메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue JUL, 2013, Pages

Is abeta a sufficient biomarker for monitoring anti-abeta clinical studies? A critical review

Author keywords

CSF; Dementia; Mode of action; Passive immunization; Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics; Plasma increase; Regulatory strategy; Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; BAPINEUZUMAB; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CRENEZUMAB; PLACEBO; SOLANEZUMAB;

EID: 84883544430     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16634365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00025     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 84863693043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An effector-reduced anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody with unique Aβ binding properties promotes neuroprotection and glial engulfment of Aβ
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4742-11.2012
    • Adolfsson, O., Pihlgren, M., Toni, N., Varisco, Y., Buccarello, A. L., Antoniello, K., et al. (2012). An effector-reduced anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) antibody with unique Aβ binding properties promotes neuroprotection and glial engulfment of Aβ. J. Neurosci. 32, 9677-9689. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4742-11.2012
    • (2012) J. Neurosci. , vol.32 , pp. 9677-9689
    • Adolfsson, O.1    Pihlgren, M.2    Toni, N.3    Varisco, Y.4    Buccarello, A.L.5    Antoniello, K.6
  • 2
    • 77951975748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural conversion of neurotoxic amyloid-beta(1-42) oligomers to fibrils
    • doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1799
    • Ahmed, M., Davis, J., Aucoin, D., Sato, T., Ahuja, S., Aimoto, S., et al. (2010). Structural conversion of neurotoxic amyloid-beta(1-42) oligomers to fibrils. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 561-567. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1799
    • (2010) Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 561-567
    • Ahmed, M.1    Davis, J.2    Aucoin, D.3    Sato, T.4    Ahuja, S.5    Aimoto, S.6
  • 3
    • 77952771512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Alzheimer Report 2009
    • Alzheimer's Disease International. Available online at:
    • Alzheimer's Disease International. (2009). World Alzheimer Report 2009. Available online at: http://www.alz.co.uk/research/world-report
    • (2009)
  • 4
    • 27644493692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globular amyloid beta-peptide oligomer a homogenous and stable neuropathological protein in Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03407.x
    • Barghorn, S., Nimmrich, V., Striebinger, A., Krantz, C., Keller, P., Janson, B., et al. (2005). Globular amyloid beta-peptide oligomer a homogenous and stable neuropathological protein in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurochem. 95, 834-847. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03407.x
    • (2005) J. Neurochem. , vol.95 , pp. 834-847
    • Barghorn, S.1    Nimmrich, V.2    Striebinger, A.3    Krantz, C.4    Keller, P.5    Janson, B.6
  • 5
    • 19944430290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of beta-amyloid reductions in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma of beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor
    • doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.075408
    • Barten, D. M., Guss, V. L., Corsa, J. A., Loo, A., Hansel, S. B., Zheng, M., et al. (2005). Dynamics of beta-amyloid reductions in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma of beta-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice treated with a gamma-secretase inhibitor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312, 635-643. doi: 10.1124/jpet.104.075408
    • (2005) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.312 , pp. 635-643
    • Barten, D.M.1    Guss, V.L.2    Corsa, J.A.3    Loo, A.4    Hansel, S.B.5    Zheng, M.6
  • 6
    • 84857642949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The toxic Abeta oligomer and Alzheimer's disease: an emperor in need of clothes
    • doi: 10.1038/nn.3028
    • Benilova, I., Karran, E., and De Strooper, B. (2012). The toxic Abeta oligomer and Alzheimer's disease: an emperor in need of clothes. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 349-357. doi: 10.1038/nn.3028
    • (2012) Nat. Neurosci. , vol.15 , pp. 349-357
    • Benilova, I.1    Karran, E.2    De Strooper, B.3
  • 7
    • 22144462135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxic protein oligomers what you see is not always what you get
    • doi: 10.1080/13506120500106958
    • Bitan, G., Fradinger, E. A., Spring, S. M., and Teplow, D. B. (2005). Neurotoxic protein oligomers what you see is not always what you get. Amyloid 12, 88-95. doi: 10.1080/13506120500106958
    • (2005) Amyloid , vol.12 , pp. 88-95
    • Bitan, G.1    Fradinger, E.A.2    Spring, S.M.3    Teplow, D.B.4
  • 8
    • 77949423619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease
    • doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.4
    • Blennow, K., Hampel, H., Weiner, M., and Zetterberg, H. (2010). Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 6, 131-144. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.4
    • (2010) Nat. Rev. Neurol. , vol.6 , pp. 131-144
    • Blennow, K.1    Hampel, H.2    Weiner, M.3    Zetterberg, H.4
  • 9
    • 84863750982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of immunotherapy with bapineuzumab on cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer Disease
    • doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.90
    • Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Rinne, J. O., Salloway, S., Wei, J., Black, R., et al. (2012). Effect of immunotherapy with bapineuzumab on cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer Disease. Arch. Neurol. 69, 1002-1010. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.90
    • (2012) Arch. Neurol. , vol.69 , pp. 1002-1010
    • Blennow, K.1    Zetterberg, H.2    Rinne, J.O.3    Salloway, S.4    Wei, J.5    Black, R.6
  • 10
    • 79951761390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The culprit behind amyloid beta peptide related neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease: oligomer size or conformation
    • doi: 10.1186/alzrt36
    • Broersen, K., Rousseau, F., and Schymkowitz, J. (2010). The culprit behind amyloid beta peptide related neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease: oligomer size or conformation. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2, 12. doi: 10.1186/alzrt36
    • (2010) Alzheimers Res. Ther. , vol.2 , pp. 12
    • Broersen, K.1    Rousseau, F.2    Schymkowitz, J.3
  • 11
    • 0034668139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitation of amyloid-beta peptides in biological milieu using a novel homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay
    • doi: 10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00280-6
    • Clarke, E. E., and Shearman, M. S. (2000). Quantitation of amyloid-beta peptides in biological milieu using a novel homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay. J. Neurosci. Methods 102, 61-68. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0270(00)00280-6
    • (2000) J. Neurosci. Methods , vol.102 , pp. 61-68
    • Clarke, E.E.1    Shearman, M.S.2
  • 12
    • 0037703255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain
    • doi: 10.1038/nm890
    • Deane, R., Du Yan, S., Submamaryan, R. K., LaRue, B., Jovanovic, S., Hogg, E., et al. (2003). RAGE mediates amyloid-beta peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and accumulation in brain. Nat. Med. 9, 907-913. doi: 10.1038/nm890
    • (2003) Nat. Med. , vol.9 , pp. 907-913
    • Deane, R.1    Du Yan, S.2    Submamaryan, R.K.3    LaRue, B.4    Jovanovic, S.5    Hogg, E.6
  • 13
    • 0037155581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain to plasma amyloid-β efflux: a measure of brain amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1067568
    • DeMattos, R. B., Bales, K. R., Cummins, D. J., Paul, S. M., and Holtzman, D. M. (2002). Brain to plasma amyloid-β efflux: a measure of brain amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Science 295, 2264-2267. doi: 10.1126/science.1067568
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2264-2267
    • DeMattos, R.B.1    Bales, K.R.2    Cummins, D.J.3    Paul, S.M.4    Holtzman, D.M.5
  • 14
    • 84861409553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: biological aspects, therapeutic perspectives and diagnostic tools
    • doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/24/244102
    • Di Carlo, M., Giacomazza, D., and San Biagio, P. L. (2012). Alzheimer's disease: biological aspects, therapeutic perspectives and diagnostic tools. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24:244102. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/24/244102
    • (2012) J. Phys. Condens. Matter , vol.24 , pp. 244102
    • Di Carlo, M.1    Giacomazza, D.2    San Biagio, P.L.3
  • 15
    • 34447322271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria
    • doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3
    • Dubois, B., Feldman, H., Jacova, C., Dekosky, S., Barberger-Gateau, P., Cummings, J., et al. (2007). Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet 6, 734-746. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70178-3
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.6 , pp. 734-746
    • Dubois, B.1    Feldman, H.2    Jacova, C.3    Dekosky, S.4    Barberger-Gateau, P.5    Cummings, J.6
  • 17
    • 84883494626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Medicines Agency., Available online at: (Accessed March 3, 2013)
    • European Medicines Agency. (2011b). First Clinical Biomarker Qualification Released for Public Consultation. Available online at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2011/02/news_detail_001207.jspandmid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1. (Accessed March 3, 2013).
