Neuroimmune interactions and pain: The role of immune and glial cells

Psychoneuroimmunology, Two-Volume Set

Volumn 1, Issue , 2007, Pages 393-414

  Watkins, Linda R ^a   Wieseler Frank, Julie ^a   Hutchinson, Mark R ^a   Ledeboer, Annemarie ^a   Spataro, Leah ^a   Milligan, Erin D ^a   Sloane, Evan M ^a   Maier, Steven F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882212527     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088576-3/50023-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Ahn S.H., Cho Y.W., Ahn M.W., Jang S.H., Sohn Y.K., Kim H.S. mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines in nerniated lumbar intervertebral discs. Spine 2002, 27:911-917.
2. Aldskogius H., Kozlova E.N. Central neuron-glial and glial-glial interactions following axon injury. Prog. Neurobiol. 1998, 55:1-26.
3. Araque A., Parpura V., Sanzgiri R.P., Haydon P.G. TriPARTite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged PARTner. Trends in Neurosci. 1999, 22:208-215.
4. Braun J.S., Kaissling B., Le Hir M., Zenker W. Cellular components of the immune barrier in the spinal meninges and dorsal root ganglia of the normal rat: immunohistochemical (MHC class II) and electron-mi observations. Cell Tissue Res. 1993, 273:209-217.
5. Burke J.G., Watson R.W., McCormack D., Dowling F.E., Walsh M.G., Fitzpatrick J.M. Intervertebral discs which cause low back pain secrete high levels of proinflammatory mediators. J. Bone Joint Surg. 2002, 84:196-201.
6. Cahill C.M., Dray A., Coderre T.J. Enhanced thermal antinociceptive potency and anti-allodynic effects of morphine following spinal administration of endotoxin. Brain Res. 2003, 960:209-218.
7. Chacur M., Milligan E.D., Gazda L., Armstrong C.B., Wang H., Tracey K.J., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. A new model of sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN) : induction of unilateral and bilateral mechanical allodynia following acute unilateral perisciatic immune activation in rats. Pain 2001, 94:231-244.
8. Chacur M., Milligan E.D., Sloane E.M., Wieseler-Frank J., Barrientos R., Martin D., Poole S., Gutierrez J.M., Maier S.F., Cury Y., Watkins L.R. Snake venom phospholipase A2s (Asp49 and Lys49) induce mechanical allodynia upon perisciatic administration: involvement of spinal cord proinflammatory cytok nitric oxide. Pain 2004, 108:180-191.
9. Chao C.C., Gekker G., Hu S., Sheng W.S., Shark K.B., Bu D.F., Archer S., Bidlack J.M., Peterson P.K. Kappa opioid receptors in human microglia downregulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:8051-8056.
10. Chapman G.A., Moores K., Harrison D., Campbell C.A., Steward B.R., Strijbos P.J.L.M. Fractalkine cleavage from neuronal membranes represents an acute event in the inflammatory response to excitotoxic brain damage. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20(RC87):81-85.
11. Clarke R.W., Harris J. The organization of motor responses to noxious stimuli. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2004, 46:163-172.
12. Clatworthy A.L., Castro G.A., Budelmann B.U., Walters E.T. Induction of a cellular defense reaction is accompanied by an increase in sensory neuron excitability in. Aplysia. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:3263-3270.
13. Clatworthy A.L., Grose E. Immune-mediated alterations in nociceptive sensory function in Aplysia californica. J. Exp. Biol. 1999, 202:623-630.
14. Clatworthy A.L., Illich P.A., Castro G.A., Walters E.T. Role of periaxonal inflammation in the development of thermal hyperalgesia and guarding behavior in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Letts. 1995, 184:5-8.
15. Costigan M., Mannion R.J., Kendall G., Lewis S.E., Campagna J.A., Coggeshall R.E., Meridith-Middleton J., Tate S., Woolf C.J. Heat shock protein 27: developmental regulation and expression after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:5891-5900.
16. Crusazk C.A., Sutherland D.E., Billman M.A., Stein S.H. Prostaglandin E2 potentiates interleukin-1beta induced interleukin-6 production by human gingival fibroblasts. Clin. Periodontol. 1996, 23:635-640.
17. Cuadros M.A., Navascues J. Early origin and colonization of the developing central nervous system by microglial precursors. Prog. Brain Res. 2001, 51-59. Elsevier, Amsterdam. B. Castellano Lopez, M. Nieto-Sampedro (Eds.).
