A review of potassium channels in bipolar disorder

Frontiers in Genetics

Volumn 4, Issue JUN, 2013, Pages

  Judy, Jennifer T ^a   Zandi, Peter P ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Channelopathy; Ion channels; Mood disorders; Potassium channels

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883539517     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16648021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00105     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Amann, B., and Grunze, H. (2005). Neurochemical underpinnings in bipolar disorder and epilepsy. Epilepsia 46(Suppl. 4), 26-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.463006.x
2. Amann, B., Sterr, A., Vieta, E., Stampfer, R., Walden, J., and Grunze, H. (2006). An exploratory open trial on safety and efficacy of the anticonvulsant retigabine in acute manic patients. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 26, 534-536. doi: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000236661.95200.3e
3. Ashcroft, F. M. (2000). Ion Channels and Disease. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 465 p.
4. Ashcroft, F. M. (2006). From molecule to malady. Nature 440, 440-447. doi: 10.1038/nature04707
5. Askland, K. (2006). Toward a biaxial model of "bipolar" affective disorders: further exploration of genetic, molecular and cellular substrates. J. Affect. Disord. 94, 35-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.01.033
6. Askland, K., and Parsons, M. (2006). Toward a biaxial model of "bipolar" affective disorders: spectrum phenotypes as the products of neuroelectrical and neurochemical alterations. J. Affect. Disord. 94, 15-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.024
7. Askland, K., Read, C., and Moore, J. (2009). Pathways-based analyses of whole-genome association study data in bipolar disorder reveal genes mediating ion channel activity and synaptic neurotransmission. Hum. Genet. 125, 63-79. doi: 10.1007/s00439-008-0600-y
8. Avramopoulos, D., Willour, V. L., Zandi, P. P., Huo, Y., MacKinnon, D. F., Potash, J. B., et al. (2004). Linkage of bipolar affective disorder on chromosome 8q24: follow-up and parametric analysis. Mol. Psychiatry 9, 191-196. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001388
9. Barnett, J. H., and Smoller, J. W. (2009). The genetics of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience 121, 373-382. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.080
10. Barnett, M. W., and Larkman, P. M. (2007). The action potential. Pract. Neurol. 7, 192-197.
11. Baum, A. E., Akula, N., Cabanero, M., Cardona, I., Corona, W., Klemens, B., et al. (2008). A genome-wide association study implicates diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH) and several other genes in the etiology of bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 197-207. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002012
12. + channels in bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics J. 7, 123-132. doi: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500400
13. Brown, D. A., and Passmore, G. M. (2009). Neural KCNQ (Kv7) channels. Br. J. Pharmacol. 156, 1185-1195.doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00111.x
14. Butler-Munro, C., Coddington, E. J., Shirley, C. H., and Heyward, P. M. (2010). Lithium modulates cortical excitability in vitro. Brain Res. 1352, 50-60. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.021
15. Cannon, S. C. (2006). Pathomechanisms in channelopathies of skeletal muscle and brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29, 387-415. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112815
16. Casamassima, F., Hay, A. C., Benedetti, A., Lattanzi, L., Cassano, G. B., and Perlis, R. H. (2010). L-type calcium channels and psychiatric disorders: a brief review. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 153B, 1373-1390. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31122
17. Chandy, K. G., Fantino, E., Wittekindt, O., Kalman, K., Tong, L. L., Ho, T. H., et al. (1998). Isolation of a novel potassium channel gene hSKCa3 containing a polymorphic CAG repeat: a candidate for schizo- phrenia and bipolar disorder?. Mol. Psychiatry 3, 32-37. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000353
18. Cichon, S., Schumacher, J., Muller, D. J., Hurter, M., Windemuth, C., Strauch, K., et al. (2001). A genome screen for genes predisposing to bipolar affective disorder detects a new susceptibility locus on 8q. Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 2933-2944. doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.25.2933