    • (2011) First Clinical Biomarker Qualification Released for Public Consultation
  • 19
    • 33644832047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans
    • doi: 10.1002/ana.20730
    • Fagan, A. M., Mintun, M. A., Mach, R. H., Lee, S.-Y., Dence, C. S., Shah, A. R., et al. (2006). Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans. Ann. Neurol. 59, 512-519. doi: 10.1002/ana.20730
    • (2006) Ann. Neurol. , vol.59 , pp. 512-519
    • Fagan, A.M.1    Mintun, M.A.2    Mach, R.H.3    Lee, S.-Y.4    Dence, C.S.5    Shah, A.R.6
  • 20
    • 84865481319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upcoming candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.2217/bmm.12.42
    • Fagan, A. M., and Perrin, R. J. (2012). Upcoming candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Biomark. Med. 6, 455-476. doi: 10.2217/bmm.12.42
    • (2012) Biomark. Med. , vol.6 , pp. 455-476
    • Fagan, A.M.1    Perrin, R.J.2
  • 21
    • 84863221661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and biomarker effects of solanezumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.09.224
    • Farlow, M., Arnold, S. E., Van Dyck, C. H., Aisen, P. S., Snider, B. J., Porsteinsson, A. P., et al. (2012). Safety and biomarker effects of solanezumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Dement. 8, 261-271. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.09.224
    • (2012) Alzheimer's Dement. , vol.8 , pp. 261-271
    • Farlow, M.1    Arnold, S.E.2    Van Dyck, C.H.3    Aisen, P.S.4    Snider, B.J.5    Porsteinsson, A.P.6
  • 22
    • 84881296858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA Approves Imaging Drug Amyvid
    • Food and Drug Administration. Available online at: (Accessed January 30, 2013)
    • Food and Drug Administration. (2012a). FDA Approves Imaging Drug Amyvid. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm299678.htm. (Accessed January 30, 2013).
    • (2012)
  • 23
    • 84883536855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FY 2012 Innovative Drug Approvals
    • Food and Drug Administration. Available online at: (Accessed March 27, 2013)
    • Food and Drug Administration. (2012b). FY 2012 Innovative Drug Approvals. Available online at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/aboutfda/reportsmanualsforms/reports/ucm330859.pdf. (Accessed March 27, 2013).
    • (2012)
  • 24
    • 67149145265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of Amyloid-beta aggregates in body fluids: a suitable method for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.2174/156720509788486536
    • Funke, S. A., Birkmann, E., and Willbold, D. (2009). Detection of Amyloid-beta aggregates in body fluids: a suitable method for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 6, 285-289. doi: 10.2174/156720509788486536
    • (2009) Curr. Alzheimer Res. , vol.6 , pp. 285-289
    • Funke, S.A.1    Birkmann, E.2    Willbold, D.3
  • 25
    • 0030035294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fate of cerebrospinal fluid-borne amyloid beta-peptide: rapid clearance into blood and appreciable accumulation by cerebral arteries
    • doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67020880.x
    • Ghersi-Egea, J. F., Gorevic, P. D., Ghiso, J., Frangione, B., Patlak, C. S., and Fenstermacher, J. D. (1996). Fate of cerebrospinal fluid-borne amyloid beta-peptide: rapid clearance into blood and appreciable accumulation by cerebral arteries. J. Neurochem. 67, 880-883. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67020880.x
    • (1996) J. Neurochem. , vol.67 , pp. 880-883
    • Ghersi-Egea, J.F.1    Gorevic, P.D.2    Ghiso, J.3    Frangione, B.4    Patlak, C.S.5    Fenstermacher, J.D.6
  • 26
    • 8544240891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic catabolism of Alzheimer's Abeta40 and Abeta42
    • doi: 10.1074/jbc.M407668200
    • Ghiso, J., Shayo, M., Calero, M., Ng, D., Tomidokoro, Y., Gandy, S., et al. (2004). Systemic catabolism of Alzheimer's Abeta40 and Abeta42. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45897-45908. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M407668200
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 45897-45908
    • Ghiso, J.1    Shayo, M.2    Calero, M.3    Ng, D.4    Tomidokoro, Y.5    Gandy, S.6
  • 27
    • 84883497860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Randomised, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Infusion of GSK933776 in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
    • GlaxoSmithKline. Available online at: (Accessed June 1, 2012)
    • GlaxoSmithKline. (2011). A Randomised, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intravenous Infusion of GSK933776 in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Available online at: http://www.gskclinicalstudyregister. com/result_comp_list.jsp?phase=AllandstudyType=Allandpopulation=Allandmarketing=Noandcompound=GSK933776. (Accessed June 1, 2012).
