Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri

Rejuvenation Research

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 313-326

  Aguiar, Sebastian ^a   Borowski, Thomas ^a  

^a PITZER COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; ACRYLAMIDE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); ALPHA SYNUCLEIN; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; APIGENIN; BACOPA MONNIERI EXTRACT; BACOPASAPONIN C; BRAHMINE; CATALASE; CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; CUCURBITACIN; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; MANNITOL; MONOAMINE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NOOTROPIC AGENT; PLANTAINOSIDE B; SAPONIN; SCOPOLAMINE; SEROTONIN; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BACOPA MONNIERI; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DEMENTIA; DRUG MECHANISM; ENZYME INHIBITION; EPILEPSY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LEARNING; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEMORY DISORDER; NERVE CELL DEGENERATION; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SCIENTIST; VASODILATATION;

ANIMALS; BACOPA; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NOOTROPIC AGENTS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

EID: 84882305385     PISSN: 15491684     EISSN: 15578577     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1431     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Mohamed, A. Modafinil has the potential for addiction. AJOB Neuroscience 2012;3:36-38
2. Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J. Physical and psychological harms of psychostimulant use. National Drug and Alcohol Research Center 2007; Technical Report No. 286
3. Bell S, Lucke J, Hall W. Lessons for enhancement from the history of cocaine and amphetamine use. AJOB Neurosci 2012;3:24-29
4. Blazer DG, Federspiel CF, Ray WA, Schaffner W. The risk of anticholinergic toxicity in the elderly: A study of prescribing practices in two populations. J Gerontol 1983;38: 31-35
5. Tripathi YB, Chaurasia S, Tripathi E, Upadhyay A, Dubey GP. Bacopa monniera Linn. as an antioxidant: Mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol 1996;34:523-526
6. Ghosh T, Maity TK, Das M, Bose A, Dash DK. In vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri. IJPT 2007;6:77-85
7. Rastogi M, Ojha R, Prabu PC, Devi DP, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Prevention of age-Associated neurodegeneration and promotion of healthy brain ageing in female Wistar rats by long term use of bacosides. Biogerontology 2012;13:183-195
8. World Health Organization. Traditional Medicine, Fact Sheet. WHO 2003;103
9. Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL. Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States. Natl Health Stat Report 2008;12:1-23
10. Ni H, Simile C, Hardy AM. Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults: Results from the 1999 national health interview survey. Med Care 2002;40:353-358
11. Bodeker G, Kronenberg F. A public health agenda for traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine. Am J Public Health 2002;92:1582-1591
12. Eisenberg DM, Kessler R, Foster C, Norlock F, Calkins D, Delbanco T. Unconventional medicine in the US: Prevalence, costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 246-252
13. Patwardhan B. Traditional medicine: A novel approach for available, accessible and affordable health care. World Health Organization, 2005
14. Ecological Society of America. Ecosystem Services: Benefits supplied to human societies by natural ecosystems. Issues Ecol 1997; 2
15. Howes JR, Houghton PJ. Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;75: 513-527
16. Barrett, SC and Strother, JL. Taxonomy and natural history of Bacopa in California. Syst Bot 1978;5:408-419
17. Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, Willis RJ, Wallace RB. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: The aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 2007;29:125-132
18. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. Older Americans 2012: Key Indicators of Wellbeing
19. Mathew J, Gangadharan G, Kuruvilla KP, Paulose CS. Behavioral deficit and decreased GABA receptor functional regulation in the hippocampus of epileptic rats: Effect of Bacopa monnieri. Neurochemical Res 2011;36:7-16
20. Khan R, Krishnakumar A, Paulose CS. Decreased glutamate receptor binding and NMDA R1 gene expression in hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats: Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri extract. Epilepsy Behav 2008;12: 54-60
21. Mathew J, Paul J, Nandhu MS, Paulose CS. Bacopa monnieri and Bacoside-A for ameliorating epilepsy associated behavioral deficits. Fitoterapia 2010;81:315-322
