor, D.L., Davies, S.E., Obrenovitch, T.P. et al. (1995) Investigation into the role of N-acetylaspartate in cerebral osmoregulation. J. Neurochem., 65, 275-281.
42. Madhavarao, C.N., Chinopoulos, C., Chandrasekaran, K. and Namboodiri, M.A. (2003) Characterization of the N-acetylaspartate biosynthetic enzyme from rat brain. J. Neurochem., 86, 824-835.
43. Truckenmiller, M.E., Namboodiri, M.A., Brownstein, M.J. and Neale, J.H. (1985) N-acetylation of L-aspartate in the nervous system: Differential distribution of a specific enzyme. J. Neurochem., 45, 1658-1662.
44. Patel, T.B. and Clark, J.B. (1979) Synthesis of N-acetyl-Laspartate by rat brain mitochondria and its involvement in mitochondrial/cytosolic carbon transport. Biochem. J., 184, 539-546.
45. Moore, C.M., Breeze, J.L., Gruber, S.A. et al. (2000) Choline, myo-inositol and mood in bipolar disorder: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study of the anterior cingulate cortex. Bipolar Disord., 2, 207-216.
46. Kato, T., Hamakawa, H., Shioiri, T. et al. (1996) Cholinecontaining compounds detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the basal ganglia in bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 21, 248-254.
47. Davanzo, P., Yue, K., Thomas, M.A. et al. (2003) Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bipolar disorder versus intermittent explosive disorder in children and adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry, 160, 1442-1452.
48. Stoll, A.L., Renshaw, P.F., Sachs, G.S. et al. (1992) The human brain resonance of choline-containing compounds is similar in patients receiving lithium treatment and controls: An in v{script}iv{script}o proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol. Psychiatry, 32, 944-949.
49. 1H MRS choline: Correlation with invitro chemistry/histology. Life Sci., 58, 1929-1935.
50. Brenner, R.E., Munro, P.M., Williams, S.C. et al. (1993) The proton NMR spectrum in acute EAE: The significance of the change in the cho:Cr ratio. Magn. Reson. Med., 29, 737-745.
51. Govindaraju, V., Young, K. and Maudsley, A.A. (2000) Proton NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for brain metabolites. NMR Biomed., 13, 129-153.
52. Stoll, A.L., Sachs, G.S., Cohen, B.M. et al. (1996) Choline in the treatment of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: Clinical and neurochemical findings in lithium-treated patients. Biol. Psychiatry, 40, 382-388.
53. Lyoo, I.K., Demopulos, C.M., Hirashima, F. et al. (2003) Oral choline decreases brain purine levels in lithium-treated subjects with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: A doubleblind trial using proton and lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bipolar Disord., 5, 300-306.
54. Brand, A., Richter-Landsberg, C. and Leibfritz, D. (1993) Multinuclear NMR studies on the energy metabolism of glial and neuronal cells. Dev. Neurosci., 15, 289-298.
55. 1H spectroscopy. Glutamate and glutamine; myo-inositol and related metabolites. NMR Biomed., 4, 59-63.
56. Kato, T., Inubushi, T. and Kato, N. (1998) Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in affective disorders. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 10, 133-147.
57. Berridge, M.J., Downes, C.P. and Hanley, M.R. (1989) Neural and developmental actions of lithium: A unifying hypothesis. Cell, 59, 411-419.
58. Williams, R.S., Cheng, L., Mudge, A.W. and Harwood, A.J. (2002) A common mechanism of action for three moodstabilizing drugs. Nature, 417, 292-295.
59. Renshaw, P.F., Joseph, N.E. and Leigh, J.S. Jr (1986) Chronic dietary lithium induces increased levels of myo-inositol- 1-phosphatase activity in rat cerebral cortex homogenates. Brain Res., 380, 401-404.
60. Parthasarathy, L.K., Seelan, R.S., Wilson, M.A. et al. (2003) Regional changes in rat brain inositol monophosphatase 1 (IMPase 1) activity with chronic lithium treatment. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 27, 55-60.
61. Kaya, N., Resmi, H., Ozerdem, A. et al. (2004) Increased inositol-monophosphatase activity by lithium treatment in bipolar patients. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 28, 521-527.
