Graphene photonics, plasmonics, and optoelectronics

IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Avouris, Phaedon ^a   Freitag, Marcus ^a  

^a IBM T J WATSON RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Graphene; Photodetectors; plasmons

Indexed keywords

DIFFERENT MECHANISMS; ELECTRICAL CURRENT; ELECTRONIC EXCITATION; INTERBAND; PHOTON ENERGY; PLASMONICS; TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE; WAVELENGTH RANGES;

LIGHT MODULATORS; PHOTODETECTORS; PHOTONS; PLASMONS;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84882779238     PISSN: 1077260X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2272315     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. P. Avouris, Graphene: Electronic and photonic properties and devices, Nano Lett., vol. 10, pp. 4285-4294, 2010.
2. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov,, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Sci., vol. 36, pp. 666-669, 2004. (Pubitemid 39440910)
3. C. Berger, Z. Song, T. Li, X. Li, A. Y. Ogbazghi, R. Feng, Z. Dai, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and W. A. de Heer,, Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2d electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics, J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, pp. 19912-19916, 2004. (Pubitemid 40079151)
4. Y. Zhang, Y. Tan, H. L. Stormer,, and P. Kim, Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry?s phase in graphene, Nature, vol. 438, pp. 201-204, 2005. (Pubitemid 41599868)
5. A. H. Castro Neto, F. Guinea, N. M. R. Peres, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim,, The electronic properties of graphene, Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 81, pp. 109-162, 2009.
6. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov,, The rise of graphene, Nat. Mater., vol. 6, pp. 183-191, 2007. (Pubitemid 46353764)
7. P. N. First, W. A. de Heer, T. Seyller, C. Berger, J. A. Stroscio, and J. S. Moon,, Epitaxial graphenes on silicon carbide, MRS Bull., vol. 35, pp. 296-305, 2010.
8. P. Avouris and F. Xia,, Graphene applications in electronics and photonics, MRS Bull., vol. 37, pp. 1225-1234, 2012.
9. P. Avouris and C. Dimitrakopoulos,, Graphene: Synthesis and applications, Mater. Today, vol. 15, pp. 86-97, 2012.
10. R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim,, Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene, Science, vol. 320, pp. 1308, 2008. (Pubitemid 351929460)
11. A. B. Kuzmenko, E. van Heumen, F. Carbone, and D. van der Marel,, Universal optical conductance of graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 100, p. 117401, 2008.
12. K. F. Mak, M. Y. Sfeir, Y. Wu, C. Lui, J. A. Misewich, and T. F. Heinz,, Measurement of the optical conductivity of graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, p. 196405, 2008.
13. K. F. Mak, J. Shan, and T. F. Heinz, Seeingmany-body effects in singleand few-layer graphene: Observation of two-dimensional saddle-point excitons, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 106, pp. 046401-1-046401-4, 2011.
14. L. A. Falkovsky and S. S. Pershoguba, Optical far-infrared properties of a graphene monolayer and multilayer, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, p. 153410, 2007.
15. J. M. Dawlaty, S. Shivaraman, J. Strait, P. George, M. Chandrashekhar, F. Rana, M. G. Spencer, D. Veksler, and Y. Chen, Measurement of the optical absorption spectra of epitaxial graphene from terahertz to visible, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, pp. 131905-1-131905-3, 2008.
16. M. Orlita andM. Potemski, Dirac electronic states in graphene systems: Optical spectroscopy studies, Semicond. Sci. Tech., vol. 25, pp. 063001-063022, 2010.
17. Z. Q. Li, E. A. Henriksen, Z. Jiang, Z. Hao, M. C. Martin, P. Kim, H. L. Stormer, and D. N. Basov, Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy, Nat. Phys., vol. 4, pp. 532-535, 2008.
18. F. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Tian, C. Girit, A. Zettl, M. Crommie, and Y. R. Shen,, Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene, Science, vol. 320, pp. 206-209, 2008. (Pubitemid 351521411)
19. F. T. Vasko and V. Ryzhii,, Voltage and temperature dependencies of conductivity in gated graphene, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, p. 233404, 2007.