22. Sairam K, Dorababu M, Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine 2002;9:207-211
23. Abbas M, Subhan F, Mohani N, Rauf K, Ali G and Khan M. The involvement of opioidergic mechanisms in the activity of Bacopa monnieri extract and its toxicological studies. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2011;5:1120-1124
24. Vohora SB, Khanna T, Athar M, Ahmad B. Analgesic activity of bacosine, a new triterpene isolated from Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 1997;4:361-365
25. Afjalus S, Chakma N, Rahman M, Salahuddin M, Kumar S. Assessment of analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Bacopa monnieri linn. IRJP 2012;3(10) online publication
26. Jain P, Khanna NK, Trehan N, Pendse VK, Godhwani JL. Anti-inflammatory effects of an Ayurvedic preparation, Brahmi Rasayan, in rodents. Indian J Expt Biol 1994;32:633-636
27. Azad A, Awang M, Rahman M, Akter S. Biological and pre-clinical trial evaluation of a local medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri (L.) IJCRR 2012;4:92-99
28. Sairam L, Rao C, Babu M, Goel RK. Prophylactic and curative effects of Bacopa monniera in gastric ulcer models. Phytomedicine 2001;8:423-430
29. Goel RK, Sairam K, Babu MD, Tavares IA, Raman A. In vitro evaluation of Bacopa monniera on anti-Helicobacter pylori activity and accumulation of prostaglandins. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:523-527
30. Bhattacharya SK and Ghosal S. Anxiolytic activity of a standardized extract of Bacopa monniera: An experimental study. Phytomedicine 1998;5:77-82
31. Bhatia G, Palit G, Pal R, Singh S, Singh HK. Adaptogenic effect of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003;75:823-830
32. Chowdhuri DK, Parmar D, Kakkar P, Shukla R, Seth PK, Srimal RC. Antistress effects of bacosides of Bacopa monnieri: Modulation of Hsp70 expression, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 activity in rat brain. Phytother Res 2002;16:639-645
33. Deb DD, Kapoor D, Dighe, DP, Padmaja D, Anand MS, D'Souza P, Deepak M, Murali B, Agarwal A. In vitro safety evaluation and anticlastogenic effect of BacoMind on human lymphocytes. Biomed Environ Sci 2008;21:7-23
34. Elangovan V, Govindasamy S, Ramamoorthy N, Balasubramanian. In vitro studies on the anticancer activity of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 1995;66:211-215
35. Yamada K, Hung P, Park TK, Park PJ, Lim BO. A comparison of the immunostimulatory effects of the medicinal herbs Echinacea, Ashwagandha and Brahmi. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;137:231-235
36. Samiulla DS, Prashanth D, Amit A. Mast cell stabilising activity of Bacopa monnieri. Fitoterapia 2001;72:284-285
37. Russo A and Borrelli F. Bacopa monniera, a reputed nootropic plant: An overview. Phytomedicine 2005;12: 305-317
38. Sivaramakrishna C, Rao CV, Trimurtulu G, Vanisree M, Subbaraju GV. Triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 2005;66:2719-2728
39. Garai S, Mahato SB, Ohtani K, Yamasaki K. Dammarane triterpenoid saponins from Bacopa monnieri. Can J Chem 2009;87:1230-1234
40. Chakravarty AK, Sarkar T, Masuda K, Shiojima K, Nakane T, Kawahara N. Bacopaside I and II: Two pseudojujubogenin glycosides from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry 2001;58:553-556
41. Chakravarty A.K, Garai S., Masuda K, Nakane T, Kawahara N. Bacopasides III-V: Three new triterpenoid glycosides from Bacopa monniera. Chem Pharm Bull 2003;51:215-217
42. Garai S, Mahato SB, Ohtani K, Yamasaki K. Dammaranetype triterpenoid saponins from Bacopa monniera. Phytochemistry 1996 42:815-820
43. Chatterji N, Rastogi RP, Dhar ML. Chemical examination of Bacopa monniera Wettst: Part II -Isolation of chemical constituents. Ind J Chem 1965;3:24-29
44. Chakravarty AK, Sarkar T, Nakane T, Kawahara N, Masuda K. New phenylethanoid glycosides from Bacopa monniera. Chem Pharm Bull 2008;50:1616-1618
45. Kawai KI, Shibata S. Pseudojujubogenin, a new sapogenin from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 1978;17:287-289
46. Bhandari P, Kumar N, Singh B, Kaul VK. Cucurbitacins from Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemistry 2007;68:1248-1254
47. Phrompittayarat W, Wittaya-Areekul S, Jetiyanon K, Putalun W, Tanaka H, Ingkaninan K. Determination of saponin glycosides in Bacopa monnieri by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thai Pharm Health Sci J 2007;2:26-32
48. Deepak M, Sangli GK, Arun PC, Amit A. Quantitative determination of the major saponin mixture bacoside A in Bacopa monnieri by HPLC. Phytochem Anal 2005;16: 24-29