62. Moore, C.M., Biederman, J., Wozniak, J. et al. (2006) Differences in brain chemistry in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid bipolar disorder: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Am. J. Psychiatry, 163, 316-318.
63. Moore, C.M., Biederman, J., Wozniak, J. et al. (2007) Mania, glutamate/glutamine and risperidone in pediatric bipolar disorder: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the anterior cingulate cortex. J. Affect. Disord., 99, 19-25.
64. Moore, C.M., Frazier, J.A., Glod, C.A. et al. (2007) Glutamine and glutamate levels in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: A 4.0-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of the anterior cingulate cortex. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 46, 524-534.
65. Yoon, J., Lyoo, I.K., Haws, C. et al. (2009) Decreased glutamate/ glutamine levels may mediate cytidine's efficacy in treating bipolar depression: A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1810-1818.
66. Öngür, D., Drevets, W.C. and Price, J.L. (1998) Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 13290-13295.
67. Rajkowska, G. (2000) Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells. Biol. Psychiatry, 48, 766-777.
68. Rajkowska, G., Halaris, A. and Selemon, L.D. (2001) Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 49, 741-752.
69. Cotter, D.R., Pariante, C.M. and Everall, I.P. (2001) Glial cell abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: The evidence and implications. Brain Res. Bull., 55, 585-595.
70. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. (1993) Determination of creatine kinase kinetic parameters in rat brain by NMR magnetization transfer. Correlation with brain function. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 13166-13171.
71. Pouwels, P.J. and Frahm, J. (1998) Regional metabolite concentrations in human brain as determined by quantitative localized proton MRS. Magn. Reson. Med., 39, 53-60.
72. Marshall, I., Wardlaw, J., Cannon, J. et al. (1996) Reproducibility of metabolite peak areas in 1H MRS of brain. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 14, 281-292.
73. Bothwell, J.H., Rae, C., Dixon, R.M. et al. (2001) Hypoosmotic swelling-activated release of organic osmolytes in brain slices: Implications for brain oedema in vivo. J. Neurochem., 77, 1632-1640.
74. Deicken, R.F., Fein, G. and Weiner, M.W. (1995) Abnormal frontal lobe phosphorous metabolism in bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 152, 915-918.
75. Deicken, R.F., Weiner, M.W. and Fein, G. (1995) Decreased temporal lobe phosphomonoesters in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord., 33, 195-199.
76. 31P-MRS. J. Affect. Disord., 22, 185-190.
77. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res., 45, 53-63.
78. 31P and 7Li magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Affect. Disord., 27, 53-59.
79. Kato, T., Shioiri, T., Murashita, J. et al. (1994) Phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ventricular enlargement in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res., 55, 41-50.
80. Kato, T., Takahashi, S., Shioiri, T. et al. (1994) Reduction of brain phosphocreatine in bipolar II disorder detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Affect. Disord., 31, 125-133.
81. 31P-MRS. Psychol. Med., 25, 557-566.
82. 31P-MR spectroscopy. Psychol. Med., 30, 107-115.
83. 31P-MRS in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 58, 82-88.
84. 31P MRS in vivo. Part I: Cerebrum, cerebellum, cerebral gray andwhite matter.Magn. Reson.Med., 32, 447-452.
85. Ikeda, A. and Kato, T. (2003) Biological predictors of lithium response in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 57, 243-250.
86. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol. Psychiatry, 50, 3-7.
87. 31P MRS. Biol. Psychiatry, 46, 1634-1641.
88. Erecinska, M. and Silver, I.A. (1989)ATP and brain function. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 9, 2-19.
89. Kato, T. and Kato, N. (2000) Mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2, 180-190.
90. Clausen, T., Zauner, A., Levasseur, J.E. et al. (2001) Induced mitochondrial failure in the feline brain: Implications for understanding acute post-traumatic metabolic events. Brain Res., 908, 35-48.
91. Soares, J.C. and Mann, J.J. (1997) The anatomy of mood disorders-review of structural neuroimaging studies. Biol. Psychiatry, 41, 86-106.
92. Taylor, W.D., Payne, M.E., Krishnan, K.R. et al. (2001) Evidence of white matter tract disruption in MRI hyperintensities. Biol. Psychiatry, 50, 179-183.
