Charge carrier dynamics in organic semiconductors and their donor-acceptor composites: Numerical modeling of time-resolved photocurrent

Journal of Applied Physics

Volumn 114, Issue 9, 2013, Pages

  Johnson, Brian ^a   Kendrick, Mark J ^a   Ostroverkhova, Oksana ^a  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCEPTOR CONCENTRATIONS; CHARGE CARRIER DYNAMICS; CHARGE CARRIER GENERATION; CHARGE CARRIER PHOTOGENERATION; CHARGE PHOTOGENERATION; PHOTOGENERATED CHARGE CARRIERS; RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION; TRANSIENT PHOTOCURRENTS;

CARRIER MOBILITY; EFFICIENCY; ELECTRIC FIELDS; EXCITONS; PHOTOCURRENTS; SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; TIME MEASUREMENT;

NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS;

EID: 84884936357     PISSN: 00218979     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1063/1.4820259     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. A. J. Heeger, Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 2354 (2010). 10.1039/b914956m
2. I. D. W. Samuel and G. A. Turnbull, Chem. Rev. 107, 1272 (2007). 10.1021/cr050152i
3. Y. Kim, M. Ballarotto, D. Park, M. Du, W. Cao, C. H. Lee, W. N. Herman, and D. B. Romero, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 193510 (2007). 10.1063/1.2809410
4. S. Moller, S. Forrest, C. Perlov, W. Jackson, and C. Taussig, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 7811 (2003). 10.1063/1.1627482
5. O. Ostroverkhova and W. E. Moerner, Chem. Rev. 104, 3267 (2004). 10.1021/cr960055c
6. B. Walker, C. Kim, and T.-Q. Nguyen, Chem. Mater. 23, 470 (2011). 10.1021/cm102189g
7. Y. Sun, G. C. Welch, W. L. Leong, C. J. Takacs, G. C. Bazan, and A. J. Heeger, Nature Mater. 11, 44 (2012). 10.1038/nmat3160
8. A. Mishra and P. Bäuerle, Ang. Chem. 124, 2060 (2012). 10.1002/ange.201102326
9. A. A. Bakulin, A. Rao, V. G. Pavelyev, P. H. M. van Loosdrecht, M. S. Pshenichnikov, D. Niedzialek, J. Cornil, D. Beljonne, and R. H. Friend, Science 335, 1340 (2012). 10.1126/science.1217745
10. S. Singh, B. Pandit, T. P. Basel, S. Li, D. Laird, and Z. V. Vardeny, Phys. Rev. B 85, 205206 (2012). 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205206
11. G. Sliaužys, K. Arlauskas, and V. Gulbinas, Phys. Status Solidi A 209, 1302 (2012). 10.1002/pssa.201127512
12. P. E. Schwenn, K. Gui, Y. Zhang, P. L. Burn, P. Meredith, and B. J. Powell, Org. Electron. 13, 2538 (2012). 10.1016/j.orgel.2012.07.008
13. G. Grancini, M. Maiuri, D. Fazzi, A. Petrozza, H.-J. Egelhaaf, D. Brida, G. Cerullo, and G. Lanzani, Nature Mater. 12, 29 (2012). 10.1038/nmat3502
14. K. Aryanpour, D. Psiachos, and S. Mazumdar, Phys. Rev. B 81, 085407 (2010). 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.085407
15. M. Mingebach, S. Walter, V. Dyakonov, and C. Deibel, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 193302 (2012). 10.1063/1.4711849
16. R. D. Pensack and J. B. Asbury, Chem. Phys. Lett. 515, 197 (2011). 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.07.002
17. F. Etzold, I. A. Howard, R. Mauer, M. Meister, T.-D. Kim, K.-S. Lee, N. S. Baek, and F. Laquai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 9469 (2011). 10.1021/ja201837e
18. M. A. Faist, T. Kirchartz, W. Gong, R. S. Ashraf, I. McCulloch, J. C. de Mello, N. J. Ekins-Daukes, D. D. C. Bradley, and J. Nelson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 685 (2012). 10.1021/ja210029w