18. Dafny N., Zielinksi M., Reyes-Vazquez C. Alteration of morphine withdrawal to naloxone by interferon. Neuropeptides 1983, 3:453-463.
19. Dougherty P.M., Dafny N. Microiontophoretic application of muramyl-dipeptide upon single cortical, hippocampal and hypothalamic neurons in rats. Neuropharmacology 1990, 29:973-981.
20. Garrison C.J., Dougherty P.M., Carlton S.M. GFAP expression in lumbar spinal cord of naive and neuropathic rats treated with MK-801. Exp. Neurol. 1994, 129:237-243.
21. Garrison C.J., Dougherty P.M., Kajander K.C., Carlton S.M. Staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in lumbar spinal cord increases following a sciatic nerve constriction injury. Brain Research 1991, 565:1-7.
22. Gebhart G.F. Descending modulation of pain. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2004, 27:729-737.
23. Goldman J.E., Vaysse P.J.J. Tracing glial cell lineages in the mammalian forebrain. Glia. 1991, 4:149-156.
24. Hart B.L. Biological basis of the behavior of sick animals. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 1988, 12:123-137.
25. Haydon P.G. Glia: Listening and talking to the synapse. Nature Rev. Neurosci. 2001, 2:185-193.
26. Huang T.-Y., Hanini M. Morphological and electrophysiological changes in mouse dorsal root ganglia after PARTial clonic obstruction. Am. J. Physiol. Gasrointest. Liver Physiol. 2005, 289:670-678. In press.
27. Hutchinson M.R., Milligan E.D., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1ra) "unmasks" analgesia following both R & S-methadone: evidence for induction of spinal proinflammatory cytokines via non-classical opioid receptors. Proc. Soc. Neurosci. 2005, In press.
28. Wieseler-Frank J., Maier S., Watkins L., Jekich B. Meningeal immune cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to chronic constriction nerve injury. Proceedings of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society 2006, In press.
29. Johnston I.N., Milligan E.D., Wieseler-Frank J., Frank M.G., Zapata V., Campisi J., Langer S., Martin D., Green P., Fleshner M., Leinwand L., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. A role for proinflammatory cytokines and fractalkine in analgesia, tolerance, and subsequent pain facilitation induced by chronic intrathecal morphine. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:7353-7365.
30. Julius D., Basbaum A.I. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature 2001, 413:203-210.
31. Kagan B.L., Baldwin R.L., Munoz D., Wisnieski B.J. Formation of ion-permeable channels by tumor necrosis factoralpha. Science 1992, 255:1427-1430.
32. Kang J.D., Stepanovic-Racic M., McIntyre L.A., Georgescu H.I., Evans C.H. Toward a biochemical understanding of a human intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation. Contributions of nitric oxide, interleukins, prostaglandin E2, metalloproteinases. Spine 1997, 22:1065-1073.
33. Kaur C., Hao A.J., Wu C.H., Ling E.A. Origin of microglia. Microscopy Res. Tech. 2001, 54:2-9.
34. Kawakami M., Matsumoto T., Kuribayashi K., Tamaki T. mRNA expression of interleukins, phospholipase A2, and nitric oxide synthase in the nerve root and dorsal root ganglion induced by autologous nucleus pulposus. J. Orthop. Res. 1999, 17:941-946.
35. Laughlin T.M., Bethea J.R., Yezierski R.P., Wilcox G.L. Cytokine involvement in dynorphin-induced allodynia. Pain 2000, 84:159-267.
36. Lawson L.J., Perry V.H., Gordon S. Turnover of resident microglia in the normal adult mouse brain. Neurosci. 1992, 48:405-415.
37. Ledeboer A., Sloane E.M., Milligan E.D., Langer S.J., Maier S.F., Johnson K.W., Leinwand L.A., Chavez R.A., Watkins L.R. Paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia in rats is inhibited by spinal delivery of plasmid DNA encoding interleukin-10. Proceedings of the 11th World Congress on Pain, Progress in Pain Research and Management 2006, in press, IASP Press, Seattle. H. Flor, E. Kalso, J. O. Dostrovsky (Eds.).
38. Ledeboer A., Sloane E.M., Milligan E.D., Frank M.G., Mahony J.H., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Minocycline attenuates mechanical allodynia and proinflammatory cytokine expression in rat models of pain facilitation. Pain 2005, 115:71-83.