20. D. Sun, Z.-K.Wu, C. Divin, X. Li, C. Berger,W. A. de Heer, P. N. First, and T. B.Norris, Ultrafast relaxation of excited dirac fermions in epitaxial graphene using optical differential transmission spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, p. 157402, 2008.
21. F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, Graphene photonics and optoelectronics, Nat. Photon., vol. 4, pp. 611-622, 2010.
22. A. N. Grigorenko, M. Polini, and K. S. Novoselov, Graphene plasmonics, Nat. Photon., vol. 6, pp. 749-758, 2012.
23. Q. Bao and K. P. Loh, Graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices, ACS Nano, vol. 6, pp. 3677-3694, 2012.
24. E. Malic, T. Winzer, E. Bobkin, and A. Knorr, Microscopic theory of absorption and ultrafast many-particle kinetics in graphene, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 84, p. 205406, 2011.
25. R. Kim, V. Perebeinos, and P. Avouris, Relaxation of optically excited carriers in graphene, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 84, p. 075449, 2011.
26. H. Wang, J. H. Strait, P. A. George, S. Shivaraman, V. B. Shields, M. Chandrashekhar, J. C. M. Hwang, F. Rana, M. G. Spencer, C. S. Ruiz-Vargas, and J. Park, Ultrafast relaxation dynamics of hot optical phonons in graphene, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, p. 081917, 2010.
27. R. Bistritzer and A. H. MacDonald, Electronic cooling in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, p. 206410, 2009.
28. T. Low, V. Perebeinos, R. Kim, M. Freitag, and P. Avouris, Cooling of photoexcited carriers in graphene by internal and substrate phonons, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 86, p. 045413, 2012.
29. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics. Hoboken, NJ, USA:Wiley, 2005.
30. Y. Zheng and T. Ando, Hall conductivity of a two-dimensional graphite system, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 65, p. 245420, 2002.
31. D. K. Efetov and P. Kim, Controlling electron-phonon interactions in graphene at ultrahigh carrier densities, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, p. 256805, 2010.
32. H. Yan, F. Xia, W. Zhu, M. Freitag, C. Dimitrakopoulos, A. A. Bol, G. Tulevski, and P. Avouris, Infrared spectroscopy of wafer-scale graphene, ACS Nano, vol. 5, pp. 9854-9860, 2011.
33. E. Hendry, P. J. Hale, J. Moger, A. K. Savchenko, and S. A. Mikhailov, Coherent nonlinear optical response of graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 105, p. 097401, 2010.
34. Z. Zhang and P. L. Voss, Full-band quantum-dynamical theory of saturation and four-wave mixing in graphene, Opt. Lett., vol. 36, pp. 4569-4571, 2011.
35. T. Gu, N. Petrone, J. F. McMillan, A. van der Zande, M. Yu, G. Q. Lo, D. L. Kwong, J. Hone, and C. W. Wong, Regenerative oscillation and four-wave mixing in graphene optoelectronics, Nat. Photon., vol. 6, pp. 554-559, 2012.
36. H. Zhang, S. Virally, Q. L. Bao, K. P. Loh, S. Massar, N. Godbout, and P. Kockaert, Large nonlinear kerr effect in graphene, arXiv:1203.5527, 2012.
37. R. Kirchain and L. Kimerling, A roadmap for nanophotonics, Nat. Photon., vol. 1, pp. 303-305, 2007.
38. S. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2007.
39. A. V. Zayats, I. I. Smolyaninov, and A. A. Maradudin, Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons, Phys. Rep., vol. 408, pp. 131-314, 2005. (Pubitemid 40354880)
40. M. W. Knight, H. Sobhani, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, Photodetection with active optical antennas, Science, vol. 332, pp. 702-704, 2011.
41. A. Boltasseva and H. A. Atwater, Low-Loss plasmonic metamaterials, Science, vol. 331, pp. 290-291, 2011.
42. P. R. West, S. Ishii, G. V. Naik, N. K. Emani, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, Searching for better plasmonicmaterials, Laser Photon. Rev., vol. 4, pp. 795-808, 2010.
43. F. H. L.Koppens,D. E.Chang, and F. Javier Garcia de Abajo,, Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong lightmatter interactions, Nano Lett., vol. 11, pp. 3370-3377, 2011.
