Serrated polyps of the large intestine: Current understanding of diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical management

Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 287-302

  Rosty, Christophe ^a,b,c   Hewett, David G ^b   Brown, Ian S ^a   Leggett, Barbara A ^b,c,d   Whitehall, Vicki L J ^b,c,e  

^a Envoi Pathology   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c QIMR BERGHOFER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^d ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^e Pathology Queensland   (Australia)

Author keywords

Colonoscopy; Colorectal neoplasia; Histology; Molecular pathology; Patient management; Serrated polyps

Indexed keywords

MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN P53;

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURGERY; COLON POLYPOSIS; COLON SURGERY; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; CPG ISLAND; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; HUMAN; INTESTINE INJURY; INTESTINE POLYP; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PHENOTYPE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RECTUM ADENOMA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SERRATED POLYP; TUMOR CLASSIFICATION; WNT SIGNALING PATHWAY; COLON POLYP; COLORECTAL TUMOR; PRECANCER; PREVALENCE;

COLONIC POLYPS; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INTESTINAL POLYPS; PRECANCEROUS CONDITIONS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84881229175     PISSN: 09441174     EISSN: 14355922     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0720-y     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectaltumor development. N Engl J Med. 1988;319: 525-32.
2. Ogino S, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. How many molecular subtypes? Implications of the unique tumor principle in personalized medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2012;12: 621-8.
3. Jass Jr. Classification of colorectal cancer based on correlation of clinical, morphological and molecular features. Histopathology. 2007;50: 113-30.
4. Ogino S, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Molecular pathological epidemiology of colorectal neoplasia: an emerging transdisciplinary and interdisciplinary field. Gut. 2011;60: 397-411.
5. Johannsen LG, Momsen O, Jacobsen NO. Polyps of the large intestine in Aarhus, Denmark. An autopsy study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1989;24: 799-806.
6. Williams AR, Balasooriya BA, Day DW. Polyps and cancer of the large bowel: a necropsy study in Liverpool. Gut. 1982;23: 835-42.
7. Forsberg AM, Kjellstrom L, Agreus L, Nixon Andreasson A, Nyhlin H, Talley NJ, et al. Prevalence of colonic neoplasia and advanced lesions in the normal population: a prospective population- based colonoscopy study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012; 47: 184-90.
8. Snover DC, Jass JR, Fenoglio-Preiser C, Batts KP. Serrated polyps of the large intestine: a morphologic and molecular review of an evolving concept. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005;124: 380-91.
9. Anderson JC, Rangasamy P, Rustagi T, Myers M, Sanders M, Vaziri H, et al. Risk factors for sessile serrated adenomas. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45: 694-9.
10. Walker RG, Landmann JK, Hewett DG, Worthley DL, Buttenshaw RL, Knight N, et al. Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome is associated with cigarette smoking, which may be a modifiable risk factor. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105: 1642-7.
11. Samowitz WS, Albertsen H, Sweeney C, Herrick J, Caan BJ, Anderson KE, et al. Association of smoking, CpG island methylator phenotype, and V600E BRAF mutations in colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98: 1731-8.
12. English DR, Young JP, Simpson JA, Jenkins MA, Southey MC, Walsh MD, et al. Ethnicity and risk for colorectal cancers showing somatic BRAF V600E mutation or CpG island methylator phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17: 1774-80.
13. Young J, Barker MA, Simms LA, Walsh MD, Biden KG, Buchanan D, et al. Evidence for BRAF mutation and variable levels of microsatellite instability in a syndrome of familial colorectal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3: 254-63.
14. Buchanan DD, Sweet K, Drini M, Jenkins MA, Win AK, English DR, et al. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in patients with multiple serrated polyps: a cross-sectional case series from genetics clinics. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e11636.
15. Buchanan DD, Sweet K, Drini M, Jenkins MA, Win AK, Gattas M, et al. Phenotypic diversity in patients with multiple serrated polyps: a genetics clinic study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010;25: 703-12.
16. Wish TA, Hyde AJ, Parfrey PS, Green JS, Younghusband HB, Simms MI, et al. Increased cancer predisposition in family members of colorectal cancer patients harboring the p.V600E BRAF mutation: a population-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19: 1831-9.