19. Clare, J. J. (2010). Targeting ion channels for drug discovery. Discov. Med. 9, 253-260.
20. Clarke, M. C., Tanskanen, A., Huttunen, M. O., Clancy, M., Cotter, D. R., and Cannon, M. (2012). Evidence for shared susceptibility to epilepsy and psychosis: a population-based family study. Biol. Psychiatry 71, 836-839.doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.01.011
21. Craddock, N., and Jones, I. (1999). Genetics of bipolar disorder. J. Med. Genet. 36, 585-594. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60855-7
22. Craddock, N., and Sklar, P. (2009). Genetics of bipolar disorder: successful start to a long journey. Trends Genet. 25, 99-105. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2008.12.002
23. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Smoller, J. W., Craddock, N., Kendler, K., Lee, P. H., Neale, B. M., et al. (2013). Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 381, 1371-1379. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62129-1
24. Delmas, P., and Brown, D. A. (2005). Pathways modulating neural KCNQ/M (Kv7) potassium channels. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 850-862. doi: 10.1038/nrn1785
25. Duncan, C. E., Chetcuti, A. F., and Schofield, P. R. (2008). Coregulation of genes in the mouse brain following treatment with clozapine, haloperidol, or olanzapine implicates altered potassium channel subunit expression in the mechanism of antipsychotic drug action. Psychiatr. Genet. 18, 226-239.doi: 10.1097/YPG.0b013e3283053019
26. El-Mallakh, R. S., and Huff, M. O. (2001). Mood stabilizers and ion regulation. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 9, 23-32. doi: 10.1080/10673220127873
27. el-Mallakh, R. S., and Wyatt, R. J. (1995). The Na, K-ATPase hypothesis for bipolar illness. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 235-244. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00201-D
28. Ettinger, A. B., Reed, M. L., Goldberg, J. F., and Hirschfeld, R. M. (2005). Prevalence of bipolar symptoms in epilepsy vs other chronic health disorders. Neurology 65, 535-540. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000172917.70752.05
29. Fangerau, H., Ohlraun, S., Granath, R. O., Nothen, M. M., Rietschel, M., and Schulze, T. G. (2004). Computer-assisted phenotype characterization for genetic research in psychiatry. Hum. Hered. 58, 122-130. doi: 10.1159/000083538
30. Ferreira, M. A., O'Donovan, M. C., Meng, Y. A., Jones, I. R., Ruderfer, D. M., Jones, L., et al. (2008). Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 40, 1056-1058. doi: 10.1038/ng.209
31. Friddle, C., Koskela, R., Ranade, K., Hebert, J., Cargill, M., Clark, C. D., et al. (2000). Full-genome scan for linkage in 50 families segregating the bipolar affective disease phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66, 205-215. doi: 10.1086/302697
32. Gargus, J. J. (2003). Unraveling monogenic channelopathies and their implications for complex polygenic disease. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72, 785-803. doi: 10.1086/374317
33. Gargus, J. J. (2006). Ion channel functional candidate genes in multigenic neuropsychiatric disease. Biol. Psychiatry 60, 177-185. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.008
34. Gibbs, F. A. (1951). Ictal and non-ictal psychiatric disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 113, 522-528.