39. Lee J.C., Mayer-Proschel M., Rao M.S. Gliogenesis in the central nervous system. Glia 2000, 30:105-121.
40. Liu B.-G., Hastings S.L., Li H., Jia Y.-P., Brull S.J., Zhang J.M. Tumor necrosis factor á enhances the excitability of dorsal root ganglion cells with unmyelinated axons. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 2000, 26:1695.
41. Liu T., Knight K.R., Tracey D.J. Hyperalgesia due to nerve injury-role of peroxynitrite. Neuroscience 2000, 97:125-131.
42. Liu T., Ledeboer A., Shumilla J.A., Hutchinson M.R., Skyba D., Pater C., Watkins L.R., Johnson K.W. AV-411, a novel attenuator of neuropathic pain. 8th International Conference on the Mechanisms and Treatment of neuropathic- Pain 2005, Presented at the.
43. Harris Louis, Associates The 1999 National Pain Survey 1999, On behalf of Ortho McNeil.
44. Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Cytokines for psychologists: implications of bi-directional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psych. Rev. 1998, 105:83-107.
45. Maier S.F., Wiertelak E.P., Watkins L.R. Endogenous pain facilitatory systems: anti-analgesia and hyperalgesia. American Pain Society Journal 1992, 1:191-198.
46. Marchand F., Perretti M., McMahon S.B. Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6:521-532.
47. McMenamin P.G. Distribution and phenotype of dendritic cells and resident tissue macrophages in the dura mater, leptomeninges, and choroid plexus of the rat brain as demonst wholemount preparations,. J. Comp. Neuro. 1999, 405:553-562.
48. McQuay H., Carroll D., Jadad A.R., Wiffen P., Moore A. Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. Brit. Med. J. 1995, 311:1047-1052.
49. McQuay H.J., Tramer M., Nye B.A., Carroll D., Wiffen P.J., Moore R.A. A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain 1996, 68:217-227.
50. Mercier F., Hatton G.I. Connexin 26 and basic fibroblast growth factor are expressed primarily in the subpial and subependymal layers in adult brain parenchyma: roles in stem cell p and morphological plasticity?. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 431:88-104.
51. Mercier F., Hatton G.I. Meninges and perivasculature as mediators of CNS plasticity. Non-neuronal cells of the nervous system: Function and dysfunction 2004, 215-253. Elsevier, Amsterdam. L. Hertz (Ed.).
52. Mercier F., Kitasako J.T., Hatton G.I. Anatomy of the brain neurogenic zones revisited: fractones and the fibroblast/ macrophage network. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 451:170-188.
53. Mercier F., Kitasako J.T., Hatton G.I. Fractones and other basal laminae in the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 2003, 455:324-340.
54. Milligan E.D., Langer S.J., Sloane E.M., He L., Wieseler-Frank J., O'Connor K., Martin D., Forsayeth J.R., Maier S.F., Johnson K., Chavez R.A., Leinwand L.A., Watkins L.R. Controlling pathological pain by adenovirally driven spinal production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 21:2136-2148.
55. Milligan E.D., O'Connor K.A., Nguyen K.T., Armstrong C.B., Twining C., Gaykema R.P., Holguin A., Martin D., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Intrathecal HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 induces enhanced pain states mediated by spinal cord proinflammatory cytokines. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:2808-2819.
56. Milligan E.D., Sloane E.M., Langer S.J., Cruz P.E., Chacur M., Spataro L., Wieseler-Frank J., Hammack S.E., Maier S.F., Flotte T.R., Forsayeth J.R., Leinwand L.A., Chavez R., Watkins L.R. Controlling neuropathic pain by adenoassociated virus driven production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10. Molecular Pain 2005, 1. Retrieved from. http://www.molecularpain.com/content/1/1/9.
57. Milligan E.D., Twining C., Chacur M., Biedenkapp J., O'Connor K., Poole S., Tracey K., Martin D., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Spinal glia and proinflammatory cytokines mediate mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:1026-1040.
58. Milligan E.D., Zapata V., Chacur M., Schoeniger D., Biedenkapp J., O'Connor K.A., Verge G.M., Chapman G., Green P., Foster A.C., Naeve G.S., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Evidence that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine can induce spinal nociceptive facilitation in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004, 20:2294-2302.
59. Milligan E.D., Zapata V., Schoeniger D., Chacur M., Green P., Poole S., Martin D., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. An initial investigation of spinal mechanisms underlying pain enhancement induced by fractalkine, a neuronallyreleased chemokine 2005, Submitted.