    • (2011)
  • 28
    • 33847662852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide
    • doi: 10.1038/nrm2101
    • Haass, C., and Selkoe, D. J. (2007). Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 101 -112. doi: 10.1038/nrm2101
    • (2007) Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.8
    • Haass, C.1    Selkoe, D.J.2
  • 29
    • 74149089257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of plasma Abeta40 and Abeta42 as predictors of conversion to Alzheimer' s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.03.027
    • Hansson, O., Zetterberg, H., Vanmechelen, E., Vanderstichele, H., Andreasson, U., Londos, E., et al. (2010). Evaluation of plasma Abeta40 and Abeta42 as predictors of conversion to Alzheimer' s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol. Aging 31, 357-367. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.03.027
    • (2010) Neurobiol. Aging , vol.31 , pp. 357-367
    • Hansson, O.1    Zetterberg, H.2    Vanmechelen, E.3    Vanderstichele, H.4    Andreasson, U.5    Londos, E.6
  • 30
    • 0037975676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spherical aggregates of beta-amyloid (amylospheroid) show high neurotoxicity and activate tau protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.1237107100
    • Hoshi, M., Sato, M., Matsumoto, S., Noguchi, A., Yasutake, K., Yoshida, N., et al. (2003). Spherical aggregates of beta-amyloid (amylospheroid) show high neurotoxicity and activate tau protein kinase I/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 6370-6375. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1237107100
    • (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.100 , pp. 6370-6375
    • Hoshi, M.1    Sato, M.2    Matsumoto, S.3    Noguchi, A.4    Yasutake, K.5    Yoshida, N.6
  • 31
    • 33750017850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of the brain-to-blood efflux clearance of human amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) across the rat blood-brain barrier
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.07.006
    • Ito, S., Ohtsuki, S., and Terasaki, T. (2006). Functional characterization of the brain-to-blood efflux clearance of human amyloid-beta peptide (1-40) across the rat blood-brain barrier. Neurosci. Res. 56, 246-252. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.07.006
    • (2006) Neurosci. Res. , vol.56 , pp. 246-252
    • Ito, S.1    Ohtsuki, S.2    Terasaki, T.3
  • 32
    • 84883542979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of amyloid-h peptide and Alzheimer' s disease
    • Iwata, N., Higuchi, M., and Saido, T. C. (2005). Metabolism of amyloid-h peptide and Alzheimer' s disease. Brain 108, 403-430.
    • (2005) Brain , vol.108 , pp. 403-430
    • Iwata, N.1    Higuchi, M.2    Saido, T.C.3
  • 33
    • 84883518584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Johnson & Johnson Announces Discontinuation Of Phase 3 Development of Bapineuzumab Intravenous (IV) In Mild-To-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. 2012
    • Johnson & Johnson. Available online at:,
    • Johnson & Johnson. (2012). Johnson & Johnson Announces Discontinuation Of Phase 3 Development of Bapineuzumab Intravenous (IV) In Mild-To-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. 2012. Available online at: http://www.jnj.com/connect/news/product/johnson-and-johnson-announces-discontinuation-of-phase-3- development-of-bapineuzumab-intravenous-iv-in-mild-to-moderate-alzheimers-disease
    • (2012)
  • 34
    • 0031020909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid precursor protein processing and Aβ42 deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1550
    • Johnson-Wood, K., Lee, M., Motter, R., Hu, K., Gordon, G., Barbour, R., et al. (1997). Amyloid precursor protein processing and Aβ42 deposition in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:1550. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1550
    • (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.94 , pp. 1550
    • Johnson-Wood, K.1    Lee, M.2    Motter, R.3    Hu, K.4    Gordon, G.5    Barbour, R.6
  • 35
    • 0035863055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-dependent changes in brain, CSF, and plasma amyloid (beta) protein in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
    • Kawarabayashi, T., Younkin, L. H., Saido, T. C., Shoji, M., Ashe, K. H., and Younkin, S. G. (2001). Age-dependent changes in brain, CSF, and plasma amyloid (beta) protein in the Tg2576 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurosci. 21, 372-381.
