Meninges and perivasculature as mediators of CNS plasticity

Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology

Volumn 31, Issue , 2003, Pages 215-253

  Mercier, Frederic ^a   Hatton, Glenn I ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36148970827     PISSN: 15692558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-2558(03)31010-0     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. L Alibardi Autoradiographic observation on the meninges of the regenerating tail of lizards Bull. Assoc. Anat. 80 249 1996 5 9
2. G Allt J.G Lawrenson Is the pial microvessel a good model for blood–brain barrier studies? Brain. Res. Rev. 24 1997 67 76
3. G Ambach M Palkovits P.J Morgane J Panksepp Handbook of the hypothalamus vol. 1 1979 Dekker, Marcel New York, Basel 267 377
4. G Ambrosi D Virgintino V Benagiano E Maiorano M Bertossi L Roncali Glial cells and blood–brain barrier in the human cerebral cortex Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 100 Suppl. 1 1995 177 184
5. L.R Banner N.N Moayeri P.H Patterson Leukemia inhibitory factor is expressed in cortical brain injury Exp. Neurol. 147 1997 1 9
6. A Basu J.K Krady M O'Malley S.D Styren S.T DeKosky S.W Levison The type 1 interleukin-1 receptor is essential for the efficient activation of microglia and the induction of multiple proinflammatory mediators in response to injury J. Neurosci. 22 2002 6071 6082
7. S Biro Z Yu Y Fu G Smale J Sasse J Sanchez V Ferrans W Casscells Expression and subcellular distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor are regulated during migration of endothelial cells Circ. Res. 74 1994 485 494
8. M.W Brightman The intracerebral movement of proteins injected into blood and cerebrospinal fluid of mice A Lajtha D.H Ford Prog Brain Res vol. 29 1968 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam 19 40
9. R.D Broadwell H.M Charlton B.J Balin M Salcman Angioarchitecture of the CNS, pituitary gland, and intracerebral grafts revealed with peroxydase cytochemistry J. Comp. Neurol. 260 1987 47 62
10. L Calza L Giardino A Giuliani L Aloe R Levi-Montalcini Nerve growth factor control of neuronal expression of angiogenic and vasoactive factors Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 98 2000 4160 4165
11. J.L Charli C Cruz J.L Redondo C Guerra P Joseph-Bravo Homologous conditioned medium enhances expression of TRH in hypothalamic neurons in primary culture Dev. Brain. Res. 89 1995 155 160
12. B.H Choi Role of the basement membrane in neurogenesis and repair of injury in the central nervous system Microsc. Res. Tech. 28 1994 193 203
13. J.F Christ Derivation and boundaries of the hypothalamus, with atlas of the hypothalamic areas W Haymaker E Anderson W.J.H Nauta The hypothalamus 1969 Thomas, C.C. Publishers 13 58
14. J.D Christensen E.W Hansen B Fjalland Interleukin-1 beta stimulates the release of vasopressin from rat neurohypophysis Eur. J. Pharmacol. 171 1989 233 235
15. H.F Cserr P.M Knopf Cervical lymphatics, the blood–brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view Immunol. Today 13 1992 507 512
16. C.A Cuff J.W Berman C.F Brosnan Interleukin 1β-induced expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the rabbit retina: an in situ an immunohistochemical study Glia 30 2000 279 289
17. A da Cunha J.J Jefferson W.R Tyor J.D Glass F.S Janota L Vitkovic Control of astrocytosis by interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in human brain Brain Res. 631 1993 39 45
18. S.J.A Davies D.R Goucher D Doller J Silver Robust regeneration of adult sensory axons in degenerating white matter of the adult rat spinal cord J. Neurosci. 19 1999 5810 5822
19. C Decavel G.I Hatton Taurine immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus: prominent localization in glial cells J. Comp. Neurol. 354 1995 13 26
20. C Deleuze A Duvoid N Hussy Properties and glial origin of osmotic-dependent release of taurine from the rat supraoptic nucleus J. Physiol. 507 1998 463 471