60. Moalem G., Grafe P., Tracey D.J. Chemical mediators enhance the excitability of unmyelinated sensory axons in normal and injured peripheral nerve of the rat. Neuroscience. 2005, 134:1399-1411. In press.
61. Morioka N., Inoue A., Hanada T., Kumagai K., Takeda K., Ikoma K., Hide I., Tamura Y., Shiomi H., Dohi T., Nakata Y. Nitric oxide synergistically potentiates interleukin-1 beta induced increase of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels, resulting in the facilitation of substance P rel primary afferent neurons: involvement of cGMP-independent mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2002, 43:868-876.
62. Myers R.R., Heckman H.M., Rodriguez M. Reduced hyperalgesia in nerve-injured WLD mice: relationship to nerve fiber phagocytosis, axonal degeneration and regeneration in normal mice. Exp. Neurol. 1996, 141:94-101.
63. Myers R.R., Wagner R., Sorkin L.S. Hyperalgesic actions of cytokines on peripheral nerves. Cytokines and pain 1999, 133-158. Birkause, Basel. L. R. Watkins, S. F. Maier (Eds.).
64. Nash T.P. What use is pain?. Brit. J. ABrit. J. Anaesthesnaesthes 2005, 94:146-149.
65. Nimmerjahn A., Kirchhoff F., Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 2005, 308:1314-1318.
66. Ohtori S., Takahashi K., Moriya H., Myers A.R. TNFalpha and TNF-alpha receptor type 1 upregulation in glia and neurons after peripheral nerve injury: studies in murine DRG and spinal cord. Spine 2004, 29:1082-1088.
67. Olmarker K., Rydevik B. Selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents nucleus pulposus-induced thrombus formation, intraneural edema, and reduction of nerve conduction possible implications for future pharmacologic treatment strategies of sciatica. Spine 2001, 26:863-869.
68. Olsson Y. Microenvironment of the peripheral nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 1990, 5:265-311.
69. Palma C., Minghetti L., Atolfi M., Ambrosini E., Silberstein F.C., Manzini S., Levi G., Aloisi F. Functional characterization of substance P receptors on cultured human spinal cord astrocytes: synergism of substance P with cytokines in inducing interleukin prostaglandin E2 production. Glia 1997, 21:183-193.
70. Parnet P., Kelley K.W., Bluthe R.M., Dantzer R. Expression and regulation of interleukin-1 receptors in the brain. Role in cytokine-induced sickness behavior. J. Neuroimmunol. 2002, 125:5-14.
71. PARTners Against Pain A Survey of Pain in America. On behalf of Purdue Pharma 2000.
72. Patestas M., Gartner L. A textbook of neuroanatomy 2006, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
73. Perea G., Araque A. Communication between astrocytes and neurons: a complex language. J. Physiol. 2002, 96:199-207.
74. Perry V.H. A revised view of the central nervous system microenvironment and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. J. Neuroimmunol. 1998, 90:113-121.
75. Perry V.H., Hume D.A., Gordon S. Immunohistochemical localisation of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain. Neurosci. 1985, 15:313-326.
76. Persson P.A., Thorlin T., Ronnback L., Hansson E., Eriksson P.S. Differential expression of delta opioid receptors and mRNA in proliferating astrocytes during the cell cycle. J. Neurosci. Res. 2000, 61:371-375.
77. Petrenko A.B., Yamakura T., Baba H., Shimoji K. The role of N-methyl-D-asPARTate (NMDA) receptors in pain: a review. Anesth. Analg. 2003, 97:1108-1116.
78. Petrova T.V., Hu J., Van Eldik L.J. Modulation of glial activation by astrocyte-derived protein S100B: differential responses of astrocyte and microglial cultures. Brain Res. 2000, 853:74-80.
79. Petty P.G., Hudgson P., Hare W.S. Symptomatic lumbar spinal arachnoiditis: fact or fallacy?. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2000, 7:395-399.
80. Porter J.T., McCarthy K.D. Astrocytic neurotransmitter receptors in situ and in vivo. Prog. Neurobiol. 1997, 51:439-455.
81. Powell H.C., Myers R.R. Pathology of experimental nerve compression. Lab. Invest. 1986, 55:91-100.
82. Quan N., Whiteside M., Herkenham M. Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA expression in rat brain after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide. Brain Res. 1998, 802:189-197.