44. E. H. Hwang and S. Das Sarma, Dielectric function, screening, and plasmons in two-dimensional graphene,Phys. Rev. B, vol. 75, p. 205418, 2007.
45. Z. Fei, A. S. Rodin, G. O. Andreev, W. Bao, A. S. McLeod, M. Wagner, L. M. Zhang, Z. Zhao, M. Thiemens, G. Dominguez, M. M. Fogler, A. H. C. Neto, C. N. Lau, F. Keilmann, and D. N. Basov, Gate-tuning of graphene plasmons revealed by infrared nano-imaging, Nature, vol. 487, pp. 82-85, 2012.
46. J. Chen, M. Badioli, P. Alonso-Gonzalez, S. Thongrattanasiri, F. Huth, J. Osmond, M. Spasenovic, A. Centeno, A. Pesquera, P. Godignon, A. Zurutuza Elorza, N. Camara, F. J. G. de Abajo, R. Hillenbrand, and F. H. L. Koppens, Optical nano-imaging of gate-tunable graphene plasmons, Nature, vol. 487, pp. 77-81, 2012.
47. P. Tassin, T. Koschny, M. Kafesaki, and C. M. Soukoulis, A comparison of graphene, superconductors andmetals as conductors formetamaterials and plasmonics, Nat. Photon., vol. 6, pp. 259-264, 2012.
48. S. J. Allen, H. L. Stormer, and J. C. M. Hwang, Dimensional resonance of the two-dimensional electron gas in selectively doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 28, p. 4875, 1983.
49. R. P. Leavitt and J. W. Little, Absorption and emission of radiation by plasmons in two-dimensional electron-gas disks, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 34, pp. 2450-2457, 1986.
50. H. Yan, X. Li, B. Chandra, G. Tulevski, Y. Wu, M. Freitag, W. Zhu, P. Avouris, and F. Xia, Tunable infrared plasmonic devices using graphene/insulator stacks, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 330-334, 2012.
51. I. F. Akyildiz and J. M. Jornet, Electromagnetic wireless nanosensor networks, Nano Commun. Netw., vol. 1, pp. 3-19, 2010.
52. Y. Yao, M. A. Kats, P. Genevet, N. Yu, Y. Song, J. Kong, and F. Capasso, Broad electrical tuning of graphene-loaded plasmonic antennas, Nano Lett., vol. 13, pp. 1257-1264, 2013.
53. E. Prodan, C. Radloff, N. J. Halas, and P. Nordlander, A hybridization model for the plasmon response of complex nanostructures, Science, vol. 302, pp. 419-422, 2003. (Pubitemid 37296261)
54. H. Yan, F. Xia, Z. Li, and P. Avouris, Plasmonics of coupled graphene micro-structures, New J. Phys., vol. 14, p. 125001, 2012.
55. J. H. Strait, P. S. Nene, W.-M. Chan, C. Manolatou, J. W. Kevek, S. Tiwari, P. L. McEuen, and F. Rana, Confined plasmons in graphene microstructures: Experiments and theory, arXiv:1302.5972v2[condmat. mes-hall] 2013.
56. M. V. Fischetti, D. A. Neumayer, and E. A. Cartier, Effective electron mobility in Si inversion layers in metal-oxide-semiconductor systems with a high-kappa insulator: The role of remote phonon scattering, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 90, pp. 4587-4608, 2001. (Pubitemid 33598654)
57. M. Freitag, T. Low,W. Zhu, H.Yan, F. Xia, and P.Avouris, Photocurrent in graphene harnessed by intrinsic, tunable plasmons, Nat. Commun., vol. 4, p. 1951, 2013.
58. H. Yan, T. Low,W. Zhu, Y.Wu, M. Freitag, X. Li, F. Guinea, P. Avouris, and F. Xia, Damping pathways of mid-infrared plasmons in graphene nanostructures, Nat. Photon., vol. 7, pp. 394-399, 2013.
59. M. Jablan,M. Soljacic, andH. Buljan, Unconventional plasmon-phonon coupling in graphene, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 83, p. 161409, 2011.