21. A Diana A.M Van Dam B Wimblad M Schultzberg Co-localization of interleukin-1 receptor type I and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist with vasopressin in magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus Neuroscience 89 1999 137 147
22. X Duan G Ju The organization of chemically characterized afferents to the perivascular neuronal groups of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system in the rat Brain Res. Bull. 46 1998 409 416
23. F Eclancher P Kehrli G Labourdette M Sensenbrenner Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) injection activates the glial reaction in the injured adult rat brain Brain Res. 737 1996 201 214
24. A Falk J Frisen Amphiregulin is a mitogen for adult neural stem cells J. Neurosci. Res. 69 2002 757 762
25. M.G Farquhar The glomerular basement membrane H.D Hay Cell biology of the extracellular matrix 1991 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub., Dordrecht, Netherlands 365 418
26. T Fauquier N.C Guerineau R.A McKinney K Bauer P Mollard Folliculostellate cell network: a route for long-distance communication in the anterior pituitary Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 8891 8896
27. J Frisen M Risling L Korhonen U Ziergiebel C.B Johansson S Cullheim D Lindholm Nerve growth factor induces process formation in meningeal cells: implications for scar formation in the injured CNS J. Neurosci. 18 1998 5714 5722
28. C Gagelin M Pierre J.M Gavaret D Toru-Delbauffe Rapid TGF beta 1 effects on actin cytoskeleton of astrocytes: comparison with other factors and implications for cell motility Glia 13 1995 283 293
29. L.M Garcia-Segura J.A Chowen F Naftolin Endocrine glia: roles of glial cells in the brain actions of steroids and thyroid hormonesand in the regulation of hormone secretion Front. Neuroendocrinol. 17 1996 180 211
30. S.F Gilbert The cellular basis of morphogenesis S.F Gilbert Developmental biology 1994 Sinauer Associates Sunderland, Massachussetts 77 112
31. S.F Gilbert Continuity and change: paradigm shifts in neural induction Int. J. Dev. Biol. 45 2001 155 164
32. J Gloddek U Pagotto M Paez Pereda E Arzt G.K Stalla U Renner Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids regulate the release of vascular endothelial growth factor in pituitary folliculostellate cells J. Endocrinol. 160 1999 483 490
33. F.C Gomes D Paulin V Moura-Neto Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): modulation by growth factors and its implication in astrocyte differentiation Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 32 1999 619 631
34. A.M Gonzalez M Berry P.A Maher A Logan A Baird A comprehensive analysis of the distribution of FGF-2 and FGFR1 in the rat brain Brain Res. 701 1995 201 226
35. M.Y Gordon G.P Riley S.M Watt M.F Greaves Compartmentalization of a haematopoeitic growth factor (GM-CSF) by glycosaminoglycans in the bone marrow microenvironment Nature 326 1987 403 405
36. J.R Goss M.E O'Malley L Zou S.D Styren P.M Kochanek S.T DeKosky Astrocytes are the major source of nerve growth factor upregulation following traumatic brain injury in the rat Exp. Neurol. 149 1998 301 309
37. J.W Grisham S.S Thorgeirsonn Liver stem cells C.S Potten Stem cells 1997 Academic Press London 233 282
38. Y Han J Wang Z.H Lucy Zhou R.M Ransohoff TGFβ1 selectively upregulates CCR1 expression in primary murine astrocytes Glia 30 2000 1 10
39. G.I Hatton Emerging concepts of structure-function dynamics in adult brain: the hypothalamo–neurohypophysial system Prog. Neurobiol. 34 1990 437 504
40. G.I Hatton Function-related plasticity in hypothalamus Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20 1997 375 397
41. G.I Hatton Synaptic modulation of neuronal coupling Cell. Biol. Int. 22 1998 765 780
42. G.I Hatton Astroglial modulation of neurotransmitter/peptide release from the neurohypophysis: present status J. Chem. Neuroanat. 16 1999 203 222
43. G.I Hatton Q.Z Yang Synaptic potentials mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in supraoptic nucleus J. Neurosci. 22 2002 29 37