83. Rady J.J., Fujimoto J.M. Confluence of antianalgesic action of diverse agents through brain interleukin 1 beta in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 299:659-665.
84. Raghavendra V, Rutkowski M.D., DeLeo J.A. The role of spinal neuroimmune activation in morphine tolerance/hyperalgesia in neuropathic and sham-operated rats. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:9980-9989.
85. Raghavendra V., Tanga F., DeLeo J.A. Inhibition of microglial activation attenuates the development but not existing hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathy. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 306:624-630.
86. Raghavendra V., Tanga F.Y., DeLeo J.A. Attenuation of morphine tolerance, withdrawal-induced hyperalgesia, and associated spinal inflammatory immune responses by propentofylline in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:327-334.
87. Raith K., Hochhaus G. Drugs used in the treatment of opioid tolerance and physical dependence: a review. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004, 42:191-203.
88. Raivich G., Bohatschek M., Kloss C.U.A., Werner A., Jones L.L., Kreutzberg G.W. Neuroglial activation repertoire in the injured brain: graded response, molecular mechanisms and cures to physiological function. Brain Res. Rev. 1999, 30:77-105.
89. Reeve A.J., Patel S., Fox A., Walker K., Urban L. Intrathecally administered endotoxin or cytokines produce allodynia, hyperalgesia and changes in spinal cord neuronal responses to nociceptive stimuli in the. Eur. J. Pain 2000, 4:247-257.
90. Roper Starch Worldwide I. Chronic Pain in America: Roadblocks to Relief Survey 1999, On behalf of the American Pain SocietyAmerican Academy of Pain Medicine and Janssen Pharmaceutica.
91. Rothwell N.J., Luheshi G. Pharmacology of interleukin-1 actions in the brain. Adv. Pharmacol. 1994, 25:1-20.
92. Said G., Hontebeyrie-Joskowicz M. Nerve lesions induced by macrophage activation. Res. Immunol. 1992, 143:589-599.
93. Samad T.A., Moore K.A., Sapirstein A., Billet S., Allchorne A., Poole S., Bonventre J.V., Woolf C.J. Interleukin-1beta mediated induction of COX-2 in the CNS contributes to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Nature 2001, 410:471-475.
94. Samad T.A., Wang H., Broom D.C., Woolf C.J. Central neuroimmune interactions after peripheral inflammation: interleukin-1b potentiates synaptic transmission in the spinal cord. Proc. Soc. Neurosci. 2004, 34:511-517.
95. Schettini G.M., Florio T., Scala G., Landolfi E., Grimaldi M. Effect of interleukin-1 beta on transducing mechanisms in 235-I clonal pituitary cells. PART II. Modulation of calcium fluxes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988, 155:1097-1104.
96. Scholz J., Woolf C.J. Can we conquer pain?. Nature Neurosci. 2002, 5:1062-1067. SUPPL.
97. Shavit Y., Wolf G., Goshen I., Livshits D., Yirmiya R. Interleukin-1 antagonizes morphine analgesia and underlies morphine tolerance. Pain 2005, 115:50-59.
98. Sjostrand J. Neuroglial proliferation in the hypoglossal nucleus after nerve injury. Exp. Neurol. 1971, 30:178-189.
99. Sloane E., Langer S., Milligan E., Jekich B., Mahoney J., Huberty G., Hughes T., Coates B., Klinman D., Poole S., Maier S., Johnson K., Leinwand L., Chavez R., Watkins L.R. Resolution of neuropathic pain by intrathecal (IT) gene therapy to drive the production of interleukin-10 (IL10): initial investigations into underlying mecha. Proceedings of the Eleventh World Congress of Pain 2005, 217. In press.
100. Snyder S.H. Opiate receptors and beyond: 30 years of neural signaling research. Neuropharmacology 2004, 47(Supplement 271):274-285.
101. Sommer C., Marziniak M., Myers R.R. The effect of thalidomide treatment on vascular pathology and hyperalgesia caused by chronic constriction injury of rat nerve. Pain 1998, 74:83-91.
102. Sommer C., Petrausch S., Lindenlaub T., Toyka K.V. Neutralizing antibodies to interleukin 1-receptor reduce pain associated behavior in mice with experimental neuropathy. Neurosci. Lett. 1999, 270:25-28.
103. Song P., Zhao Z.Q. The involvement of glial cells in the development of morphine tolerance. Neurosci. Res. 2001, 39:281-286.