17. Pai RK, Hart J, Noffsinger AE. Sessile serrated adenomas strongly predispose to synchronous serrated polyps in non-syndromic patients. Histopathology. 2010;56: 581-8.
18. Pai RK, Mackinnon AC, Joseph L, Noffsinger A, Hart J. Identification of histologically distinct conventional adenomas that arise predominately in patients with sessile serrated adenomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34: 355-63.
19. Spring KJ, Zhao ZZ, Karamatic R, Walsh MD, Whitehall VL, Pike T, et al. High prevalence of sessile serrated adenomas with BRAF mutations: a prospective study of patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastroenterology. 2006;131: 1400-7.
20. Carragher LA, Snell KR, Giblett SM, Aldridge VS, Patel B, Cook SJ, et al. V600EBraf induces gastrointestinal crypt senescence and promotes tumour progression through enhanced CpG methylation of p16INK4a. EMBO Mol Med. 2010;2: 458-71.
21. Snover DC, Ahnen DJ, Burt RW, Odze RD. Serrated polyps of the colon and rectum and serrated polyposis. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, et al, editors. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Lyon, France: IARC; 2010. p. 160-5.
22. Snover DC. Update on the serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2011;42: 1-10.
23. Torlakovic EE, Gomez JD, Driman DK, Parfitt JR, Wang C, Benerjee T, et al. Sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) vs. traditional serrated adenoma (TSA). Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32: 21-9.
24. Groff RJ, Nash R, Ahnen DJ. Significance of serrated polyps of the colon. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10: 490-8.
25. Kim KM, Lee EJ, Kim YH, Chang DK, Odze RD. KRAS mutations in traditional serrated adenomas from Korea herald an aggressive phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34: 667-75.
26. Wong NA, Hunt LP, Novelli MR, Shepherd NA, Warren BF. Observer agreement in the diagnosis of serrated polyps of the large bowel. Histopathology. 2009;55: 63-6.
27. Khalid O, Radaideh S, Cummings OW, O'Brien MJ, Goldblum JR, Rex DK. Reinterpretation of histology of proximal colon polyps called hyperplastic in 2001. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15: 3767-70.
28. Bustamante-Balen M, Bernet L, Cano R, Morell L, Lopez A. Assessing the reproducibility of the microscopic diagnosis of sessile serrated adenoma of the colon. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2009;101: 258-64.
29. Farris AB, Misdraji J, Srivastava A, Muzikansky A, Deshpande V, Lauwers GY, et al. Sessile serrated adenoma: challenging discrimination from other serrated colonic polyps. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32: 30-5.
30. Singh H, Bay D, Ip S, Bernstein CN, Nugent Z, Gheorghe R, et al. Pathological reassessment of hyperplastic colon polyps in a city-wide pathology practice: implications for polyp surveillance recommendations. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76: 1003-8.
31. Ensari A, Bilezikci B, Carneiro F, Dogusoy GB, Driessen A, Dursun A, et al. Serrated polyps of the colon: how reproducible is their classification? Virchows Arch. 2012;461: 495-504.
32. Rajagopalan H, Bardelli A, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE. Tumorigenesis: RAF/RAS oncogenes and mismatch-repair status. Nature. 2002;418:934.
33. Rosty C, Parry S, Young JP. Serrated polyposis: an enigmatic model of colorectal cancer predisposition. Patholog Res Int. 2011;2011:157073.
34. Rosenberg DW, Yang S, Pleau DC, Greenspan EJ, Stevens RG, Rajan TV, et al. Mutations in BRAF and KRAS differentially distinguish serrated versus non-serrated hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci in humans. Cancer Res. 2007;67: 3551-4.
35. O'Brien MJ, Yang S, Mack C, Xu H, Huang CS, Mulcahy E, et al. Comparison of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylation phenotype, BRAF and KRAS status in serrated polyps and traditional adenomas indicates separate pathways to distinct colorectal carcinoma end points. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30: 1491-501.
36. Mohammadi M, Kristensen MH, Nielsen HJ, Bonde JH, Holck S. Qualities of sessile serrated adenoma/polyp/lesion and its borderline variant in the context of synchronous colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 2012;65: 924-7.