44. 1-receptor activation in astrocytes (pituicytes) cultured from adult rat neural lobes Brain Res. 588 1992 75 83
45. S Hentges N Boyadjieva D.K Sarkar Transforming growth factor-β3 stimulates lactotrope cell growth by increasing basic fibroblast growth factor from folliculostellate cells Endocrinology 141 2000 859 867
46. M Herkenham H.Y Lee R.A Baker Temporal and spatial patterns of c-fos mRNA induced by intravenous interleukin-1: a cascade of non-neuronal cellular activation at the blood–brain barrier J. Comp. Neurol. 400 1998 175 196
47. D.A Hinkle J.P Harney A Cai D.C Hilt P.J Yarowsky P.M Wise Basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and interleukin-1β regulate S100β expression in cultured astrocytes Neuroscience 82 1997 33 41
48. J Honegger A Spagnoli R D'urso P Navarra S Tsagarakis G.M Besser A.B Grossman Interleukin-1 beta modulates the acute release of growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin from rat hypothalamus in vitro, whereas tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 have no effect Endocrinology 129 1991 1275 1282
49. S.J Hopkins N.J Rothwell Cytokines and the nervous system I: expression and recognition Trends Neurosci. 1 1995 83 88
50. S.J Hopkins N.J Rothwell Cytokines and the nervous system II: actions and mechanisms of action Trends Neurosci. 18 1995 130 136
51. N Hussy C Deleuze A Pantaloni M.G Desarmenien F Moos Agonist action of taurine on glycine receptors in rat supraoptic magnocellular neurones: possible role in osmoregulation J. Physiol. 502 1997 609 621
52. C Ide Nerve regeneration and Schwann cells basal lamina: observation of the long term regeneration Arch. Histol. Jap. 46 1983 243 257
53. R.A Ignotz J Massague Transforming growth factor β stimulates the expression of fibronectin and collagen and their incorporation into the extracellular matrix J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 4337 4345
54. K Ishikawa K Kabeya M Shinoda K Katakai M Mori K Tatemoto Meninges play a neurotrophic role in the regeneration of vasopressin nerves after hypophysectomy Brain Res. 67 1995 20 28
55. L Jin I Tsumanuma K.H Ruebel J.M Bayliss R.V Lloyd Analysis of homogeneous populations of anterior pituitary folliculostellate cells by laser capture microdissection and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction Endocrinology 142 2001 1703 1709
56. T.H Jones R.L Kennedy Cytokine and hypothalamic–pituitary functions Cytokine 5 1993 531 538
57. M.A Kahn J.A Ellison R.P Chang G.J Speight J de Veilis CNTF induces GFAP in a S-100 alpha brain cell population: the pattern of CNTF-alpha R suggests an indirect mode of action Dev. Brain Res. 98 1997 221 233
58. Y Kameda Differential distribution of S100 and vimentin in the hypophyseal pars tuberalis of the guinea pig J. Histochem. Cytochem. 44 1996 501 510
59. S Karanth M.C Aguila S.M McCann The influence of interleukin-2 on the release of somatostatin and growth hormone-releasing hormone by mediobasal hypothalamus Neuroendocrinology 58 1993 185 190
60. G Katsuura P.E Gottschall R.R Dahl A Arimura Adrenocorticotropin release induced by intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant human interkeukin-1 in rats: possible involvement of prostaglandins Endocrinology 122 1988 1773 1779
61. A Kinnunen M Niemi T Kinnunen M Kaksonen R Nolo H Rauvala Heparan sulfate and HB-GAM (heparin-biding growth-associated molecule) in the development of the thalamocortical pathway of rat brain Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 1999 491 502
62. J.P Konsman V Tridon R Dantzer Diffusion and action of intracerebroventricularly injected interleukin-1 in the CNS Neuroscience 101 2000 957 967
63. J Korn B Christ H Kurz Neuroectodermal origin of brain pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells J. Comp. Neurol. 442 2002 78 88
64. C.E Krewson M.L Klarman W.M Saltzman Distribution of nerve growth factor following direct delivery to brain interstitium Brain Res. 680 1995 196 206