19. A. E. Jailaubekov, A. P. Willard, J. R. Tritsch, W.-L. Chan, N. Sai, R. Gearba, L. G. Kaake, K. J. Williams, K. Leung, P. J. Rossky, and X.-Y. Zhu, Nature Mater. 12, 66 (2013). 10.1038/nmat3500
20. S. D. Dimitrov, A. A. Bakulin, C. B. Nielsen, B. C. Schroeder, J. Du, H. Bronstein, I. McCulloch, R. H. Friend, and J. R. Durrant, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 18189 (2012). 10.1021/ja308177d
21. A. A. Bakulin, S. D. Dimitrov, A. Rao, P. C. Y. Chow, C. B. Nielsen, B. C. Schroeder, I. McCulloch, H. J. Bakker, J. R. Durrant, and R. H. Friend, J. Phys. Chem. Lett 4, 209 (2013). 10.1021/jz301883y
22. W. Zhang, Y.-W. Wang, R. Hu, L.-M. Fu, X.-C. Ai, J.-P. Zhang, and J.-H. Hou, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 735 (2013). 10.1021/jp308442t
23. G. Ren, C. W. Schlenker, E. Ahmed, S. Subramaniyan, S. Olthof, A. Kahn, D. S. Ginger, and S. A. Jenekhe, Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 1238 (2013). 10.1002/adfm.201201470
24. D. H. K. Murthy, M. Gao, M. J. W. Vermeulen, L. D. A. Siebbeles, and T. J. Savenije, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 9214 (2012). 10.1021/jp3007014
25. T. W. Holcombe, J. E. Norton, J. Rivnay, C. H. Woo, L. Goris, C. Piliego, G. Griffini, A. Sellinger, J.-L. Bredas, A. Salleo, and J. M. J. Frechet, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 12106 (2011). 10.1021/ja203235z
26. L. G. Kaake, J. J. Jasieniak, R. C. Bakus, G. C. Welch, D. Moses, G. C. Bazan, and A. J. Heeger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 19828 (2012). 10.1021/ja308949m
27. M. J. Kendrick, A. Neunzert, M. M. Payne, B. Purushothaman, B. D. Rose, J. E. Anthony, M. M. Haley, and O. Ostroverkhova, J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 18108 (2012). 10.1021/jp305913s
28. D. Credgington, F. C. Jamieson, B. Walker, T.-Q. Nguyen, and J. R. Durrant, Adv. Mater. 24, 2135 (2012). 10.1002/adma.201104738
29. R. Fitzner, C. Elschner, M. Weil, C. Uhrich, C. Koerner, M. Riede, K. Leo, M. Pfeiffer, E. Reinold, E. Mena-Osteritz, and P. Baeuerle, Adv. Mater. 24, 675 (2012). 10.1002/adma.201104439
30. Y. S. Chung, N. Shin, J. Kang, Y. Jo, V. M. Prabhu, S. K. Satija, R. J. Kline, D. M. DeLongchamp, M. F. Toney, M. A. Loth, B. Purushothaman, J. E. Anthony, and D. Y. Yoon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 412 (2011). 10.1021/ja108772q
31. Y.-F. Lim, Y. Shu, S. R. Parkin, J. E. Anthony, and G. G. Malliaras, J. Mater. Chem. 19, 3049 (2009). 10.1039/b818693f
32. S. K. Park, D. A. Mourey, S. Subramanian, J. E. Anthony, and T. N. Jackson, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 043301 (2008). 10.1063/1.2952769
33. A. D. Platt, J. Day, S. Subramanian, J. E. Anthony, and O. Ostroverkhova, J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 14006 (2009). 10.1021/jp904021p
34. S. K. Park, T. N. Jackson, J. E. Anthony, and D. A. Mourey, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 063514 (2007). 10.1063/1.2768934
35. J. E. Anthony, Chem. Rev. 106, 5028 (2006). 10.1021/cr050966z
36. H. van Eersel, R. A. J. Janssen, and M. Kemerink, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 2700 (2012). 10.1002/adfm.201200249
37. M. C. Heiber and A. Dhinojwala, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 014903 (2012). 10.1063/1.4731698
38. J. Nelson, Phys. Rev. B 67, 155209 (2003). 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.155209