60. R. Won, Graphene metamaterials: Switching terahertz waves, Nat. Photon., vol. 6, pp. 801-801, 2012.
61. J. H. Davies, The Physics of Low-Dimensional Semiconductors: An Introduction. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
62. H. Yan, Z. Li, X. Li, W. Zhu, P. Avouris, and F. Xia, Infrared spectroscopy of tunable dirac terahertz magneto-plasmons in graphene, Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 3766-3771, 2012.
63. I. Crassee, M. Orlita, M. Potemski, A. L. Walter, M. Ostler, T. Seyller, I. Gaponenko, J. Chen, and A. B. Kuzmenko, Intrinsic terahertz plasmons and magnetoplasmons in large scale monolayer graphene, Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 2470-2474, 2012.
64. I. Petkovic, F. I. B. Williams, K. Bennaceur, F. Portier, P. Roche, and D. C. Glattli, Carrier drift velocity and edge magnetoplasmons in graphene, Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 110, p. 016801, 2013.
65. E. C. Peters, E. J. Lee, M. Burghard, and K. Kern, Gate dependent photocurrents at a graphene p-n junction, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 97, p. 193102, 2010.
66. G. Rao, M. Freitag, H.-Y. Chiu, R. S. Sundaram, and P. Avouris, Raman and photocurrent imaging of electrical stress-induced p-n junctions in graphene, ACS Nano, vol. 5, pp. 5848-5854, 2011.
67. T. Mueller, F. Xia, M. Freitag, J. Tsang, and P. Avouris, Role of contacts in graphene transistors: A scanning photocurrent study, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, p. 245430, 2009.
68. M. Freitag, T. Low, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, Photoconductivity of biased graphene, Nat. Photon., vol. 7, pp. 53-59, 2013.
69. D. B. Farmer, R. Golizadeh-Mojarad, V. Perebeinos, Y.-M. Lin, G. S. Tulevski, J. C. Tsang, and P. Avouris, Chemical doping and electron-hole conduction asymmetry in graphene devices, Nano Lett., vol. 9, pp. 388-392, 2009.
70. D. Sun, G. Aivazian, A. M. Jones, J. S. Ross, W. Yao, D. Cobden, and X. Xu, Ultrafast hot-carrier-dominated photocurrent in graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 114-118, 2012.
71. A. Urich, K. Unterrainer, and T. Mueller, Intrinsic response time of graphene photodetectors, Nano Lett., vol. 11, pp. 2804-2808, 2011.
72. F. Xia, T. Mueller,Y.-M. Lin, A.Valdes-Garcia, and P.Avouris, Ultrafast graphene photodetector, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 4, pp. 839-843, 2009.
73. X. Xu,N. M.Gabor, J. S.Alden,A. M. van der Zande, and P. L. McEuen, Photo-Thermoelectric effect at a graphene interface junction, Nano Lett., vol. 10, pp. 562-566, 2009.
74. N. M. Gabor, J. C. W. Song, Q. Ma, N. L. Nair, T. Taychatanapat, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, L. S. Levitov, and P. Jarillo-Herrero, Hot carrier-assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene, Science, vol. 334, pp. 648-652, 2011.
75. M. C. Lemme, F. H. L. Koppens, A. L. Falk, M. S. Rudner, H. Park, L. S. Levitov, and C. M. Marcus, Gate-Activated photoresponse in a graphene p-n junction, Nano Lett., vol. 11, pp. 4134-4137, 2011.
76. M. Freitag, T. Low, and P. Avouris, Increased responsivity of suspended graphene photodetectors, Nano Lett., vol. 13, pp. 1644-1648, 2013.
77. P. A. Obraztsov, G. M. Mikheev, S. V. Garnov, A. N. Obraztsov, and Y. P. Svirko, Polarization-sensitive photoresponse of nanographite, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, pp. 091903-1-091903-3, 2011.
78. S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.-S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, H. Ri Kim, Y. I. Song, Y.-J. Kim, K. S. Kim, B. Ozyilmaz, J.-H. Ahn, B. H. Hong, and S. Iijima, Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, pp. 574-578, 2010.