65. P Kunzelman W Schroder O Traub C Steihauser R Dermietzel K Willecke Late onset and increasing expression of the gap junction protein connexin 30 in adult murine brain and long term cultured astrocytes Glia 25 1999 111 119
66. M Lafarga M.T Berciano E Delolmo M.A Andres A Pazos Osmotic stimulation induces changes in the expression of b-adrenergic receptors and nuclear volume of astrocytes in supraoptic nucleus of the rat Brain Res. 588 1992 311 316
67. L Lafortune J Nalbantoglu J.P Antel Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA in adult human astrocytes: comparison with adult microglia and fetal astrocytes J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55 1996 515 521
68. S Lee C Rivier Hypophysiotropic role and hypothalamic gene expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin in rats injected with interleukin-1β systematically or into the brain ventricles J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 1994 217 224
69. E Lehrman R Kiefer T Christensen K.V Toyka J Zimmer M.H Diemer H.P Hartung B Finsen Microglia and macrophages are major sources of locally produced transforming growth factor-β1 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Glia 24 1998 437 448
70. C Leventhal S Rafii D Rafii A Shahar S.A Goldman Endothelial trophic support of neuronal production and recruitment from the adult mammalian subependyma Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 13 1999 450 463
71. Y Li S.W Barger L Liu R.E Mrak W.S Griffin S100beta induction of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in neurons J. Neurochem. 74 2000 143 150
72. Z.H Li K Inenaga H Yamashita GABAergic inputs modulate effects of interleukin-1β on supraoptic neurones in vitro Neuroreport 5 1993 181 183
73. A Lippold G Andjber H Gerst D Ganten K Fuxe Basic fibroblast growth factor expression and tenascin C immunoreactivity after partial unilateral hemitransection of the rat brain Brain Res. 730 1996 1 16
74. A Logan S.A Frautschy A.M Gonzalez M.B Sporn A Baird Enhanced expression of transforming growth factor β1 in the rat brain after a localized cerebral injury Brain Res. 587 1992 216 225
75. A Louissaint S Rao C Leventhal S.A Goldman Coordinated interaction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in the adult songbird brain Neuron 34 2002 945 960
76. S.M Luckman R.J Bicknell Morphological plasticity that occurs in the neurohypophysis following activation of the magnocellular neurosecretory system can be mimicked in vitro by beta-adrenergic stimulation Neuroscience 39 1990 701 709
77. J Luo M.W Miller Platelet-derived growth factor-mediated signal transduction underlying astrocyte proliferation J. Neurosci. 15 1995 10014 10025
78. P Marz K Heese B Dimitriades-Schmutz S Rose-John U Otten Role of interleukin-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor in region-specific induction of astrocyte differentiation and neurotrophin expression Glia 26 1999 191 200
79. T.H McNeill J.R Sladek Simultaneous monoamine histofluorescence and neuropeptide immunocytochemistry: II. Correlative distribution of catecholamine varicosities and magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei J. Comp. Neurol. 193 1980 1023 1033
80. S Meiners M Marone J.L Rittenhouse H.M Geller Regulation of astrocyte tenascin by basic fibroblast growth factor Dev. Biol. 160 1993 480 493
81. R.C Melcangi L Martini M Galbiati Growth factors and steroid hormones: a complex interplay in the hypothalamic control of reproductive functions Prog. Neurobiol. 67 2002 421 449
82. F Mercier G.I Hatton Immunocytochemical basis for a meningeo-glial network J. Comp. Neurol. 420 2000 445 465
83. F Mercier G.I Hatton Connexin 26 and bFGF are primarily expressed in the subpial and subependymal layers in adult brain parenchyma: roles in stem cell proliferation and morphological plasticity? J. Comp. Neurol. 431 2001 88 104
84. F Mercier J.T Kitasako G.I Hatton Anatomy of the brain neurogenic zones revisited: fractones and the fibroblast network J. Comp. Neurol. 451 2002 170 188