93. Awada, K.A., Jackson, D.R., Baumann, S.B. et al. (1998) Effect of conductivity uncertainties and modeling errors on EEG source localization using a 2-D model. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 45, 1135-1145.
94. Kempton, M.J., Geddes, J.R., Ettinger, U. et al. (2008) Metaanalysis, database, and meta- regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 1017-1032.
95. Kieseppa, T., van Erp, T.G., Haukka, J. et al. (2003) Reduced left hemispheric white matter volume in twins with bipolar I disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 896-905.
96. Brambilla, P., Nicoletti, M.A., Sassi, R.B. et al. (2003) Magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 54, 1294-1297.
97. Chenevert, T.L., Brunberg, J.A. and Pipe, J.G. (1990) Anisotropic diffusion in human white matter: Demonstration with MR techniques in vivo. Radiology, 177, 401-405.
98. Basser, P.J., Mattiello, J. and LeBihan, D. (1994)MRdiffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys. J., 66, 259-267.
99. Pierpaoli, C., Jezzard, P., Basser, P.J. et al. (1996) Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain. Radiology, 201, 637-648.
100. Sundgren, P.C., Dong, Q., Gomez-Hassan, D. et al. (2004) Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain: Review of clinical applications. Neuroradiology, 46, 339-350.
101. Adler, C.M., Holland, S.K., Schmithorst, V. et al. (2004) Abnormal frontal white matter tracts in bipolar disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disord., 6, 197-203.
102. Beyer, J.L., Taylor, W.D., MacFall, J.R. et al. (2005) Cortical white matter microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 2225-2229.
103. Haznedar, M.M., Roversi, F., Pallanti, S. et al. (2005) Frontothalamo- striatal gray and white matter volumes and anisotropy of their connections in bipolar spectrum illnesses. Biol. Psychiatry, 57, 733-742.
104. Regenold, W.T., D'Agostino, C.A., Ramesh, N. et al. (2006) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of white matter in bipolar disorder: A pilot study. Bipolar Disord., 8, 188-195.
105. Yurgelun-Todd, D.A., Silveri, M.M., Gruber, S.A. et al. (2007) White matter abnormalities observed in bipolar disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disord., 9, 504-512.
106. Bruno, S., Cercignani, M. and Ron, M.A. (2008) White matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder: A voxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study. Bipolar Disord., 10, 460-468.
107. Versace, A., Almeida, J.R., Hassel, S. et al. (2008) Elevated left and reduced right orbitomedial prefrontal fractional anisotropy in adults with bipolar disorder revealed by tract-based spatial statistics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 65, 1041-1052.
108. Wang, F., Jackowski, M., Kalmar, J.H. et al. (2008) Abnormal anterior cingulum integrity in bipolar disorder determined through diffusion tensor imaging. Br. J. Psychiatry, 193, 126-129.
109. Wang, F., Kalmar, J.H., Edmiston, E. et al. (2008) Abnormal corpus callosum integrity in bipolar disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 730-733.
110. Sussmann, J.E., Lymer, G.K., McKirdy, J. et al. (2009) White matter abnormalities in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia detected using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Bipolar Disord., 11, 11-18.
111. Mahon, K., Wu, J., Malhotra, A.K. et al. (2009)Avoxel-based diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter in bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1590-1600.
112. Houenou, J., Wessa, M., Douaud, G. et al. (2007) Increased white matter connectivity in euthymic bipolar patients: Diffusion tensor tractography between the subgenual cingulate and the amygdalo-hippocampal complex. Mol. Psychiatry, 12, 1001-1010.
113. McIntosh, A.M., Maniega, S.M., Lymer, G.K. et al. (2008) White matter tractography in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 1088-1092.
114. Adler, C.M., Adams, J., DelBello, M.P. et al. (2006) Evidence of white matter pathology in bipolar disorder adolescents experiencing their first episode of mania: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Am. J. Psychiatry, 163, 322-324.
115. Frazier, J.A., Breeze, J.L., Papadimitriou, G. et al. (2007) White matter abnormalities in children with and at risk for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 9, 799-809.
116. Pavuluri, M.N., Yang, S., Kamineni, K. et al. (2008) Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 65, 586-593.
117. Kafantaris, V., Kingsley, P., Ardekani, B. et al. (2009) Lower orbital frontal white matter integrity in adolescents with bipolar I disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 48, 79-86.