37. Carr NJ, Mahajan H, Tan KL, Hawkins NJ, Ward RL. Serrated and non-serrated polyps of the colorectum: their prevalence in an unselected case series and correlation of BRAF mutation analysis with the diagnosis of sessile serrated adenoma. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62: 516-8.
38. Kaji E, Uraoka T, Kato J, Hiraoka S, Suzuki H, Akita M, et al. Externalization of saw-tooth architecture in small serrated polyps implies the presence of methylation of IGFBP7. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57: 1261-70.
39. Kambara T, Simms LA, Whitehall VL, Spring KJ, Wynter CV, Walsh MD, et al. BRAF mutation is associated with DNA methylation in serrated polyps and cancers of the colorectum. Gut. 2004;53: 1137-44.
40. Yachida S, Mudali S, Martin SA, Montgomery EA, Iacobuzio- Donahue CA. Beta-catenin nuclear labeling is a common feature of sessile serrated adenomas and correlates with early neoplastic progression after BRAF activation. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33: 1823-32.
41. Fujita K, Yamamoto H, Matsumoto T, Hirahashi M, Gushima M, Kishimoto J, et al. Sessile serrated adenoma with early neoplastic progression: a clinicopathologic and molecular study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35: 295-304.
42. Fu B, Yachida S, Morgan R, Zhong Y, Montgomery EA, Iacobuzio- Donahue CA. Clinicopathologic and genetic characterization of traditional serrated adenomas of the colon. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;138: 356-66.
43. Han Y, Zhou ZY. Clinical features and molecular alterations of traditional serrated adenoma in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. J Dig Dis. 2011;12: 193-8.
44. Kim KM, Lee EJ, Ha S, Kang SY, Jang KT, Park CK, et al. Molecular features of colorectal hyperplastic polyps and sessile serrated adenoma/polyps from Korea. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35: 1274-86.
45. Worthley DL, Whitehall VL, Buttenshaw RL, Irahara N, Greco SA, Ramsnes I, et al. DNA methylation within the normal colorectal mucosa is associated with pathway-specific predisposition to cancer. Oncogene. 2010;29: 1653-62.
46. Dhir M, Yachida S, Van Neste L, Glockner SC, Jeschke J, Pappou EP, et al. Sessile serrated adenomas and classical adenomas: an epigenetic perspective on premalignant neoplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Int J Cancer. 2011;129: 1889-98.
47. Kriegl L, Neumann J, Vieth M, Greten FR, Reu S, Jung A, et al. Up and downregulation of p16(Ink4a) expression in BRAF-mutated polyps/adenomas indicates a senescence barrier in the serrated route to colon cancer. Mod Pathol. 2011;24: 1015-22.
48. Fu X, Li J, Li K, Tian X, Zhang Y. Hypermethylation of APC promoter 1A is associated with moderate activation of Wnt signalling pathway in a subset of colorectal serrated adenomas. Histopathology. 2009;55: 554-63.
49. Fu X, Yang X, Chen K, Zhang Y. Retained cell-cell adhesion in serrated neoplastic pathway as opposed to conventional colorectal adenomas. J Histochem Cytochem. 2011;59: 158-66.
50. Jiao YF, Nakamura S, Sugai T, Yamada N, Habano W. Serrated adenoma of the colorectum undergoes a proliferation versus differentiation process: new conceptual interpretation of morphogenesis. Oncology. 2008;74: 127-34.
51. Joo M, Shahsafaei A, Odze RD. Paneth cell differentiation in colonic epithelial neoplasms: evidence for the role of the Apc/ beta-catenin/Tcf pathway. Hum Pathol. 2009;40: 872-80.
52. Oh K, Redston M, Odze RD. Support for hMLH1 and MGMT silencing as a mechanism of tumorigenesis in the hyperplasticadenoma- carcinoma (serrated) carcinogenic pathway in the colon. Hum Pathol. 2005;36: 101-11.
53. Sandmeier D, Benhattar J, Martin P, Bouzourene H. Serrated polyps of the large intestine: a molecular study comparing sessile serrated adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. Histopathology. 2009;55: 206-13.
54. Sawyer EJ, Cerar A, Hanby AM, Gorman P, Arends M, Talbot IC, et al. Molecular characteristics of serrated adenomas of the colorectum. Gut. 2002;51: 200-6.