85. F Mercier J.T Kitasako G.I Hatton Fractones and other basal laminae in the hypothalamus J. Comp. Neurol. 455 2003 324 340
86. E Messi M Galbiati V Magnaghi I Zucchi L Martini R.C Mecangi Transforming growth factor beta2 is able to modify mRNA levels and release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in an immortalized hypothalamic cell line (GT1-1) Neurosci. Lett. 270 1999 165 168
87. H Mi H Haeberle B.A Barres Induction of astrocyte differentiation by endothelial cells J. Neurosci. 21 2001 1538 1547
88. S Minami D.K Sarkar Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits prolactin secretion and lactotrophic cell proliferation in the pituitary of oestrogen-treated Fisher 344 rats Neurochem. Int. 30 1997 499 506
89. S Miyata G.I Hatton Activity-related, dynamic neuron–glial interactions in the hypothalamo–neurohypophysial system Microsc. Res. Tech. 56 2002 143 157
90. S Miyata O Matsushima G.I Hatton Taurine in posterior pituitary: localization in astrocytes and selective release by hypoosmotic stimulation J. Comp. Neurol. 381 1997 513 523
91. Y Miyoshi I Date T Ohmoto Three dimensional morphological study of microvascular regeneration in cavity wall of the cerebral cortex using the scanning electron microscope: implication for delayed neural grafting into brain cavity Exp. Neurol. 131 1995 69 82
92. M.A Moses M Klagsbrun Y Shing The role of growth factors in vascular cell development and differentiation Int. Rev. Cytol. 161 1995 1 48
93. O Motohashi M Suzuki N Yanai K Umezawa N Shida T Yoshimoto Thrombin and TGF-β promote human leptomeningeal cell proliferation in vitro Neurosci. Lett. 190 1995 105 108
94. K Nakatsuru S Ogo Y Oki S Matsukara Interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulates arginin vasopressin (AVP) release from superfused rat hypothalamo–neurohypophyseal complexes independently of cholinergic mechanism Brain Res. 554 1991 38 45
95. C Nicholson K.C Chen S Hrabetova L Tao Diffusion of molecules in brain extracellular space Prog. Brain Res. 125 2000 129 154
96. A Ochoa C Domenzain C Clapp Martinez de la Escalera Differential effects of basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and insulin-like growth factor-1 on a hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuronal cell line J. Neurosci. Res. 49 1997 739 749
97. S.A Ojeda Y.J Ma Epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors and the neuroendocrine control of mammalian puberty Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 140 1998 101 106
98. S.R Ojeda Y.J Ma B.J Lee V Prevot Glia-to-neuron signaling and the neuroendocrine control of female puberty Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 55 2000 197 224
99. T.D Palmer A.R Willhoite F.H Gage Vascular niche for adult hippocampal neurogenesis J. Comp. Neurol. 425 2000 479 494
100. V Parpura T.A Basarsky F Liu K Jeftinija S Jeftinija P.G Haydon Glutamate-mediated astrocyte-neuron signalling Nature 369 1994 744 747
101. S.M Parsadaniantz E Batsche B Gegout-Pottie B Terlain P Gillet P Netter B Kerdelhoue Effects of continuous infusion of interleukin 1β on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptors, proopiomelanocortin gene expression and secretion of corticotropin, β-endorphin and corticosterone Neuroendocrinology 65 1997 53 63
102. L.C Payne F Obal Jr. M.R Opp J.M Krueger Stimulation and inhibition of growth hormone secretion by interleukin-1 beta: the involvement of growth hormone-releasing hormone Neuroendocrinology 56 1992 118 123
103. C Perez-Castro A.C Nagashima M.P Perada V Goldberg A Chervin P Largen U Renner G.K Stalla E Arzt The gp 130 cytokines interleukin-11 and ciliary neurotrophic factor regulate through specific receptors the function and growth of lactosomatotropic and folliculostellate pituitary cell lines Endocrinology 141 2000 1746 1753