118. Mori, S., Matsui, T., Kuze, B. et al. (1999) Stimulation of a restricted region in the midline cerebellar white matter evokes coordinated quadrupedal locomotion in the decerebrate cat. J. Neurophysiol., 82, 290-300.
119. Ardekani, B.A., Guckemus, S., Bachman, A. et al. (2005) Quantitative comparison of algorithms for inter-subject registration of 3D volumetric brain MRI scans. J. Neurosci. Methods, 142, 67-76.
120. Smith, S.M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H. et al. (2006) Tract-based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multisubject diffusion data. Neuroimage, 31, 1487-1505.
121. Smith, S.M., Johansen-Berg, H., Jenkinson, M. et al. (2007) Acquisition and voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data with tract-based spatial statistics. Nat. Protoc., 2, 499-503.
122. Mori, S., Oishi, K., Jiang, H. et al. (2008) Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template. Neuroimage, 40, 570-582.
123. Logothetis, N.K. (2008) What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI. Nature, 453, 869-878.
124. Ogawa, S. and Lee, T.M. (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels at high fields: In v{script}iv{script}o and in vitro measurements and image simulation. Magn. Reson. Med., 16, 9-18.
125. Ogawa, S., Lee, T.M., Kay, A.R. and Tank, D.W. (1990) Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 9868-9872.
126. Matthews, P.M., Honey, G.D. and Bullmore, E.T. (2006) Applications of fMRI in translational medicine and clinical practice. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 7, 732-744.
127. Phillips, M.L. and Frank, E. (2006) Redefining bipolar disorder: Toward DSM-V. Am. J. Psychiatry, 163, 1135-1136.
128. Yurgelun-Todd, D.A., Gruber, S.A., Kanayama, G. et al. (2000) fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord., 2, 237-248.
129. Elliott, R., Ogilvie, A., Rubinsztein, J.S. et al. (2004) Abnormal ventral frontal response during performance of an affective go/no go task in patients with mania. Biol. Psychiatry, 55, 1163-1170.
130. Lawrence, N.S., Williams, A.M., Surguladze, S. et al. (2004) Subcortical and ventral prefrontal cortical neural responses to facial expressions distinguish patients with bipolar disorder and major depression. Biol. Psychiatry, 55, 578-587.
131. Malhi, G.S., Lagopoulos, J., Sachdev, P. et al. (2004) Cognitive generation of affect in hypomania: An fMRI study. Bipolar Disord., 6, 271-285.
132. Mitchell, R.L., Elliott, R., Barry, M. et al. (2004) Neural response to emotional prosody in schizophrenia and in bipolar affective disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry, 184, 223-230.
133. Malhi, G.S., Lagopoulos, J., Sachdev, P.S. et al. (2005) An emotional stroop functional MRI study of euthymic bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord., 7 (Suppl 5), 58-69.
134. Chen, C.H., Lennox, B., Jacob, R. et al. (2006) Explicit and implicit facial affect recognition in manic and depressed states of bipolar disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry, 59, 31-39.
135. Wessa, M., Houenou, J., Paillere-Martinot, M.L. et al. (2007) Fronto- striatal overactivation in euthymic bipolar patients during an emotional Go/NoGo task. Am. J. Psychiatry, 164, 638-646.
136. Altshuler, L., Bookheimer, S., Townsend, J. et al. (2008) Regional brain changes in bipolar I depression:Afunctional magnetic resonance imaging study. Bipolar Disord., 10, 708-717.
137. Jogia, J., Haldane, M., Cobb, A. et al. (2008) Pilot investigation of the changes in cortical activation during facial affect recognition with lamotrigine monotherapy in bipolar disorder. Br. J. Psychiatry, 192, 197-201.
138. Curtis, V.A., Dixon, T.A., Morris, R.G. et al. (2001) Differential frontal activation in schizophrenia and bipolar illness during verbal fluency. J. Affect. Disord., 66, 111-121.
139. Blumberg, H.P., Leung, H.C., Skudlarski, P. et al. (2003) A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: State- and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 60, 601-609.
140. Adler, C.M., Holland, S.K., Schmithorst, V. et al. (2004) Changes in neuronal activation in patients with bipolar disorder during performance of a working memory task. Bipolar Disord., 6, 540-549.