79. S. Bae, S. J. Kim, D. Shin, J. H. Ahn, and B. H. Hong, Towards industrial applications of graphene electrodes, Physica. Scripta., vol. 2012, p. 014024, 2012.
80. K. Ellmer, Past achievements and future challenges in the development of optically transparent electrodes, Nat. Photon., vol. 6, pp. 809-817, 2012.
81. G. Eda, G. Fanchini, and M. Chhowalla, Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronicmaterial, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 270-274, 2008. (Pubitemid 351668055)
82. T.-H. Han, Y. Lee, M.-R. Choi, S.-H. Woo, S.-H. Bae, B. H. Hong, J.-H. Ahn, and T.-W. Lee, Extremely efficient flexible organic lightemitting diodes with modified graphene anode, Nat. Photon., vol. 6, pp. 105-110, 2012.
83. J.Wu, H. A. Becerril, Z. Bao, Z. Liu, Y. Chen, and P. Peumans, Organic solar cells with solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 92, pp. 263302-1-263302-3, 2008.
84. A. Kumar and C. Zhou, The race to replace tin-doped indium oxide: Which material will win? ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 11-14, 2010.
85. T. Kobayashi, M. Bando, N. Kimura, K. Shimizu, K. Kadono, N. Umezu, K. Miyahara, S. Hayazaki, S. Nagai, Y. Mizuguchi, Y. Murakami, and D. Hobara, Production of a 100-m-long high-quality graphene transparent conductive film by roll-to-roll chemical vapor deposition and transfer process, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 102, pp. 023112-1-023112-4, 2013.
86. V. B. Bregar, Advantages of ferromagnetic nanoparticle composites in microwave absorbers, IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1679-1684, May 2004.
87. Z. Han, D. Li, H. Wang, X. G. Liu, J. Li, D. Y. Geng, and Z. D. Zhang, Broadband electromagnetic-wave absorption by FeCo/C nanocapsules, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 95, pp. 023114-1-023114-3, 2009.
88. Q. Bao, H. Zhang, B.Wang, Z. Ni, C. H. Y. X. Lim, Y.Wang, D. Y. Tang, and K. P. Loh, Broadband graphene polarizer, Nat. Photon., vol. 5, pp. 411-415, 2011.
89. Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z. X. Shen, K. P. Loh, and D. Y. Tang, Atomic-Layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers, Adv. Functional Mater., vol. 19, pp. 3077-3083, 2009.
90. Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi,D. Popa,G. Privitera, F.Wang, F. Bonaccorso, D. M. Basko, and A. C. Ferrari, Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser, ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 803-810, 2010.
91. W. D. Tan, C. Y. Su, R. J. Knize, G. Q. Xie, L. J. Li, and D. Y. Tang, Mode locking of ceramic Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet with graphene as a saturable absorber, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, pp. 031106-1-031106-3, 2010.
92. H. Zhang, D. Y. Tang, L. M. Zhao, Q. L. Bao, and K. P. Loh, Large energy mode locking of an erbium-doped fiber laser with atomic layer graphene, Opt. Exp., vol. 17, pp. 17630-17635, 2009.
93. M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, A graphene-based broadband optical modulator, Nature, vol. 474, pp. 64-67, 2011.
94. M. Liu, X. Yin, and X. Zhang, Double-Layer graphene optical modulator, Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 1482-1485, 2012.
95. X. Gan, R.-J. Shiue,Y.Gao,K. F.Mak,X.Yao, L. Li, A. Szep,D.Walker, J. Hone, T. F. Heinz, and D. Englund, High-Contrast electrooptic modulation of a photonic crystal nanocavity by electrical gating of graphene, Nano Lett., vol. 13, pp. 691-696, 2013.
96. B. Sensale-Rodriguez, T. Fang, R. Yan, M. M. Kelly, D. Jena, L. Liu, and H. Xing, Unique prospects for graphene-based terahertz modulators, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 99, pp. 113104-1-113104-3, 2011.
97. T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, Graphene photodetectors for highspeed optical communications, Nat. Photon., vol. 4, pp. 297-301, 2010.