104. M.J Pollman L Naumovski G.H Gibbons Vascular cell apoptosis. Cell type-specific modulation by transforming growth factor-β1 in endothelial cells versus smooth muscle cells Circulation 15 1999 2019 2026
105. R.J Powell J Bhargawa M.D Bassa B.E Sumpio Coculture conditions alter endothelial modulation of TGF-β1 activation and smooth muscle growth morphology Am. J. Physiol. 274 1998 H642 H649
106. M.G Proescholdt S Chakravarty J.A Foster S.B Foti E.M Briley M Herkenham Intracerebroventricular but not intravenous interleukin-1β induces widespread vascular-mediated leukocyte infiltration and immune signal mRNA expression followed by brain-wide glial activation Neuroscience 112 2002 731 749
107. N Quan M Whiteside M Herkenham Time course and localization patterns of interleukin-1beta messenger RNA expression in brain and pituitary after peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide Neuroscience 83 1998 281 293
108. A.G Rabchevsky J.M Weinitz M Coulpier C Fages M Tinel M.P Junier A role for transforming growth factor α as an inducer of astrogliosis J. Neurosci. 18 1998 10541 10552
109. D.A Rappolee D Mark M.J Banda Z Werb Wound macrophages express TGF-α and other growth factors in vivo: analysis by mRNA phenotyping Neuroscience 241 1988 708 712
110. D Ray S Melmed Pituitary cytokine and growth factor expression and action Endocr. Rev. 18 1997 206 228
111. J.F Reilly P.A Maher V.G Kumari Regulation of astrocyte GFAP expression by TGF-β1 and FGF2 Glia 22 1998 202 210
112. U Renner P Lohrer L Schaaf M Feirer K Schmitt C Onofri E Arzt G.K Stalla Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor production by folliculostellate pituitary cells Endocrinology 143 2002 3759 3765
113. B Reuss K Unsicker Regulation of gap junction communication by growth factors from non-neural cells to astroglia: a brief review Glia 24 1998 32 38
114. R Roberts J Gallagher E Spooncer T.D Allen F Bloomfield T.M Dexter Heparan sulfate bound growth factors: a mechanism for stromal cell mediated haemopoiesis Nature 332 1988 376 378
115. L.L Rubin J.M Staddon The cell biology of the blood brain barrier Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 22 1999 11 28
116. A.K Salm G.I Hatton G Nilaver Immunoreactive glial fibrillary acidic protein in pituicytes of the rat neurohypophysis Brain Res. 236 1982 471 476
117. A.K Salm N Hawrylak J.B Bobak G.I Hatton C Aoki Recent evidence from around the brain for structural plasticity of astrocytes in the adult CNS P.R Laming E Sykova A Reichenbach G.I Hatton H Bauer Glial cells: their role in behaviour 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK 291 314
118. G Seghezzi S Patel C.J Ren A Gualandris G Pinticci E.S Robbins R.L Shapiro A.C Galloway D.B Rifkin P Mignatti Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the endotheliial cells of forming capillaries: an autocrine mechanism contributing to angiogenesis J. Cell Biol. 141 1998 1659 1673
119. N.A Seniuk-Tatton J.T Henderson J.C Roder Neurons express ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA in the early postnatal and adult rat brain J. Neurosci. Res. 41 1995 663 676
120. K.G Smithson I Suarez G.I Hatton β-Adrenergic stimulation decreases glial and increases neural contact with the basal lamina in rat neurointermediate lobes incubated in vitro J. Neuroendocrinol. 2 1990 693 699
121. E Spinedi R Hadid T Daneva R.C Gaillard Cytokines stimulate the CRH but not the vasopressin neuronal system: evidence for a median eminence site of interleukin-6 action Neuroendocrinology 56 1992 46 53
122. D.C Spray A.P Moreno J.A Kessler R Dermietzel Characterization of gap junctions between cultured leptomeningeal cells Brain Res. 568 1991 1 14
123. G Struckhoff Transforming growth factor beta 1 and parathyroid-hormone related protein control the secretion of dipeptidyl peptidase II by rat astrocytes Neurosci. Lett. 189 1995 117 120
124. G Struckhoff A Turzynski Demonstration of parathyroid hormone-related protein in meninges and its receptor in astrocytes: evidence for a paracrine meningo-astrocytic loop Brain Res. 676 1995 1 9