35. Glatt, S. J., Faraone, S. V., and Tsuang, M. T. (2003). CAG-repeat length in exon 1 of KCNN3 does not influence risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of association studies. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 121B, 14-20. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20048
36. Gould, T. D., Quiroz, J. A., Singh, J., Zarate, C. A., and Manji, H. K. (2004). Emerging experimental therapeutics for bipolar disorder: insights from the molecular and cellular actions of current mood stabilizers. Mol. Psychiatry 9, 734-755. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001518
37. Grube, S., Gerchen, M. F., Adamcio, B., Pardo, L. A., Martin, S., Malzahn, D., et al. (2011). A CAG repeat polymorphism of KCNN3 predicts SK3 channel function and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. EMBO Mol. Med. 3, 309-319. doi: 10.1002/emmm.201100135
38. Hawi, Z., Mynett-Johnson, L., Murphy, V., Straub, R. E., Kendler, K. S., Walsh, D., et al. (1999). No evidence to support the association of the potassium channel gene hSKCa3 CAG repeat with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the Irish population. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 488-491. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000560
39. Heron, S. E., Scheffer, I. E., Berkovic, S. F., Dibbens, L. M., and Mulley, J. C. (2007). Channelopathies in idiopathic epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 4, 295-304. doi: 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.01.009
40. Hjaeresen, M. L., Hageman, I., Wortwein, G., Plenge, P., and Jorgensen, M. B. (2008). Chronic electroconvulsive stimulation but not chronic restraint stress modulates mRNA expression of voltage-dependent potassium channels Kv7.2 and Kv11.1 in the rat piriform cortex. Brain Res. 1217, 179-184. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.071
41. Klein, P. S., and Melton, D. A. (1996). A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 8455-8459. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8455
42. Kress, G. J., and Mennerick, S. (2009). Action potential initiation and propagation: upstream influences on neurotransmission. Neuroscience 158, 211-222. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.021
43. Kristensen, L. V., Sandager-Nielsen, K., and Hansen, H. H. (2012). K(v) 7 (KCNQ) channel openers normalize central 2-deoxyglucose uptake in a mouse model of mania and increase prefrontal cortical and hippocampal serine-9 phosphorylation levels of GSK3beta. J. Neurochem. 164, 331-343. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07704.x
44. Lawson, K. (2000). Is there a role for potassium channel openers in neuronal ion channel disorders? Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 9, 2269-2280. doi: 10.1517/13543784.9.10.2269
45. Lee, M. T., Chen, C. H., Lee, C. S., Chen, C. C., Chong, M. Y., Ouyang, W. C., et al. (2010). Genome-wide association study of bipolar I disorder in the Han Chinese population. Mol. Psychiatry 16, 548-556. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.43
46. Le-Niculescu, H., Patel, S. D., Bhat, M., Kuczenski, R., Faraone, S. V., Tsuang, M. T., et al. (2009). Convergent functional genomics of genome-wide association data for bipolar disorder: comprehensive identification of candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 150B, 155-181. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30887
47. Little, L. W. (2009). Retigabine NDA Accepted for Filing. Available at: http://www.drugs.com/nda/retigabine_091230.html
48. Loscher, W., Fisher, J. E., Nau, H., and Honack, D. (1989). Valproic acid in amygdala-kindled rats: alterations in anticonvulsant efficacy, adverse effects and drug and metabolite levels in various brain regions during chronic treatment. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 250, 1067-1078.
49. Mayo Clinic. (2010). Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). Rochester: Mayo Clinic.
50. Mazza, M., Di Nicola, M., Della Marca, G., Janiri, L., Bria, P., and Mazza, S. (2007). Bipolar disorder and epilepsy: a bidirectional relation? neurobiological underpinnings, current hypotheses, and future research directions. Neuroscientist 13, 392-404. doi: 10.1177/10738584070130041101
51. McInnis, M. G., Breschel, T. S., Margolis, R. L., Chellis, J., MacKinnon, D. F., McMahon, F. J., et al. (1999). Family-based association analysis of the hSKCa3 potassium channel gene in bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 217-219. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000492
52. McInnis, M. G., Lan, T. H., Willour, V. L., McMahon, F. J., Simpson, S. G., Addington, A. M., et al. (2003). Genome-wide scan of bipolar disorder in 65 pedigrees: supportive evidence for linkage at 8q24, 18q22, 4q32, 2p12, and 13q12. Mol. Psychiatry 8, 288-298. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001277