98. M. Engel, M. Steiner, A. Lombardo, A. C. Ferrari, H. v. Loehneysen, P. Avouris, and R. Krupke, Light-matter interaction in a microcavitycontrolled graphene transistor, Nat. Commun., vol. 3, p. 906, 2012.
99. M. Furchi, A. Urich, A. Pospischil, G. Lilley, K. Unterrainer, H. Detz, P. Klang, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and T. Mueller, Microcavity-integrated graphene photodetector, Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 2773-2777, 2012.
100. A. Pospischil, M. Humer, M. M. Furchi, R. Guider, T. Fromherz, and T. Mueller, CMOS-integrated graphene photodetector covering all optical communication bands, arXiv:1302.3854 [cond-mat.mes-hall]
101. J. Liu, J. Michel, W. Giziewicz, D. Pan, K. Wada, D. D. Cannon, S. Jongthammanurak, D. T. Danielson, L. C. Kimerling, J. Chen, F. O. Ilday, F. X. Kartner, and J. Yasaitis, High-performance, tensilestrained Ge p-i-n photodetectors on a Si platform, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 87, pp. 103501-1-103501-3, 2005.
102. M. W. Geis, S. J. Spector, M. E. Grein, R. T. Schulein, J. U. Yoon, D. M. Lennon, S. Deneault, F. Gan, F. X. Kaertner, and T. M. Lyszczarz, CMOS-compatible All-Si high-speed waveguide photodiodes with high responsivity in near-infrared communication band, IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 152-154, 2007. (Pubitemid 46344537)
103. T. J. Echtermeyer, L. Britnell, P. K. Jasnos, A. Lombardo, R. V. Gorbachev, A. N. Grigorenko, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and K. S. Novoselov, Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene, Nat. Commun., vol. 2, p. 458, 2011.
104. Z. Fang, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, P. M. Ajayan, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, Graphene-Antenna sandwich photodetector, Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 3808-3813, 2012.
105. G. Konstantatos, M. Badioli, L. Gaudreau, J. Osmond, M. Bernechea, F. P. G. de Arquer, F. Gatti, and F. H. L. Koppens, Hybrid graphenequantum dot phototransistors with ultrahigh gain, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 363-368, 2012.
106. J. Yan, M. H. Kim, J. A. Elle, A. B. Sushkov, G. S. Jenkins, H. M. Milchberg, M. S. Fuhrer, and H. D. Drew, Dual-gated bilayer graphene hot-electron bolometer, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 472-478, 2012.
107. F. Xia, D. B. Farmer, Y.-m. Lin, and P. Avouris, Graphene field-effect transistors with high on/off current ratio and large transport band gap at room temperature, Nano Lett., vol. 10, pp. 715-718, 2010.
108. Y. Zhang, T.-T. Tang, C. Girit, Z. Hao, M. C. Martin, A. Zettl, M. F. Crommie, Y. R. Shen, and F.Wang, Direct observation of a widely tunable bandgap in bilayer graphene, Nature, vol. 459, pp. 820-823, 2009.
109. H. Vora, P. Kumaravadivel, B. Nielsen, and X. Du, Bolometric response in graphene based superconducting tunnel junctions, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 100, p. 153507, 2012.
110. K. C. Fong and K. C. Schwab, Ultrasensitive and wide-bandwidth thermalmeasurements of graphene at lowtemperatures,Phys. Rev. X, vol. 2, p. 031006, 2012.
111. L. Vicarelli, M. S. Vitiello, D. Coquillat, A. Lombardo, A. C. Ferrari, W. Knap, M. Polini, V. Pellegrini, and A. Tredicucci, Graphene fieldeffect transistors as roomerature terahertz detectors, Nat. Mater., vol. 11, pp. 865-871, 2012.
112. F. Rana, Graphene terahertz plasmon oscillators, IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 91-99, 2008.
113. G. Ramakrishnan, R. Chakkittakandy, and P. C. M. Planken, Terahertz generation from graphite, Opt. Exp., vol. 17, pp. 16092-16099, 2009.
114. L. Prechtel, L. Song, D. Schuh, P. Ajayan, W. Wegscheider, and A. W. Holleitner, Time-resolved ultrafast photocurrents and terahertz generation in freely suspended graphene, Nat. Commun., vol. 3, p. 646, 2012.