    • (2001) J. Neurosci. , vol.21 , pp. 372-381
    • Kawarabayashi, T.1    Younkin, L.H.2    Saido, T.C.3    Shoji, M.4    Ashe, K.H.5    Younkin, S.G.6
  • 36
    • 0242668337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1079469
    • Kayed, R., Head, E., Thompson, J. L., McIntire, T. M., Milton, S. C., Cotman, C. W., et al. (2003). Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis. Science 300, 486-489. doi: 10.1126/science.1079469
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 486-489
    • Kayed, R.1    Head, E.2    Thompson, J.L.3    McIntire, T.M.4    Milton, S.C.5    Cotman, C.W.6
  • 37
    • 11544279355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6448
    • Lambert, M. P., Barlow, A. K., Chromy, B. A., Edwards, C., Freed, R., Liosatos, M., et al. (1998). Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 6448-6453. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6448
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.95 , pp. 6448-6453
    • Lambert, M.P.1    Barlow, A.K.2    Chromy, B.A.3    Edwards, C.4    Freed, R.5    Liosatos, M.6
  • 38
    • 33645038471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory
    • doi: 10.1038/nature04533
    • Lesne, S., Koh, M. T., Kotilinek, L., Kayed, R., Glabe, C. G., Yang, A., et al. (2006). A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature 440, 352-357. doi: 10.1038/nature04533
    • (2006) Nature , vol.440 , pp. 352-357
    • Lesne, S.1    Koh, M.T.2    Kotilinek, L.3    Kayed, R.4    Glabe, C.G.5    Yang, A.6
  • 39
    • 84872718308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lilly Announces Detailed Results of the Phase 3 Solanezumab Expedition Studies Following a Presentation of the Independent Analyses by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS)
    • Available online at:
    • Lilly, E. (2012). Lilly Announces Detailed Results of the Phase 3 Solanezumab Expedition Studies Following a Presentation of the Independent Analyses by the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (ADCS). Available online at: http://newsroom.lilly.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=702211
    • (2012)
    • Lilly, E.1
  • 40
    • 84883530008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indipendent Analysis of Solanezumab Provides Evidence that Compound may remove Amyloid from Brain in Alzheimer's Disease
    • Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease (Press Release). Available online at: (Accessed November 5, 2012)
    • Matthews, G., and Bader, V. (2012). Indipendent Analysis of Solanezumab Provides Evidence that Compound may remove Amyloid from Brain in Alzheimer's Disease. Clinical Trials on Alzheimer's Disease (Press Release). Available online at: http://www.ctad.fr/07-download/Congres2012/PressRelease/Sola- Release_29Oct2012.pdf. (Accessed November 5, 2012).
    • (2012)
    • Matthews, G.1    Bader, V.2
  • 41
    • 84879022469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunotherapy with anti-Amyloid-beta antibodies in Alzheimer's disease: a critical review on the molecules in the pipelines with regulatory considerations
    • ed A. U. Rahman (Oak Park: Bentham Science Publishers)
    • Mavoungou, C., and Schindowski, K. (2013). "Immunotherapy with anti-Amyloid-beta antibodies in Alzheimer's disease: a critical review on the molecules in the pipelines with regulatory considerations," in Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders, Vol. 1, ed A. U. Rahman (Oak Park: Bentham Science Publishers), 3-85.
    • (2013) Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research - Alzheimer Disorders , vol.1 , pp. 3-85
    • Mavoungou, C.1    Schindowski, K.2
  • 42
    • 77951928742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate-stable abeta dimers is strongly associated with alzheimer-type dementia
    • McDonald, J. M., Savva, G. M., Brayne, C., Welzel, A. T., Forster, G., Shankar, G. M., et al. (2010). The presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate-stable abeta dimers is strongly associated with alzheimer-type dementia. Brain J. Neurol. 133, 1328-1341.
