Management of hemorrhage in trauma

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 27, Issue 4 SUPPL., 2013, Pages

  Schöchl, Herbert ^a,b   Grassetto, Alberto ^c   Schlimp, Christoph J ^b  

^a AUVA Trauma Centre   (Austria)

^b LUDWIG BOLTZMANN INSTITUTE FOR EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL TRAUMATOLOGY   (Austria)

^c OSPEDALE DELL'ANGELO   (Italy)

Author keywords

hemorrhage bleeding trauma transfusion coagulopathy coagulation tests goal directed therapy damage control resuscitation permissive hypotension

Indexed keywords

BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; FIBRINOGEN CONCENTRATE; FRESH FROZEN PLASMA;

ACIDOSIS; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; BLOOD CLOTTING TEST; DISEASE SEVERITY; ERYTHROCYTE; EXSANGUINATION; FLUID THERAPY; HEMODILUTION; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHERMIA; INDUCED HYPOTENSION; INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURVIVAL RATE; VISCOELASTICITY;

BLEEDING; COAGULATION TESTS; COAGULOPATHY; DAMAGE CONTROL RESUSCITATION; GOAL-DIRECTED THERAPY; HEMORRHAGE; PERMISSIVE HYPOTENSION; TRANSFUSION; TRAUMA;

BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; BLOOD COAGULATION TESTS; COAGULANTS; FLUID THERAPY; HEMORRHAGE; HEMOSTATIC TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; HYPOTENSION, CONTROLLED; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 84881160400     PISSN: 10530770     EISSN: 15328422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.05.015     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. A. Sauaia, F.A. Moore, and E.E. Moore Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment J Trauma 38 1995 185 193
2. H.C. Tien, F. Spencer, and L.N. Tremblay Preventable deaths from hemorrhage at a level I Canadian trauma center J Trauma 62 2007 142 146
3. T.J. Esposito, T.L. Sanddal, and S.A. Reynolds Effect of a voluntary trauma system on preventable death and inappropriate care in a rural state J Trauma 54 2003 663 669; discussion 669-670
4. D.S. Kauvar, R. Lefering, and C.E. Wade Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: An overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations J Trauma 60 2006 S3 S11
5. D. Frith, J.C. Goslings, and C. Gaarder Definition and drivers of acute traumatic coagulopathy: Clinical and experimental investigations J Thromb Haemost 8 2010 1919 1925
6. K. Brohi, M.J. Cohen, and R.A. Davenport Acute coagulopathy of trauma: Mechanism, identification and effect Curr Opin Crit Care 13 2007 680 685
7. M. Maegele, R. Lefering, and T. Paffrath Red-blood-cell to plasma ratios transfused during massive transfusion are associated with mortality in severe multiple injury: A retrospective analysis from the Trauma Registry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Unfallchirurgie Vox Sang 95 2008 112 119
8. B. Floccard, L. Rugeri, and A. Faure Early coagulopathy in trauma patients: An on-scene and hospital admission study Injury 43 2012 26 32
9. J.B. MacLeod, M. Lynn, and M.G. McKenney Early coagulopathy predicts mortality in trauma J Trauma 55 2003 39 44
10. J.B. Holcomb, K.M. Minei, and M.L. Scerbo Admission rapid thrombelastography can replace conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department: experience with 1974 consecutive trauma patients Ann Surg 256 2012 476 486
11. P.I. Johansson Coagulation monitoring of the bleeding traumatized patient Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 25 2012 235 241
12. J.B. Segal, W.H. Dzik Transfusion Medicine/Hemostasis Clinical Trials Network Paucity of studies to support that abnormal coagulation test results predict bleeding in the setting of invasive procedures: An evidence-based review Transfusion 45 2005 1413 1425
13. R. Davenport, J. Manson, and H. De'Ath Functional definition and characterization of acute traumatic coagulopathy Crit Care Med 39 2011 2652 2658
14. P.I. Johansson, T. Stissing, and L. Bochsen Thrombelastography and tromboelastometry in assessing coagulopathy in trauma Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 17 2009 45
15. P.I. Johansson, J. Stensballe, and S.R. Ostrowski Current management of massive hemorrhage in trauma Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20 2012 47
16. P.I. Johansson Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation for massively bleeding patients: The Copenhagen concept Transfus Apher Sci 43 2010 401 405
17. C. Ives, K. Inaba, and B.C. Branco Hyperfibrinolysis elicited via thromboelastography predicts mortality in trauma J Am Coll Surg 215 2012 496 502
18. A. Grassetto, M. De Nardin, and B. Ganzerla ROTEM(R)-guided coagulation factor concentrate therapy in trauma: 2-year experience in Venice, Italy Crit Care 16 2012 428
19. B. Ziegler, C. Schimke, and P. Marchet Severe pediatric blunt trauma - successful ROTEM-guided hemostatic therapy with fibrinogen concentrate and no administration of fresh frozen plasma or platelets Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 19 2013 453 459
20. M. Brenni, M. Worn, and M. Brüesch Successful rotational thromboelastometry-guided treatment of traumatic haemorrhage, hyperfibrinolysis and coagulopathy Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 54 2010 111 117
21. H. Schöchl, M. Maegele, and C. Solomon Early and individualized goal-directed therapy for trauma-induced coagulopathy Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 20 2012 15
22. O.M. Theusinger, C. Madjdpour, and D.R. Spahn Resuscitation and transfusion management in trauma patients: Emerging concepts Curr Opin Crit Care 18(6) 2012 661 670
23. K.G. Mann Thrombin generation in hemorrhage control and vascular occlusion Circulation 124 2011 225 235
24. K.A. Tanaka, N.S. Key, and J.H. Levy Blood coagulation: Hemostasis and thrombin regulation Anesth Analg 108 2009 1433 1446
25. P. Toulon, Y. Ozier, and A. Ankri Point-of-care versus central laboratory coagulation testing during haemorrhagic surgery. A multicenter study Thromb Haemost 101 2009 394 401
26. ®) with standard plasmatic coagulation testing in paediatric surgery Br J Anaesth 108 2012 36 41
27. M.T. Ganter, and C.K. Hofer Coagulation monitoring: Current techniques and clinical use of viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation devices Anesth Analg 106 2008 1366 1375
28. H. Schöchl, T. Frietsch, M. Pavelka, and C. Jambor Hyperfibrinolysis after major trauma: Differential diagnosis of lysis patterns and prognostic value of thrombelastometry J Trauma 67 2009 125 131
29. O.M. Theusinger, G.A. Wanner, and M.Y. Emmert Hyperfibrinolysis diagnosed by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is associated with higher mortality in patients with severe trauma Anesth Analg 113 2011 1003 1012
30. H. Schöchl, W. Voelckel, M. Maegele, and C. Solomon Trauma-associated hyperfibrinolysis Hamostaseologie 32 2012 22 27
31. B.A. Cotton, J.A. Harvin, and V. Kostousouv Hyperfibrinolysis at admission is an uncommon but highly lethal event associated with shock and prehospital fluid administration J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73 2012 365 370
32. J.L. Kashuk, E.E. Moore, and M. Sawyer Primary fibrinolysis is integral in the pathogenesis of the acute coagulopathy of trauma Ann Surg 252 2010 434 442; discussion 43-44
33. A. Levrat, A. Gros, and L. Rugeri Evaluation of rotation thrombelastography for the diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis in trauma patients Br J Anaesth 100 2008 792 797
34. O.H. Larsen, C. Fenger-Eriksen, and K. Christiansen Diagnostic performance and therapeutic consequence of thromboelastometry activated by kaolin versus a panel of specific reagents Anesthesiology 115 2011 294 302
35. H. Schöchl, U. Nienaber, and G. Hofer Goal-directed coagulation management of major trauma patients using thromboelastometry (ROTEM)-guided administration of fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate Crit Care 14 2010 R55