49. Kregel CK, Zhang JH. An integrated view of oxidative stress in aging: Basic mechanisms, functional effects, and pathological considerations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007;292:18-36
50. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84
51. Rice-Evans C, Miller N, Paganga G. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science 1997;2: 152-159
52. De Grey A. The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging. R.G. Landes Company, Austin, TX, 1999
53. Maxwell SRJ. Prospects for the use of antioxidant therapies. Drugs 1995;49:345-361
54. Arivazhagan P, Shila S, Kumaran S, Panneerselvam C. Effect of DL-A-lipoic acid in various brain regions of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2002;37:803-811
55. Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D. Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: The need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 2001;40:959-975
56. Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Devi CS. Effect of bacoside-A on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Life Sci 2006;78:1378-1384
57. Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, Devi CS. Effect of bacoside-A on membrane-bound ATPases in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005;19: 59-65
58. Jadiya P, Khan A, Sammi SR, Kaur S, Mir SS, Nazir A. Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Bacopa monnieri: Insights from transgenic and pharmacological Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011;413:605-610
59. Chowdhuri DK, Parmar D, Kakkar P, Shukla R, Seth PK, Srimal RC. Antistress effects of bacosides of Bacopa monnieri: Modulation of Hsp70 expression, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 activity in rat brain. Phytother Res 2002; 16:639-645
60. Sharon R, Bar-Joseph I, Frosch MP, Walsh DM, Hamilton JA, Selkoe DJ. The formation of highly soluble oligomers of a-synuclein is regulated by fatty acids and enhanced in Parkinson's disease. Neuron 2003;37:583-595
61. Saini N, Singh D, Sandhir R. Neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in experimental model of dementia. Neurochem Res 2012;37:1928-1937
62. Goldschmidt RB, Steward O. Neurotoxic effects of colchicine: Differential susceptibility of CNS neuronal populations. Neuroscience 1982;7:695-714
63. Ahirwar S, Tembhre M, Gour S, Namdeo A. Anticholinesterase efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against the brain regions of rat. Asian J Exp Sci 2012;26:65-70
64. Das A, Shanker G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh H. A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;73:893-900
65. Gray NW, Brimijoin S. Amyloid-beta increases acetylcholinesterase expression in neuroblastoma cells by reducing enzyme degradation. J Neurochem 2003;86:470-478
66. Rastogi M, Ojha R, Prabu PC, Devi DP, Agrawal A, Dubey GP. Amelioration of age associated neuroinflammation on long term bacosides treatment. Neurochem Res 2012;37: 869-874
67. Shobana C, Kumar RR, Sumathi T. Alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. protects against 6-hydroxydopamineinduced changes in behavioral and biochemical aspects: A pilot study. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012;32:1099-1112
68. Singh M, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera protect against MPP+ -And paraquatinduced toxicity by modulating mitochondrial activities, proteasomal functions, and redox pathways. Toxicol Sci 2012;125:219-232
69. Tanner CM, Kamel F, Ross GW, Hoppin JA, Goldman SM, Korell M, Marras C, Bhudhikanok GS, Kasten M, Chade AR, Comyns K, Richards MB, Meng C, Priestley B, Fernandez HH, Cambi F, Umbach DM, Blair A, Sandler DP, Langston JW. Rotenone, Paraquat and Parkinson's xisease. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:866-872
70. Shinomol G, Bharath, M. Neuromodulatory Propensity of Bacopa monnieri leaf extract against 3-nitropropionic acidinduced oxidative stress: In vitro and in vivo evidences. Neurotox Res 2012;22:102-114
71. Sumathi T, Shobana C, Christinal J and Anusha C. Protective effect of Bacopa monniera on methyl mercuryinduced oxidative stress in cerebellum of rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012;32:979-987
72. Russo A, Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Renis M, Vanella A. Free radical scavenging capacity and protective effect of Bacopa monniera L. on DNA damage. Phytother Res 2003;17: 870-875
73. Khan SR, Krishnakumar A, Paulose CS. Decreased glutamate receptor binding and NMDA R1 gene expression in hippocampus of pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats: Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monnieri extract. Epilepsy Behav 2008;12:54-60