55. Wu JM, Montgomery EA, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA. Frequent beta-catenin nuclear labeling in sessile serrated polyps of the colorectum with neoplastic potential. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;129: 416-23.
56. Yamamoto T, Konishi K, Yamochi T, Makino R, Kaneko K, Shimamura T, et al. No major tumorigenic role for beta-catenin in serrated as opposed to conventional colorectal adenomas. Br J Cancer. 2003;89: 152-7.
57. Cancer Genome Atlas Network. Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer. Nature. 2012;487: 330-7.
58. Guo RJ, Funakoshi S, Lee HH, Kong J, Lynch JP. The intestinespecific transcription factor Cdx2 inhibits beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF protein complex. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31: 159-66.
59. Kohonen-Corish MR, Sigglekow ND, Susanto J, Chapuis PH, Bokey EL, Dent OF, et al. Promoter methylation of the mutated in colorectal cancer gene is a frequent early event in colorectal cancer. Oncogene. 2007;26: 4435-41.
60. Wajapeyee N, Serra RW, Zhu X, Mahalingam M, Green MR. Oncogenic BRAF induces senescence and apoptosis through pathways mediated by the secreted protein IGFBP7. Cell. 2008;132: 363-74.
61. Waye JD, Bilotta JJ. Rectal hyperplastic polyps: now you see them, now you don't-a differential point. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85: 1557-9.
62. Rondagh EJ, Masclee AA, Bouwens MW, Winkens B, Riedl RG, de Bruine AP, et al. Endoscopic red flags for the detection of high-risk serrated polyps: an observational study. Endoscopy. 2011;43: 1052-8.
63. Tadepalli US, Feihel D, Miller KM, Itzkowitz SH, Freedman JS, Kornacki S, et al. A morphologic analysis of sessile serrated polyps observed during routine colonoscopy (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74: 1360-8.
64. Hasegawa S, Mitsuyama K, Kawano H, Arita K, Maeyama Y, Akagi Y, et al. Endoscopic discrimination of sessile serrated adenomas from other serrated lesions. Oncol Lett. 2011;2: 785-9.
65. Rex DK, Hewett DG, Snover DC. Editorial: detection targets for colonoscopy: from variable detection to validation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105: 2665-9.
66. Rex DK. Update on colonoscopic imaging and projections for the future. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8: 318-21.
67. Hewett DG, Kaltenbach T, Sano Y, Tanaka S, Saunders BP, Ponchon T, et al. Validation of a simple classification system for endoscopic diagnosis of small colorectal polyps using narrowband imaging. Gastroenterology. 2012;143: 599-607.
68. Rex DK, Ahnen DJ, Baron JA, Batts KP, Burke CA, Burt RW, et al. Serrated lesions of the colorectum: review and recommendations from an expert panel. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107: 1315-29.
69. Kimura T, Yamamoto E, Yamano HO, Suzuki H, Kamimae S, Nojima M, et al. A novel pit pattern identifies the precursor of colorectal cancer derived from sessile serrated adenoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107: 460-9.
70. Sandmeier D, Seelentag W, Bouzourene H. Serrated polyps of the colorectum: is sessile serrated adenoma distinguishable from hyperplastic polyp in a daily practice? Virchows Arch. 2007; 450: 613-8.
71. Hewett DG, Kahi CJ, Rex DK. Does colonoscopy work? J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2010;8: 67-76.
72. Hewett DG, Kahi CJ, Rex DK. Efficacy and effectiveness of colonoscopy: how do we bridge the gap? Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2010;20: 673-84.
73. Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Urbach DR, Rabeneck L. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150: 1-8.
74. Baxter NN, Sutradhar R, Forbes SS, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Rabeneck L. Analysis of administrative data finds endoscopist quality measures associated with postcolonoscopy colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2011;140: 65-72.
75. Brenner H, Chang-Claude J, Seiler CM, Rickert A, Hoffmeister M. Protection from colorectal cancer after colonoscopy: a population- based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154: 22-30.
76. Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Altenhofen L, Haug U. Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102: 89-95.
77. Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, Kliewer EV, Mahmud SM, Bernstein CN. The reduction in colorectal cancer mortality after colonoscopy varies by site of the cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;139: 1128-37.
78. Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, Bernstein CN. Rate and predictors of early/missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy in Manitoba: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105: 2588-96.
79. Burnett-Hartman AN, Newcomb PA, Phipps AI, Passarelli MN, Grady WM, Upton MP, et al. Colorectal endoscopy, advanced adenomas, and sessile serrated polyps: implications for proximal colon cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107: 1213-9.
80. Hiraoka S, Kato J, Fujiki S, Kaji E, Morikawa T, Murakami T, et al. The presence of large serrated polyps increases risk for colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2010;139: 1503-10.
81. Arain MA, Sawhney M, Sheikh S, Anway R, Thyagarajan B, Bond JH, et al. CIMP status of interval colon cancers: another piece to the puzzle. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105: 1189-95.
82. Sawhney MS, Farrar WD, Gudiseva S, Nelson DB, Lederle FA, Rector TS, et al. Microsatellite instability in interval colon cancers. Gastroenterology. 2006;131: 1700-5.
83. Hetzel JT, Huang CS, Coukos JA, Omstead K, Cerda SR, Yang S, et al. Variation in the detection of serrated polyps in an average risk colorectal cancer screening cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105: 2656-64.
84. Kahi CJ, Hewett DG, Norton DL, Eckert GJ, Rex DK. Prevalence and variable detection of proximal colon serrated polyps during screening colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9: 42-6.
85. Hill A, Horswill MS, Plooy AM, Watson MO, Rowlands L, Wallis GM, et al. The development and validation of a colorectal polyp recognition test. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 26:32.
86. Hewett DG, Rex DK. Cap-fitted colonoscopy: a randomized, tandem colonoscopy study of adenoma miss rates. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72: 775-81.
87. Hewett DG, Rex DK. Miss rate of right-sided colon examination during colonoscopy defined by retroflexion: an observational study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74: 246-52.
88. Subramanian V, Mannath J, Hawkey CJ, Ragunath K. High definition colonoscopy vs. standard video endoscopy for the detection of colonic polyps: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy. 2011; 43: 499-505.
89. Dinesen L, Chua TJ, Kaffes AJ. Meta-analysis of narrow-band imaging versus conventional colonoscopy for adenoma detection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75: 604-11.
90. Kahi CJ, Anderson JC, Waxman I, Kessler WR, Imperiale TF, Li X, et al. High-definition chromocolonoscopy vs. high-definition white light colonoscopy for average-risk colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105: 1301-7.
91. Pohl J, Schneider A, Vogell H, Mayer G, Kaiser G, Ell C. Pancolonic chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine versus standard colonoscopy for detection of neoplastic lesions: a randomised two-centre trial. Gut. 2011;60: 485-90.
92. Lieberman DA, Rex DK, Winawer SJ, Giardiello FM, Johnson DA, Levin TR. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after screening and polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2012;143: 844-57.
93. Holt BA, Bourke MJ. Wide field endoscopic resection for advanced colonic mucosal neoplasia: current status and future directions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10: 969-79.
94. Hewett DG, Rex DK. Colonoscopy and diminutive polyps: hot or cold biopsy or snare? Do I send to pathology? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9: 102-5.
95. Pohl E, Srivastava A, Bensen SP, Anderson P, Rothstein RI, Gordon SR, et al. Incomplete polyp resection during colonoscopy- results of the Complete Adenoma Resection (CARE) Study. Gastroenterology. 2012. doi:10.1053/j.gastro. 2012.09.043.
96. Goldstein NS, Bhanot P, Odish E, Hunter S. Hyperplastic-like colon polyps that preceded microsatellite-unstable adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;119: 778-96.
97. Schreiner MA, Weiss DG, Lieberman DA. Proximal and large hyperplastic and nondysplastic serrated polyps detected by colonoscopy are associated with neoplasia. Gastroenterology. 2010;139: 1497-502.
98. Oono Y, Fu K, Nakamura H, Iriguchi Y, Yamamura A, Tomino Y, et al. Progression of a sessile serrated adenoma to an early invasive cancer within 8 months. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54: 906-9.
99. Lash RH, Genta RM, Schuler CM. Sessile serrated adenomas: prevalence of dysplasia and carcinoma in 2139 patients. J Clin Pathol. 2010;63: 681-6.