141. Gruber, S.A., Rogowska, J. and Yurgelun-Todd, D.A. (2004) Decreased activation of the anterior cingulate in bipolar patients: An fMRI study. J. Affect. Disord., 82, 191-201.
142. Monks, P.J., Thompson, J.M., Bullmore, E.T. et al. (2004) A functional MRI study of working memory task in euthymic bipolar disorder: Evidence for task-specific dysfunction. Bipolar Disord., 6, 550-564.
143. Strakowski, S.M., Adler, C.M., Holland, S.K. et al. (2004) A preliminary fMRI study of sustained attention in euthymic, unmedicated bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1734-1740.
144. Strakowski, S.M., Adler, C.M., Holland, S.K. et al. (2005) Abnormal fMRI brain activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a counting stroop interference task. Am. J. Psychiatry, 162, 1697-1705.
145. Altshuler, L.L., Bookheimer, S.Y., Townsend, J. et al. (2005) Blunted activation in orbitofrontal cortex during mania: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry, 58, 763-769.
146. Kronhaus, D.M., Lawrence, N.S., Williams, A.M. et al. (2006) Stroop performance in bipolar disorder: Further evidence for abnormalities in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Bipolar Disord., 8, 28-39.
147. McIntosh, A.M., Whalley, H.C., McKirdy, J. et al. (2008) Prefrontal function and activation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry, 165, 378-384.
148. Drapier, D., Surguladze, S., Marshall, N. et al. (2008) Genetic liability for bipolar disorder is characterized by excess frontal activation in response to a working memory task. Biol. Psychiatry, 64, 513-520.
149. Mechelli, A., Prata, D.P., Fu, C.H. et al. (2008) The effects of neuregulin1 on brain function in controls and patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuroimage, 42, 817-826.
150. Blumberg, H.P., Martin, A., Kaufman, J. et al. (2003) Frontostriatal abnormalities in adolescents with bipolar disorder: Preliminary observations from functional MRI. Am. J. Psychiatry, 160, 1345-1347.
151. Chang, K., Adleman, N.E., Dienes, K. et al. (2004) Anomalous prefrontal- subcortical activation in familial pediatric bipolar disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 61, 781-792.
152. Rich, B.A., Vinton, D.T., Roberson-Nay, R. et al. (2006) Limbic hyperactivation during processing of neutral facial expressions in children with bipolar disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 8900-8905.
153. Pavuluri, M.N.,O'Connor, M.M., Harral, E. and Sweeney, J. A. (2007) Affective neural circuitry during facial emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 62, 158-167.
154. Leibenluft, E., Rich, B.A., Vinton, D.T. et al. (2007) Neural circuitry engaged during unsuccessful motor inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 164, 52-60.
155. Chang, K.D., Wagner, C., Garrett, A. et al. (2008) A preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study of prefrontal- amygdalar activation changes in adolescents with bipolar depression treated with lamotrigine. Bipolar Disord., 10, 426-431.
156. Phillips, M.L., Ladouceur, C.D. and Drevets, W.C. (2008) A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: Implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry, 13, 829, 833-857.
157. Phillips, M.L. (2003) Understanding the neurobiology of emotion perception: Implications for psychiatry. Br. J. Psychiatry, 182, 190-192.
158. Drevets, W.C., Price, J.L., Simpson, J.R. Jr et al. (1997) Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature, 386, 824-827.
159. Drevets, W.C. and Raichle, M.E. (1998) Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cognition Emotion, 12, 353-385.
160. Hager, F., Volz, H.P., Gaser, C. et al. (1998) Challenging the anterior attentional system with a continuous performance task: A functional magnetic resonance imaging approach. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 248, 161-170.
161. Bush, G., Whalen, P.J., Rosen, B.R. et al. (1998) The counting stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging- validation study with functional MRI. Hum. Brain Mapp., 6, 270-282.
162. Blumberg,H.P.,Donegan,N.H., Sanislow,C.A. et al. (2005) Preliminary evidence for medication effects on functional abnormalities in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 183, 308-313.
163. McClure, E.B., Treland, J.E., Snow, J. et al. (2005) Deficits in social cognition and response flexibility in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 162, 1644-1651.