    • (2010) Brain J. Neurol. , vol.133 , pp. 1328-1341
    • McDonald, J.M.1    Savva, G.M.2    Brayne, C.3    Welzel, A.T.4    Forster, G.5    Shankar, G.M.6
  • 43
    • 84874431342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Globular and protofibrillar Aβ aggregates impair neurotransmission by different mechanisms
    • doi: 10.1021/bi3016444
    • Moreth, J., Kroker, K. S., Schwanzar, D., Schnack, C., Von Arnim, C. A. F., Hengerer, B., et al. (2013). Globular and protofibrillar Aβ aggregates impair neurotransmission by different mechanisms. Biochemistry 52, 1466-1476. doi: 10.1021/bi3016444
    • (2013) Biochemistry , vol.52 , pp. 1466-1476
    • Moreth, J.1    Kroker, K.S.2    Schwanzar, D.3    Schnack, C.4    Von Arnim, C.A.F.5    Hengerer, B.6
  • 44
    • 78049326855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid beta-protein dimers rapidly form stable synaptotoxic protofibrils
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3537-10.2010
    • O'Nuallain, B., Freir, D. B., Nicoll, A. J., Risse, E., Ferguson, N., Herron, C. E., et al. (2010). Amyloid beta-protein dimers rapidly form stable synaptotoxic protofibrils. J. Neurosci. 30, 14411-14419. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3537-10.2010
    • (2010) J. Neurosci. , vol.30 , pp. 14411-14419
    • O'Nuallain, B.1    Freir, D.B.2    Nicoll, A.J.3    Risse, E.4    Ferguson, N.5    Herron, C.E.6
  • 46
    • 84883531613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pfizer Pipeline our Medicines in Development
    • Pfizer. Available online at: (Accessed March 27, 2013)
    • Pfizer. (2013). Pfizer Pipeline our Medicines in Development. Available online at: http://www.pfizer.com/research/product_pipeline/product_pipeline.jsp. (Accessed March 27, 2013).
    • (2013)
  • 47
    • 80051665699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive effects of cell-derived and synthetically derived Abeta oligomers
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.11.007
    • Reed, M. N., Hofmeister, J. J., Jungbauer, L., Welzel, A. T., Yu, C., Sherman, M. A., et al. (2011). Cognitive effects of cell-derived and synthetically derived Abeta oligomers. Neurobiol. Aging 32, 1784-1794. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.11.007
    • (2011) Neurobiol. Aging , vol.32 , pp. 1784-1794
    • Reed, M.N.1    Hofmeister, J.J.2    Jungbauer, L.3    Welzel, A.T.4    Yu, C.5    Sherman, M.A.6
  • 48
    • 34948888151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearance of amyloid-beta by circulating lipoprotein receptors
    • doi: 10.1038/nm1635
    • Sagare, A., Deane, R., Bell, R. D., Johnson, B., Hamm, K., Pendu, R., et al. (2007). Clearance of amyloid-beta by circulating lipoprotein receptors. Nat. Med. 13, 1029 -1031. doi: 10.1038/nm1635
    • (2007) Nat. Med. , vol.13
    • Sagare, A.1    Deane, R.2    Bell, R.D.3    Johnson, B.4    Hamm, K.5    Pendu, R.6
  • 49
    • 73349091534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease
    • doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c67808
    • Salloway, S., Sperling, R., Gilman, S., Fox, N. C., Blennow, K., Raskind, M., et al. (2009). A phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Neurology 73, 2061-2070. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c67808
    • (2009) Neurology , vol.73 , pp. 2061-2070
    • Salloway, S.1    Sperling, R.2    Gilman, S.3    Fox, N.C.4    Blennow, K.5    Raskind, M.6
  • 50
    • 84885861317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous bapineuzumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease who are apolipoprotein E β 4 non-carriers
    • Salloway, S., Sperling, R., Honig, L., Porsteinsson, A., Sabbagh, M., Liu, E., et al. (2012). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous bapineuzumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease who are apolipoprotein E β 4 non-carriers. Eur. J. Neurol. 19, SC312.
    • (2012) Eur. J. Neurol. , vol.19
    • Salloway, S.1    Sperling, R.2    Honig, L.3    Porsteinsson, A.4    Sabbagh, M.5    Liu, E.6
  • 51
    • 0035066332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy
    • Selkoe, D. J. (2001). Alzheimer's disease: genes, proteins, and therapy. Physiol. Rev. 81, 741-766.