100. Lu FI, van Niekerk de W, Owen D, Tha SP, Turbin DA, Webber DL. Longitudinal outcome study of sessile serrated adenomas of the colorectum: an increased risk for subsequent right-sided colorectal carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34: 927-34.
101. Teriaky A, Driman DK, Chande N. Outcomes of a 5-year follow- up of patients with sessile serrated adenomas. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47: 178-83.
102. Salaria SN, Streppel MM, Lee LA, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Montgomery EA. Sessile serrated adenomas: high-risk lesions? Hum Pathol. 2012;43: 1808-14.
103. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, Stillman JS, O'Brien MJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology. 2006;130: 1872-85.
104. Moss A, Bourke MJ, Williams SJ, Hourigan LF, Brown G, Tam W, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection outcomes and prediction of submucosal cancer from advanced colonic mucosal neoplasia. Gastroenterology. 2011;140: 1909-18.
105. Terdiman JP, McQuaid KR. Surveillance guidelines should be updated to recognize the importance of serrated polyps. Gastroenterology. 2010;139: 1444-7.
106. Biswas S, Ellis AJ, Guy R, Savage H, Madronal K, East JE. High prevalence of hyperplastic polyposis syndrome (serrated polyposis) in the NHS bowel cancer screening programme. Gut. 2012. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303233.
107. Crowder CD, Sweet K, Lehman A, Frankel WL. Serrated polyposis is an underdiagnosed and unclear syndrome: the surgical pathologist has a role in improving detection. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36: 1178-85.
108. Moreira L, Pellise M, Carballal S, Bessa X, Ocana T, Serradesanferm A, et al. High prevalence of serrated polyposis syndrome in FIT-based colorectal cancer screening programmes. Gut. 2012. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303496.
109. Vemulapalli KC, Rex DK. Failure to recognize serrated polyposis syndrome in a cohort with large sessile colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75: 1206-10.
110. Rosty C, Buchanan DD, Walsh MD, Pearson SA, Pavluk E, Walters RJ, et al. Phenotype and polyp landscape in serrated polyposis syndrome: a series of 100 patients from genetics clinics. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36: 876-82.
111. Boparai KS, Mathus-Vliegen EM, Koornstra JJ, Nagengast FM, van Leerdam M, van Noesel CJ, et al. Increased colorectal cancer risk during follow-up in patients with hyperplastic polyposis syndrome: a multicentre cohort study. Gut. 2010;59: 1094-100.
112. Boparai KS, Reitsma JB, Lemmens V, van Os TA, Mathus- Vliegen EM, Koornstra JJ, et al. Increased colorectal cancer risk in first-degree relatives of patients with hyperplastic polyposis syndrome. Gut. 2010;59: 1222-5.
113. Win AK, Walters RJ, Buchanan DD, Jenkins MA, Sweet K, Frankel WL, et al. Cancer risks for relatives of patients with serrated polyposis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107: 770-8.
114. Young JP, Parry S. Risk factors: hyperplastic polyposis syndrome and risk of colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7: 594-5.
115. Gurudu SR, Heigh RI, De Petris G, Heigh EG, Leighton JA, Pasha SF, et al. Sessile serrated adenomas: demographic, endoscopic and pathological characteristics. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16: 3402-5.
116. Torlakovic E, Skovlund E, Snover DC, Torlakovic G, Nesland JM. Morphologic reappraisal of serrated colorectal polyps. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003;27: 65-81.
117. Goldstein NS. Small colonic microsatellite unstable adenocarcinomas and high-grade epithelial dysplasias in sessile serrated adenoma polypectomy specimens: a study of eight cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;125: 132-45.
118. Sheridan TB, Fenton H, Lewin MR, Burkart AL, Iacobuzio- Donahue CA, Frankel WL, et al. Sessile serrated adenomas with low- and high-grade dysplasia and early carcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of serrated lesions "caught in the act". Am J Clin Pathol. 2006;126: 564-71.
119. Capper D, Preusser M, Habel A, Sahm F, Ackermann U, Schindler G et al. Assessment of BRAF V600E mutation status by immunohistochemistry with a mutation-specific monoclonal antibody. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;122: 11-9.