74. George KS, Raghunath N, Bharath MM, Muralidhara. Prophylaxis with Bacopa monnieri attenuates acrylamide induced neurotoxicity and oxidative damage via elevated antioxidant function. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012; online publication
75. Sandhya T, Sowjanya J, Veeresh B. Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst ameliorates behavioral alterations and oxidative markers in sodium valproate induced autism in rats. Neurochem Res 2012;37:1121-1131
76. Jyoti A, Sharma D. Neuroprotective role of Bacopa monniera extract against aluminium-induced oxidative stress in the hippocampus of rat brain. Neuro Toxicol 2006;27:451-457
77. Priyanka HP, Bala P, Ankisettipalle S, Rajan ST. Bacopa monnieri and L-deprenyl differentially enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and nerve growth factor via ERK 1/2 and NFjB pathways in the spleen of female Wistar rats. Neurochem Res 2012; online publication
78. Preethi J, Singh HK, Charles PD, Emmanuvel Rajan K. Participation of microRNA 124-CREB pathway: A parallel memory enhancing mechanism of standardised extract of Bacopa monniera. Neurochem Res 2012;37:2167-2177
79. Liu X, Yue R, Zhang J, Shan L, Wang R, Zhang W. Neuroprotective effects of bacopaside I in ischemic brain injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2012; online publication
80. Gao HM, Liu B, Hong JS. Critical role for microglial NADPH oxidase in rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci 2003;23:6181-6187
81. Hosamani MR. Neuroprotective efficacy of Bacopa monnieri against rotenone induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Neurotoxicology 2009;30:977-985
82. Shinomol GK, Mythri RB, Srinivas Bharath MM, Muralidhara. Bacopa monnieri extract offsets rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in dopaminergic cells and oxidative impairments in mice brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012;32:455-465
83. Rohini G, Sabitha KE, Devi CS. Bacopa monniera Linn. Extract modulates antioxidant and marker enzyme status in fibrosarcoma bearing rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2004;42:776-780
84. Russo A, Borrelli F, Campisi A, Acquaviva R, Raciti G, Vanella A. Nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: Effect of Bacopa monniera. Life Sci 2003;73:1517-1526
85. Pawar R, Gopalakrishnan C, Bhutani KK. Dammarane triterpene saponin from Bacopa monniera as the superoxide inhibitor in polymorphonuclear cells. Planta Medica 2001;67:752-754
86. Sumathy T, Subramanian S, Govindasamy S, Balakrishna K, Veluchamy G. Protective role of Bacopa monniera on morphine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res 2001;15:643-645
87. Shinomol GK, Bharath MM, Muralidhara. Pretreatment with Bacopa monnieri extract offsets 3-nitropropionic acid induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunctions in the striatum of prepubertal mouse brain. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012;90:595-606
88. Singh L, Eapen S, D'Souza SF. Cadmium accumulation and its influence on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative system in an aquatic plant, Bacopa monnieri L. Chemosphere 2006; 62:233-246
89. Sinha S, Saxena R. Effect of iron on lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and bacoside-A content in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. Chemosphere 2006;62:1340-1350
90. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res 2000;14:174-179
91. Anbarasi K, Kathirvel G, Vani G, Jayaraman G, Shyamala Devi CS. Cigarette smoking induces heat shock protein 70 kDa expression and apoptosis in rat brain: Modulation by bacoside A. Neuroscience 2006;138:1127-1135
92. Mohanty IR, Maheshwari U, Joseph D, Deshmukh Y. Bacopa monniera protects rat heart against ischaemiareperfusion injury: Role of key apoptotic regulatory proteins and enzymes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010;62:1175-1184
93. Shinomol GK, Muralidhara. Bacopa monnieri modulates endogenous cytoplasmic and mitochondrial oxidative markers in prepubertal mice brain. Phytomedicine 2011;18:317-326
94. Kapoor R, Srivastava S, Kakkar P. Bacopa monnieri modulates antioxidant responses in brain and kidney of diabetic rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2009;27:62-69
95. de la Torre J. Cerebral hemodynamics and vascular risk factors: Setting the stage for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimer Dis 2012;32:553-567
96. Kamkaew N, Scholfield N, Ingkaninan K, Taepavarapruk N and Chootip K. Bacopa monnieri increases cerebral blood flow in rat independent of blood pressure. Phytother Res 2013;27:135-138