    • (2001) Physiol. Rev. , vol.81 , pp. 741-766
    • Selkoe, D.J.1
  • 52
    • 49149124343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid-beta protein dimers isolated directly from Alzheimer's brains impair synaptic plasticity and memory
    • doi: 10.1038/nm1782
    • Shankar, G. M., Li, S., Mehta, T. H., Garcia-Munoz, A., Shepardson, N. E., Smith, I., et al. (2008). Amyloid-beta protein dimers isolated directly from Alzheimer's brains impair synaptic plasticity and memory. Nat. Med. 14, 837-842. doi: 10.1038/nm1782
    • (2008) Nat. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 837-842
    • Shankar, G.M.1    Li, S.2    Mehta, T.H.3    Garcia-Munoz, A.4    Shepardson, N.E.5    Smith, I.6
  • 53
    • 0034521392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-ss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier
    • doi: 10.1172/JCI10498
    • Shibata, M., Yamada, S., Kumar, S. R., Calero, M., Bading, J., Frangione, B., et al. (2000). Clearance of Alzheimer's amyloid-ss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier. J. Clin. Invest. 106, 1489-1499. doi: 10.1172/JCI10498
    • (2000) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.106 , pp. 1489-1499
    • Shibata, M.1    Yamada, S.2    Kumar, S.R.3    Calero, M.4    Bading, J.5    Frangione, B.6
  • 54
    • 84885861317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous bapineuzumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease who are apolipoprotein E β 4 carriers
    • Sperling, R., Salloway, S., Raskind, M., Ferris, S., Liu, E., Yuen, E., et al. (2012). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous bapineuzumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease who are apolipoprotein E β 4 carriers. Eur. J. Neurol. 19, SC3012.
    • (2012) Eur. J. Neurol. , vol.19
    • Sperling, R.1    Salloway, S.2    Raskind, M.3    Ferris, S.4    Liu, E.5    Yuen, E.6
  • 55
    • 84883513156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CTAD (2012) in Monte Carlo: Getting Preclinical Trials Ship Shape
    • Available online at:(Accessed January 14, 2013)
    • Strobel, G., and Bowman Rogers, M. (2012). CTAD (2012) in Monte Carlo: Getting Preclinical Trials Ship Shape. Alzheimer Research Forum. Available online at: http://www.alzforum.org/new/pdf/CTAD2012.pdf. (Accessed January 14, 2013).
    • (2012) Alzheimer Research Forum
    • Strobel, G.1    Bowman Rogers, M.2
  • 56
    • 33746650412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease and the aging brain
    • doi: 10.1177/0891988706291079
    • Terry, R. D. (2006). Alzheimer's disease and the aging brain. J. Geriatric Psychiatry Neurol. 19, 125-128. doi: 10.1177/0891988706291079
    • (2006) J. Geriatric Psychiatry Neurol. , vol.19 , pp. 125-128
    • Terry, R.D.1
  • 58
    • 34248190279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A beta oligomers - a decade of discovery
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04426.x
    • Walsh, D. M., and Selkoe, D. J. (2007). A beta oligomers - a decade of discovery. J. Neurochem. 101, 1172-1184. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04426.x
    • (2007) J. Neurochem. , vol.101 , pp. 1172-1184
    • Walsh, D.M.1    Selkoe, D.J.2
  • 59
    • 14944378094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Certain inhibitors of synthetic amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) fibrillogenesis block oligomerization of natural Abeta and thereby rescue long-term potentiation
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4391- 04.2005
    • Walsh, D. M., Townsend, M., Podlisny, M. B., Shankar, G. M., Fadeeva, J. V., El Agnaf, O., et al. (2005). Certain inhibitors of synthetic amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) fibrillogenesis block oligomerization of natural Abeta and thereby rescue long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 25, 2455-2462. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4391- 04.2005
    • (2005) J. Neurosci. , vol.25 , pp. 2455-2462
    • Walsh, D.M.1    Townsend, M.2    Podlisny, M.B.3    Shankar, G.M.4    Fadeeva, J.V.5    El Agnaf, O.6
  • 60
    • 49149095666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is plasma amyloid-beta a reliable biomarker for Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.2174/157488908784534595
    • Zetterberg, H. (2008). Is plasma amyloid-beta a reliable biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Recent Pat. CNS Drug Discov. 3, 109-111. doi: 10.2174/157488908784534595
    • (2008) Recent Pat. CNS Drug Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 109-111
    • Zetterberg, H.1
  • 61
    • 71849099881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amyloid beta and APP as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease
    • doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.08.002
    • Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., and Hanse, E. (2010). Amyloid beta and APP as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Gerontol. 45, 23-29. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.08.002
    • (2010) Exp. Gerontol. , vol.45 , pp. 23-29
    • Zetterberg, H.1    Blennow, K.2    Hanse, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.