53. McQueen, M. B., Devlin, B., Faraone, S. V., Nimgaonkar, V. L., Sklar, P., Smoller, J. W., et al. (2005). Combined analysis from eleven linkage studies of bipolar disorder provides strong evidence of susceptibility loci on chromosomes 6q and 8q. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 77, 582-595. doi: 10.1086/491603
54. Mula, M., Marotta, A. E., and Monaco, F. (2010). Epilepsy and bipolar disorders. Expert Rev. Neurother. 10, 13-23. doi: 10.1586/ern.09.139
55. Mula, M., Schmitz, B., Jauch, R., Cavanna, A., Cantello, R., Monaco, F., et al. (2008). On the prevalence of bipolar disorder in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 13, 658-661. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.08.002
56. Newton, J. R. (2007). Linked gene ontology categories are novel and differ from associated gene ontology categories for the bipolar disorders. Psychiatr. Genet. 17, 29-34. doi: 10.1097/YPG.0b013e328010f28c
57. O'Brien, W. T., and Klein, P. S. (2009). Validating GSK3 as an in vivo target of lithium action. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37, 1133-1138. doi: 10.1042/BST0371133
58. O'Donnell, R. A., and Miller, A. A. (1991). The effect of lamotrigine upon development of cortical kindled seizures in the rat. Neuropharmacology 30, 253-258. doi: 10.1016/0028-3908(91)90152-2
59. Overington, J. P., Al-Lazikani, B., and Hopkins, A. L. (2006). How many drug targets are there? Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 5, 993-996. doi: 10.1038/nrd2199
60. Pan, Z., Kao, T., Horvath, Z., Lemos, J., Sul, J. Y., Cranstoun, S. D., et al. (2006). A common ankyrin-G-based mechanism retains KCNQ and NaV channels at electrically active domains of the axon. J. Neurosci. 26, 2599-2613. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4314-05.2006
61. Pei, Q., Burnet, P. W., Grahame-Smith, D. G., and Zetterstrom, T. S. (1997). Differential effects of acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock on the abundance of messenger RNAs for voltage-dependent potassium channel subunits in the rat brain. Neuroscience 78, 343-350. doi: 10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00574-X
62. Perucca, E. (2005). An introduction to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 46(Suppl. 4), 31-37. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.463007.x
63. Peters, H. C., Hu, H., Pongs, O., Storm, J. F., and Isbrandt, D. (2005). Conditional transgenic suppression of M channels in mouse brain reveals functions in neuronal excitability, resonance and behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 51-60. doi: 10.1038/nn1375
64. Post, R. M., Uhde, T. W., Putnam, F. W., Ballenger, J. C., and Berrettini, W. H. (1982). Kindling and carbamazepine in affective illness. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 170, 717-731. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198212000-00002
65. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group. (2011). Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nat. Genet. 43, 977-983. doi: 10.1038/ng.943
66. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Coordinating Committee, Cichon, S., Craddock, N., Daly, M., Faraone, S. V., Gejman, P. V., Kelsoe, J., et al. (2009). Genomewide association studies: history, rationale, and prospects for psychiatric disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 166, 540-556. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08091354
67. Quiroz, J. A., Gould, T. D., and Manji, H. K. (2004). Molecular effects of lithium. Mol. Interv. 4, 259-272. doi: 10.1124/mi.4.5.6
68. Redrobe, J. P., and Nielsen, A. N. (2009). Effects of neuronal Kv7 potassium channel activators on hyperactivity in a rodent model of mania. Behav. Brain Res. 198, 481-485. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.12.027
69. Robertson, M. M. (1992). Affect and mood in epilepsy: an overview with a focus on depression. Acta Neurol. Scand. Suppl. 140, 127-132.doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb04481.x
70. Rogawski, M. A., and Loscher, W. (2004). The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions. Nat. Med. 10, 685-692. doi: 10.1038/nm1074
71. Rohrmeier, T., Putzhammer, A., Schoeler, A., Sartor, H., Dallinger, P., Nothen, M. M., et al. (1999). hSKCa3: no association of the polymorphic CAG repeat with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Genet. 9, 169-175. doi: 10.1097/00041444-199912000-00001
72. Rudy, B. (1999). Molecular diversity of ion channels and cell function. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 868, 1-12.doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11269.x
73. Ryan, D. P., and Ptacek, L. J. (2010). Episodic neurological channelopathies. Neuron 68, 282-292. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.10.008
74. Sachs, G. S., Printz, D. J., Kahn, D. A., Carpenter, D., and Docherty, J. P. (2000). The expert consensus guideline series: medication treatment of bipolar disorder 2000. Postgrad. Med. Spec No. 1-104.