97. Kamkaew N, Scholfield CN, Ingkaninan K, Maneesai P, Parkington HC, Tare M, Chootip K. Bacopa monnieri and its constituents is hypotensive in anaesthetized rats and vasodilator in various artery types. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 137:790-795
98. Winston D, Maimes S. Adaptogens: Herbs for Strength, Stamina, and Stress Relief. Healing Arts Press, 2007
99. Sheikh N, Ahmad A, Siripurapu KB, Kuchibhotla VK, Singh S, Palit G. Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2007;111:671-676
100. Charles PD, Ambigapathy G, Geraldine P, Akbarsha MA, Rajan KE. Bacopa monniera leaf extract up-regulates tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression: Implications in memory formation. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;134:55-61
101. Markesbery WR. The role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1999;56:1449-1452
102. Mü nch G, Deuther-Conrad W, Gasic-Milenkovic J. Glycoxidative stress creates a vicious cycle of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease -A target for neuroprotective treatment strategies? J Neural Transm Suppl 2002; (62):303-307
103. Pratico D, Delanty N. Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: Focus on Alzheimer's disease. Am J Med 2000;109:577-585
104. Reddy PH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and Alzheimer's disease: Strategies to protect neurons. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9:1647-1658
105. Shankar G, Li S, Mehta TH, Garcia-Munoz A, Shepardson NE, Smith I, Brett FM, Farrell MA, Rowan MJ, Lemere CA, Regan CM, Walsh DM, Sabatini BL, and Selkoe DJ. Amyloid b-protein dimers isolated directly from Alzheimer brains impair synaptic plasticity and memory. Nat Med. 2008;14:837-842
106. de la Monte S, Wands J. Alzheimer's disease is type 3 diabetes-evidence reviewed. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2008;2: 1101-1113
107. Francis P, Palmer A, Snape M, Wilcock G. The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: A review of progress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1999;66:137-147
108. Rusanen M, Kivipelto M, Quesenberry P Jr, Zhou J, Whitmer R. Heavy smoking in midlife and long-Term risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:333-339
109. Cataldo J, Prochaska J, Glantz S. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: An analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;19: 465-480
110. Hirayama T. Large cohort study on the relation between cigarette smoking and senile dementia without cerebrovascular lesions. Tob Control BMJ 1992;1:176-179
111. Vijayan V, Helen A. Protective activity of Bacopa monniera Linn. on nicotine-induced toxicity in mice. Phytotherapy Res 2007;21:378-381
112. Mathew M, Subramanian M. Evaluation of the anti-Amyloidogenic potential of nootropic herbal extracts in vitro. IJPSR 2012;3:4276-4280
113. Ovsepian SV, Anwyl R, Rowan MJ. Endogenous acetylcholine lowers the threshold for long-Term potentiation induction in the CA1 area through muscarinic receptor activation: In vivo study. Eur J Neurosci 2004;20:1267-1275
114. Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Khanduja KL, Anand A. Bacopa monniera attenuates scopolamine-induced impairment of spatial memory in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; electronic publication
115. Zhou Y, Peng L, Zhang WD, and Kong DY. Effect of triterpenoid saponins from Bacopa monniera on scopolamine induced memory impairment in mice. Planta Medica 2009; 75:568-574
116. Saraf MK, Anand A, Prabhakar S. Scopolamine induced amnesia is reversed by Bacopa monniera through participation of kinase-CREB pathway. Neurochem Res 2010;35:279-287
117. Kinshore K, Singh M. Effect of bacosides, alcoholic extract of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi), on experimental amnesia in mice. Indian J Exp Biol 2005;43:640-645
118. Das A, Shanker G, Nath C, Pal R, Singh S, Singh H. A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: Anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;73:893-900
119. Piyabhan P, Wetchateng T. Neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement effects of bacopamonnieri on novel object recognition in schizophrenic rat model. Eur Psychiatry 2012; online publication
120. Piyabhan P and Wetchateng T. Effects of bacopa monnieri on VGLUT1 density in frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus of schizophrenic rat model. Eur Psychiatry 2012; online publication
121. Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA, Hitt AR, Young KA, Manyam BV. Neuroprotective mechanisms of ayurvedic antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera. Phytother Res 2007;21:965-969
122. Holcomb LA, Dhanasekaran M, Hitt AR, Young KA, Riggs M, Manyam BV. Bacopa monniera extract reduces amyloid levels in PSAPP mice. J Alzheimer's Dis. 2006;9:243-251