39. C. Soci, D. Moses, Q.-H. Xu, and A. Heeger, Phys. Rev. B 72, 245204 (2005). 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.245204
40. L. Kulikovsky, D. Neher, E. Mecher, K. Meerholz, H.-H. Hörhold, and O. Ostroverkhova, Phys. Rev. B 69, 125216 (2004). 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.125216
41. O. Ostroverkhova and K. D. Singer, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 1727 (2002). 10.1063/1.1491279
42. I. Hwang, C. R. McNeill, and N. C. Greenham, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 094506 (2009). 10.1063/1.3247547
43. J.-T. Shieh, C.-H. Liu, H.-F. Meng, S.-R. Tseng, Y.-C. Chao, and S.-F. Horng, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 084503 (2010). 10.1063/1.3327210
44. L. Koster, E. Smits, V. Mihailetchi, and P. Blom, Phys. Rev. B 72, 085205 (2005). 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.085205
45. T. Kirchartz, B. E. Pieters, K. Taretto, and U. Rau, Phys. Rev. B 80, 035334 (2009). 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.035334
46. A. Petersen, A. Ojala, T. Kirchartz, T. Wagner, F. Würthner, and U. Rau, Phys. Rev. B 85, 245208 (2012). 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.245208
47. W. E. B. Shepherd, A. D. Platt, M. J. Kendrick, M. A. Loth, J. E. Anthony, and O. Ostroverkhova, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 362 (2011). 10.1021/jz101698q
48. W. E. B. Shepherd, A. D. Platt, D. Hofer, O. Ostroverkhova, M. Loth, and J. E. Anthony, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 163303 (2010). 10.1063/1.3505493
49. Y. Shang, Q. Li, L. Meng, D. Wang, and Z. Shuai, Theor. Chem. Acc. 129, 291 (2011). 10.1007/s00214-011-0924-x
50. K. Maturova, M. Kemerink, M. M. Wienk, D. S. H. Charrier, and R. A. J. Janssen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 1379 (2009). 10.1002/adfm.200801283
51. C. Deibel, A. Wagenpfahl, and V. Dyakonov, Phys. Status Solidi (RRL) 2, 175 (2008). 10.1002/pssr.200802110
52. E. Knapp, R. Häusermann, H. U. Schwarzenbach, and B. Ruhstaller, J. Appl. Phys. 108, 054504 (2010). 10.1063/1.3475505
53. W. Tress, K. Leo, and M. Riede, Phys. Rev. B 85, 155201 (2012). 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.155201
54. J. Day, S. Subramanian, J. E. Anthony, Z. Lu, R. J. Twieg, and O. Ostroverkhova, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 123715 (2008). 10.1063/1.2946453
55. J. Day, A. D. Platt, S. Subramanian, J. E. Anthony, and O. Ostroverkhova, J. Appl. Phys. 105, 103703 (2009). 10.1063/1.3129693
56. V. Arkhipov, E. Emelianova, and H. Bässler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1321 (1999). 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1321
57. J. D. Servaites, B. M. Savoie, J. B. Brink, T. J. Marks, and M. A. Ratner, Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 8343 (2012). 10.1039/c2ee21376a
58. A. Platt, M. Kendrick, M. Loth, J. Anthony, and O. Ostroverkhova, Phys. Rev. B 84, 235209 (2011). 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.235209
59. C. Braun, J. Chem. Phys. 80, 4157 (1984). 10.1063/1.447243
60. K. Falkowski, W. Stampor, P. Grygiel, and W. Tomaszewicz, Chem. Phys. 392, 122 (2012). 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.10.032
61. V. I. Arkhipov and H. Bässler, in Physics of Organic Semiconductors, edited by, W. Brütting, (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, 2005).