75. Sackeim, H. A. (1999). The anticonvulsant hypothesis of the mechanisms of action of ECT: current status. J. ECT 15, 5-26. doi: 10.1097/00124509-199903000-00003
76. Sanguinetti, M. C., and Spector, P. S. (1997). Potassium channelopathies. Neuropharmacology 36, 755-762. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3908(97)00029-4
77. Schulze, T. G., Detera-Wadleigh, S. D., Akula, N., Gupta, A., Kassem, L., Steele, J., et al. (2009). Two variants in ankyrin 3 (ANK3) are independent genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 487-491. doi: 10.1038/mp.2008.134
78. Scott, L. J., Muglia, P., Kong, X. Q., Guan, W., Flickinger, M., Upmanyu, R., et al. (2009). Genome-wide association and meta-analysis of bipolar disorder in individuals of European ancestry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 7501-7506. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0813386106
79. Singh, N. A., Charlier, C., Stauffer, D., DuPont, B. R., Leach, R. J., Melis, R., et al. (1998). A novel potassium channel gene, KCNQ2, is mutated in an inherited epilepsy of newborns. Nat. Genet. 18, 25-29. doi: 10.1038/ng0198-25
80. Sklar, P., Smoller, J. W., Fan, J., Ferreira, M. A., Perlis, R. H., Chambert, K., et al. (2008). Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 558-569. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002151
81. Smith, E. N., Bloss, C. S., Badner, J. A., Barrett, T., Belmonte, P. L., Berrettini, W., et al. (2009). Genome-wide association study of bipolar disorder in European American and African American individuals. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 755-763. doi: 10.1038/mp.2009.43
82. Smolin, B., Karry, R., Gal-Ben-Ari, S., and Ben-Shachar, D. (2012). Differential expression of genes encoding neuronal ion-channel subunits in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 15, 869-882.doi: 10.1017/S1461145711001428
83. Stelzer, G., Dalah, I., Iny Stein, T., Satanower, Y., Rosen, N., Nativ, N., et al. (2011). In-silico human genomics with GeneCards. Hum. Genomics 6, 709-717. doi: 10.1186/1479-7364-5-6-709
84. Stuart, G., Spruston, N., Sakmann, B., and Hausser, M. (1997). Action potential initiation and backpropagation in neurons of the mammalian CNS. Trends Neurosci. 20, 125-131. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(96)10075-8
85. Szklarczyk, D., Franceschini, A., Kuhn, M., Simonovic, M., Roth, A., Minguez, P., et al. (2011). The STRING database in 2011: functional interaction networks of proteins, globally integrated and scored. Nucleic Acids Res. 39, D561-D568. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq973
86. U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program. (2009). Potential Benefits of the Human Genome Project. Available at: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/benefits.shtml
87. Versiani, M., Cheniaux, E., and Landeira-Fernandez, J. (2010). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J. ECT 27, 153-164. doi: 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181e6332e
88. Vorvick, L., and Jasmin, L. (2010). Epilepsy. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001714/
89. Weissman, M. M., Bland, R. C., Canino, G. J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H. G., et al. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. JAMA 276, 293-299.doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03540040037030
90. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. (2007). Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447, 661-678. doi: 10.1038/nature05911
91. Wickenden, A. D., Yu, W., Zou, A., Jegla, T., and Wagoner, P. K. (2000). Retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant, enhances activation of KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channels. Mol. Pharmacol. 58, 591-600.
92. Wittekindt, O., Jauch, A., Burgert, E., Scharer, L., Holtgreve-Grez, H., Yvert, G., et al. (1998). The human small conductance calcium-regulated potassium channel gene (hSKCa3) contains two CAG repeats in exon 1, is on chromosome 1q21.3, and shows a possible association with schizophrenia. Neurogenetics 1, 259-265. doi: 10.1007/s100480050038
93. Zandi, P. P., Avramopoulos, D., Willour, V. L., Huo, Y., Miao, K., Mackinnon, D. F., et al. (2007). SNP fine mapping of chromosome 8q24 in bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144B, 625-630. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30486
94. Zhang, P., Xiang, N., Chen, Y., Sliwerska, E., McInnis, M. G., Burmeister, M., et al. (2010). Family-based association analysis to finemap bipolar linkage peak on chromosome 8q24 using 2,500 genotyped SNPs and 15,000 imputed SNPs. Bipolar Disord. 12, 786-792. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00883.x