123. Limpeanchob N, Jaipan S, Rattanakaruna S, Phrompittayarat W, Ingkaninan K. Neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri on beta-Amyloid-induced cell death in primary cortical culture. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;30;120:112-117
124. Uabundit N, Wattanathorn J, Mucimapura S, Ingkaninan K. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of Bacopa monnieri in Alzheimer's disease model. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;8;127:26-31
125. Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J Ethnopharmacol 1987;5:205-214
126. Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Enhancement of basolateral amygdaloid neuronal dendritic arborization following Bacopa monniera extract treatment in adult rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011;66:663-671
127. Vollala VR, Upadhya S, Nayak S. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on learning and memory in rats -A behavioral study. J Vet Behavior 2010;5:69-74
128. Emmanuvel Rajan K, Singh HK, Parkavi A, Prisila DC. Attenuation of 1-(m-chlorophenyl) biguanide induced hippocampus-dependent memory impairment by a standardised extract of Bacopa monniera. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2136-2144
129. Vohora D, Pal SN, Pillai KK. Protection from phenytoininduced cognitive deficit by Bacopa monniera, a reputed Indian nootropic plant. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;71:383-390
130. Saraf MK, Prabhakar S, Pandhi P, Anand A. Bacopa monniera ameliorates amnesic effects of diazepam qualifying behavioral-molecular partitioning. Neuroscience 2008;155: 476-484
131. Prisila DC, Singh HK, Preethi J, Rajan EK. Standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BESEB CDRI-08) attenuates contextual associative learning deficits in the aging rat's brain induced by D-galactose. J Neurosci Res 2012;90:2053-2064
132. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, McQuay HJ. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996;17:1-12
133. Pase MP, Kean J, Sarris J, Neale C, Scholey AB, Stough C. The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: A systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18:1-6
134. Neale C, Camfield D, Reay J, Stough C, Scholey A. Cognitive effects of two nutraceuticals Ginseng and Bacopa benchmarked against modafinil: A review and comparison of effect sizes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; online publication
135. Stough C, Lloyd J, Clarke J, Downey LA, Hutchison CW, Rodgers T, Nathan PJ. The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology 2001;156:481-484
136. Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J. Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27:279-281
137. Morgan A, Stevens J. Does Bacopa monnieri improve memory performance in older persons? Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:753-759
138. Nathan PJ, Clarke J, Lloyd J, Hutchison CW, Downey L, Stough C. The acute effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy normal subjects. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:345-351
139. Allan J, Damodaran A, Deshmukh NS, Goudar KS, Amit A. Safety evaluation of a standardized phytochemical composition extracted from Bacopa monnieri in Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2007;45:1928-1937
140. Singh HK, Dhawan BN. Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi). Indian J Pharmacol 1997;29:359-365
141. Singh A, Singh SK. Evaluation of antifertility potential of Brahmi in male mouse. Contraception 2009;79:71-79
142. Mishra RK, Singh SK. Reversible antifertility effect of aqueous rhizome extract of Curcuma longa L. in male laboratory mice. Contraception 2009;79:479-487
143. Rauf K, Subhan F, Abbas M, Haq I, Ali G, Ayaz M. Effect of acute and sub-chronic use of Bacopa monnieri on dopamine and serotonin turnover in mice whole brain. AJPP 2012;6: 2767-2774
144. Moncrieff J, Kirsch I. Efficacy of antidepressants in adults. Br Med J 2005;331:155-157
145. Kumar H, More SV, Han S, Choi J, Choi D. Promising therapeutics with natural bioactive compounds for improving learning and memory -A review of randomized trials. Molecules 2012;17:10503-10539
146. Kidd PM. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:144-161
147. Spinella, M. The Psychopharmacology of Herbal Medicine: Plant Drugs that Alter Mind, Brain, and Behavior. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001
148. Kulkarni R, Girish, KJ, Kumar A. Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. Pharmacogn Rev 2012; 12:147-153
149. Zonneveld L. Reshaping the Human Condition: Exploring Human Enhancement. Rathenaeu Institute, The Hague, 2008