62. J. Kalinowski, W. Stampor, and P. G. Di Marco, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 4136 (1992). 10.1063/1.461869
63. D. Wehenkel, L. Koster, M. Wienk, and R. Janssen, Phys. Rev. B 85, 125203 (2012). 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.125203
64. G. Malliaras and J. Scott, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 5399 (1998). 10.1063/1.367369
65. See supplementary material at http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4820259 E-JAPIAU-114-057334 for details of the fitting process, the calculation of initial conditions, exciton time-resolved dynamics, and simulated dependence of the photocurrent dynamics on trap-assisted recombination.
66. S. Lacic and O. Inganäs, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 124901 (2005). 10.1063/1.1931038
67. J. Scott and G. Malliaras, Chem. Phys. Lett. 299, 115 (1999). 10.1016/S0009-2614(98)01277-9
68. S. G. Johnson, The NLOPT non-linear optimization package, version 2.3, 2012, see www.ab-initio.mit.edu/nlopt.
69. T. Runarsson and X. Yao, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man. Cybern., Part C Appl. Rev. 35, 233 (2005). 10.1109/TSMCC.2004.841906
70. M. J. D. Powell, in Advances in Optimization and Numerical Analysis, edited by, S. Gomex, and, J.-P. Hennart, (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1994), p. 51.
71. D. J. Gundlach, J. E. Royer, S. K. Park, S. Subramanian, O. D. Jurchescu, B. H. Hamadani, A. J. Moad, R. J. Kline, L. C. Teague, O. Kirillov, C. A. Richter, J. G. Kushmerick, L. J. Richter, S. R. Parkin, T. N. Jackson, and J. E. Anthony, Nature Mater. 7, 216 (2008). 10.1038/nmat2122
72. S. Gorgolis, A. Giannopoulou, and P. Kounavis, J. Appl. Phys. 113, 123102 (2013). 10.1063/1.4795807
73. O. Kwon, V. Coropceanu, N. E. Gruhn, J. C. Durivage, J. G. Laquindanum, H. E. Katz, J. Cornil, and J. L. Bredas, J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8186 (2004). 10.1063/1.1689636
74. C. K. Renshaw, J. D. Zimmerman, B. E. Lassiter, and S. R. Forrest, Phys. Rev. B 86, 085324 (2012). 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.085324
75. J. Kniepert, M. Schubert, J. C. Blakesley, and D. Neher, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 700 (2011). 10.1021/jz200155b
76. F. C. Jamieson, T. Agostinelli, H. Azimi, J. Nelson, and J. R. Durrant, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1, 3306 (2010). 10.1021/jz1013517
77. P. Miranda, D. Moses, and A. Heeger, Phys. Rev. B 64, 081201 (2001). 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.081201
78. O. Ostroverkhova, D. Cooke, S. Shcherbyna, R. Egerton, F. Hegmann, R. Tykwinski, and J. Anthony, Phys. Rev. B 71, 035204 (2005). 10.1103/PhysRevB.71. 035204
79. O. Ostroverkhova, D. G. Cooke, F. A. Hegmann, R. R. Tykwinski, S. R. Parkin, and J. E. Anthony, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 192113 (2006). 10.1063/1.2387135
80. H. Liang, W. Cao, M. Du, Y. Kim, W. Herman, and C. Lee, Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 292 (2006). 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.11.071
81. D. Moses, C. Soci, X. Chi, and A. Ramirez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 067401 (2006). 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.067401
82. J. Day, A. D. Platt, O. Ostroverkhova, S. Subramanian, and J. E. Anthony, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 013306 (2009). 10.1063/1.3062850
83. J.-F. Glowe, M. Perrin, D. Beljonne, S. C. Hayes, F. Gardebien, and C. Silva, Phys. Rev. B 81, 041201 (2010). 10.1103/PhysRevB.81.041201
84. O. Ostroverkhova, in Organic Electronics: Emerging Concepts and Technologies, edited by, F. Cicoira, and, C. Santato, (Wiley-VCH, 2013).