104. Sorkin L.S., Xiao W.H., Wagner R., Myers R.R. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces ectopic activity in nociceptive primary afferent fibers. Neuroscience 1997, 81:255-262.
105. Spataro L., Sloane E., Milligan E.D., Wieseler-Frank J., Schoeniger D., Jekrich B.M., Barrientos R.M., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Spinal gap junctions: potential involvement in pain facilitation. J. Pain 2004, 5:392-405.
106. Spataro L.E., Wieseler-Frank J., Milligan E.D., Jekich B.M., Sprunger D.B., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Prior peripheral immune/traumatic challenge may exacerbate later immune & pain responses. Proc. Soc. Neurosci. 2005, In press.
107. Stellwagen D., Beattie E.C., Seo J.Y., Malenka R.C. Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:3219-3228.
108. Tang H.B., Inoue A., Oshita K., Nakata Y. Sensitization of vanilloid receptor 1 induced by bradykinin via the activation of second messenger signaling cascades in rat primary afferents. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 498:37-43.
109. Tsacopoulos M. Metabolic signaling between neurons and glial cells: a short review. J. Physiol. 2002, 96:283-288.
110. Tsuda M., Shigemoto-Mogami Y., Koizumi S., Mizokoshi A., Kohsaka S., Salter M.W., Inoue K. P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Nature 2003, 424:778-783.
111. Verge G.M., Milligan E.D., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R., Naeve G.S., Foster A.C. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) distribution in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia under basal and neuropathic pain conditions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004, 20:1150-1160.
112. Viviani B., Bartesaghi S., Gardoni F., Vezzani A., Behrens M.M., Bartfai T., Binaglia M., Corsini E., DiLuca M., Galli C.L., Marinovich M. Interleukin-1beta enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:8692-8700.
113. Walters E.T. Injury-related behavior and neuronal plasticity: an evolutionary perspective on sensitization, hyperalgesia, and analgesia. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 1994, 36:325-427.
114. Watkins L.R., Hutchinson M.R., Johnston I.N., Maier S.F. Glia: novel counter-regulators of opioid analgesia. Trends in Neurosci. 2005, 28:661-669. In press.
115. Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. The pain of being sick: implications of immune-to-brain communication for understanding pain. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2000, 51:29-57.
116. Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Evidence that immune and glial cells contribute to pathological pain states. Physiol. Rev. 2002, 82:981-1011.
117. Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Glia: a novel drug discovery target for clinical pain. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov. 2003, 2:973-985.
118. Watkins L.R., Milligan E.D., Maier S.F. Glial activation: a driving force for pathological pain. Trends Neurosci. 2001, 24:450-455.
119. White J.M. Pleasure into pain: the consequences of longterm opioid use. Addict. Behav. 2004, 29:1311-1324.
120. Wieseler-Frank J., Jekich B., Maier S., Watkins L. Meningeal immune cells produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to HIV glycoprotein, gp120. Proceedings of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society 2006, In press.
121. Wieseler-Frank J., Kwiecien O., Jekich B.M., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Putative neuron-to-glia signals synergize to enhance interleukin-1 production by rat dorsal spinal cord glial cells in vitro. Proc. Soc. Neurosci. 2004.
122. Wieseler-Frank J.L., Maskimova E., Milligan E.D., Campisi J., Fleshner M., Maier S.F., Watkins L.R. Modulation of dorsal spinal cord glial function by the chronic pain mediator, fractalkine. Proc. Soc. Neurosci. 2003, 29:587-589.
123. Wilkinson M.F., Earle M.L., Triggle C.R., Barnes S. Interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and LPS enhance calcium channel current in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells of rat tail artery. FASEB J. 1996, 10:785-791.
124. Woolf C.J., Salter M.W. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science 2000, 288:1765-1769.
125. Zelenka M., Schafers M., Sommer C. Intraneural injection of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha into rat sciatic nerve at physiological doses induces signs of neuropathic pain. Pain 2005, 116:257-263.
126. Zhang N., Inan S., Cowan A., Sun R., Wang J.M., Rogers T.J., Caterina M., Oppenheim J.J. A proinflammatory cytokine, CC3, sensitizes the heat-and capsaicin-gated ion channel TRPV1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102:4536-4541.
127. Zhou X.F., Deng Y.S., Chie E.T., Xue Q., Zhong J.H., McLachlan E.M., Rush R.A., Xian C.J. Satellitecell-derived nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 are involved in noradrenergic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve inj. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999, 11:1711-1722.