125. F Stylianopoulou J Herbert M Bento-Soares A Epstratiadis Expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in the choroid plexus and the leptomeninges of the adult rat central nervous system Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85 1988 141 145
126. M.C Subang P.M Richardson Synthesis of leukemia inhibitory factor in injured peripheral nerves and their cells Brain Res. 900 2001 329 331
127. D.T Theodosis Oxytocin-secreting neurons: a physiological model of morphological neuronal and glial plasticity in the adult hypothalamus Front. Neuroendocrinol. 23 2002 101 135
128. D.T Theodosis D.A Poulain Activity-dependent neuronal–glial and synaptic plasticity in the adult mammalian hypothalamus Neuroscience 57 1993 501 535
129. D.T Theodosis M.E Majdoubi K Pierre D.A Poulain Factors governing activity-dependent structural plasticity of the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 18 1998 285 298
130. W.E Thomas Brain macrophages: on the role of pericytes and perivascular cells Brain Res. Rev. 31 1999 42 57
131. T Tilling D Korte D Hoheisel H.J Galla Basement membrane proteins influence brain capillary endothelial barrier function in vitro J. Neurochem. 71 1998 1151 1157
132. A.V Turnbull C.L Rivier Regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action Physiol. Rev. 79 1999 1 71
133. C.D Tweedle G.I Hatton Ultrastructural comparisons of neurons of supraoptic and circularis nuclei in normal and dehydrated rats Brain Res. Bull. 1 1976 103 121
134. C.D Tweedle G.I Hatton Ultrastructural changes in rat hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and their associated glia during minimal dehydration and rehydration Cell Tissue Res. 181 1977 59 72
135. K Unsicker K.C Flanders D.S Cissel R Lafyatis M.B Sporn Transforming growth factor beta isoforms in the adult rat central and peripheral nervous system Neuroscience 44 1991 613 625
136. M.M Verbeck I Otte-Holler P Wesseling D.J Ruiter R.M de Waal Induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in cultured human brain pericytes by transforming growth factor-beta 1 Am. J. Pathol. 144 1994 372 382
137. P Voigt Y.J Ma D Gonzalez W.H Fahrenbach W.C Wetsel K Berg-von der Emke D.F Hill K.G Taylor M.E Costa N.G Seida Neural and glial-mediated effects of growth factors acting via tyrosine kinase receptors on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones neurons Endocrinology 137 1996 2593 2605
138. L Vutskits V Bartanusz M.F Schulz J.Z Kiss Magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons in explant cultures are rescued from cell death by ciliary neurotrophic factor and leukemia inhibiting factor Neuroscience 87 1998 571 582
139. H.J Wagner J Barthel C Pilgrim Permeability of the external glial limiting membrane of rat parietal cortex Anat. Embryol. 166 1983 427 437
140. N Wilczak P De Bleser P Luiten A Geerts A Teelken J De Keyser Insulin-like growth factor II receptors in human brain and their absence in astroglial plaques in multiple sclerosis Brain Res. 863 2000 282 288
141. M.L Wong P.B Bongiorno A al-Shekhlee A Esposito P Khatri J Licinio IL-1 beat, Il-1 receptor type I and iNOS gene expression in rat brain vasculature and perivascular areas Neuroreport 7 1996 2445 2448
142. S Yamagishi H Yonekura Y Yamamoto H Fujimori S Sakurai N Tanaka H Yamamoto Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a pericyte mitogen under hypoxic conditions Lab. Investig. 79 1999 501 509
143. S.A Yasin A Costa M.L Forsling A Grossman Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 stimulate neurohypophysial hormone release in vitro J. Neuroendocrinol. 6 1994 179 184
144. K Yoshida F.H Gage Fibroblast growth factors stimulate nerve growth factor synthesis and secretion by astrocytes Brain Res. 538 1991 118 126
145. X Zhou J.P Herman C.M Paden Evidence that IGF1 acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor in the magnocellular neurosecretory system: neuronal synthesis and induction of axonal sprouting Exp. Neurol. 159 1999 419 432