36. K. Görlinger, D. Dirkmann, and A.A. Hanke First-line therapy with coagulation factor concentrates combined with point-of-care coagulation testing is associated with decreased allogeneic blood transfusion in cardiovascular surgery: A retrospective, single-center cohort study Anesthesiology 115 2011 1179 1191
37. J.L. Kashuk, E.E. Moore, and J.L. Johnson Postinjury life threatening coagulopathy: Is 1:1 fresh frozen plasma:packed red blood cells the answer? J Trauma 65 2008 261 270; discussion 70-71
38. C.R. Larson, C.E. White, and P.C. Spinella Association of shock, coagulopathy, and initial vital signs with massive transfusion in combat casualties J Trauma 69(Suppl 1) 2010 S26 S32
39. B.A. Cotton, J.S. Guy, J.A. Morris Jr, and N.N. Abumrad The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies Shock 26 2006 115 121
40. N. Yücel, R. Lefering, and M. Maegele Trauma Associated Severe Hemorrhage (TASH)-Score: Probability of mass transfusion as surrogate for life threatening hemorrhage after multiple trauma J Trauma 60 2006 1228 1236
41. T.H. Rainer, A.M. Ho, and J.H. Yeung Early risk stratification of patients with major trauma requiring massive blood transfusion Resuscitation 82(6) 2011 724 729
42. B.A. Cotton, L.A. Dossett, and E.R. Haut Multicenter validation of a simplified score to predict massive transfusion in trauma J Trauma 69(Suppl 1) 2010 S33 S339
43. ® Crit Care 16(4) 2012 R129 [Epub ahead of print]
44. M. Pezold, E.E. Moore, and M. Wohlauer Viscoelastic clot strength predicts coagulation-related mortality within 15 minutes Surgery 151 2012 48 54
45. V. Jeger, S. Willi, and T. Liu The Rapid TEG α-angle may be a sensitive predictor of transfusion in moderately injured blunt trauma patients Scientific World Journal 2012 2012 821794
46. B.A. Cotton, G. Faz, and Q.M. Hatch Rapid thrombelastography delivers real-time results that predict transfusion within 1 hour of admission J Trauma 71 2011 407 414; discussion 14-17
47. H. Leemann, T. Lustenberger, and P. Talving The role of rotation thromboelastometry in early prediction of massive transfusion J Trauma 69 2010 1403 1408; discussion 8-9
48. A.J. Plotkin, C.E. Wade, and D.H. Jenkins A reduction in clot formation rate and strength assessed by thrombelastography is indicative of transfusion requirements in patients with penetrating injuries J Trauma 64 2008 S64 S68
49. H. Schöchl, B. Cotton, and K. Inaba FIBTEM provides early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma Crit Care 15 2011 R265
50. A. Wafaisade, S. Wutzler, and R. Lefering Trauma Registry of DGU: Drivers of acute coagulopathy after severe trauma: A multivariate analysis of 1987 patients Emerg Med J 27 2010 934 939
51. B. Hussmann, R. Lefering, and C. Waydhas Does increased prehospital replacement volume lead to a poor clinical course and an increased mortality? A matched-pair analysis of 1896 patients of the Trauma Registry of the German Society for Trauma Surgery who were managed by an emergency doctor at the accident site Injury 44(5) 2012 611 617
52. S. Kozek-Langenecker Influence of fluid therapy on the hemostatic system of intensive care patients Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 23 2009 225 236
53. Schlimp C, Cadmoro J, Solomon C, et al. The effect of factor XIII and fibrinogen concentrate on the clot formation of 33% diluted blood with albumin, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch or saline in vitro. Blood Transfusion 2012 Dec 13:1-9. doi: 10.2450/2012.0171-12 [Epub ahead of print]
54. P.T. Choi, G. Yip, L.G. Quinonez, and D.J. Cook Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation: A systematic review Crit Care Med 27 1999 200 210
55. G. Schierhout, and I. Roberts Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: A systematic review of randomised trials BMJ 316 1998 961 964
56. M.F. James, W.L. Michell, and I.A. Joubert Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: The FIRST trial (Fluids in Resuscitation of Severe Trauma) Br J Anaesth 107 2011 693 702
57. Perel P, Roberts I: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD:000567, 2011
58. H.P. Santry, and H.B. Alam Fluid resuscitation: Past, present and the future Shock 33 2010 229 241
59. J.L. Sondeen, V.G. Coppes, and J.B. Holcomb Blood pressure at which rebleeding occurs after resuscitation in swine with aortic injury J Trauma 54 2003 S110 S117
60. J.O. Jansen, R. Thomas, M.A. Loudon, and A. Brooks Damage control resuscitation for patients with major trauma BMJ 338 2009 b1778
61. D. Spahn, B. Bouillon, and V. Cerny Management of bleeding following major trauma: An updated European guideline Crit Care 17 2013 Apr 9 R76
62. W.H. Bickell, M.J. Wall Jr, and P.E. Pepe Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries N Engl J Med 331 1994 1105 1109
63. R.P. Dutton, C.F. Mackenzie, and T.M. Scalea Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: Impact on in-hospital mortality J Trauma 52 2002 1141 1146
64. C.A. Morrison, M.M. Carrick, and M.A. Norman Hypotensive resuscitation strategy reduces transfusion requirements and severe postoperativecoagulopathy in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: Preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial J Trauma 70 2011 652 663
65. B. Sørensen, and D. Fries Emerging treatment strategies for trauma-induced coagulopathy Br J Surg 99 2012 40 50
66. H. Lier, H. Lier, and H. Krep Preconditions of hemostasis in trauma: A review. The influence of acidosis, hypocalcemia, anemia, and hypothermia on functional hemostasis in trauma J Trauma 65 2008 951 960
67. W.Z. Martini, M.A. Dubick, and A.E. Pusateri Does bicarbonate correct coagulation function impaired by acidosis in swine? J Trauma 61 2006 99 106
68. B. Vivien, O. Langeron, and E. Morell Early hypocalcemia in severe trauma Crit Care Med 33 2005 1946 1952
69. G.J. Beilman, J.J. Blondet, and T.R. Nelson Early hypothermia in severely injured trauma patients is a significant risk factor for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome but not mortality Ann Surg 249 2009 845 850
70. N. Cosgriff, E.E. Moore, and A. Sauaia Predicting life-threatening coagulopathy in the massively transfused trauma patient: Hypothermia and acidoses revisited J Trauma 42 1997 857 861
71. B.R. Reynolds, R.M. Forsythe, and B.G. Harbrecht Hypothermia in massive transfusion: Have we been paying enough attention to it? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 73 2012 486 491
72. Z.H. Meng, A.S. Wolberg, and D.M. Monroe 3rd The effect of temperature and pH on the activity of factor VIIa: Implications for the efficacy of high-dose factor VIIa in hypothermic and acidotic patients J Trauma 55 2003 886 891
73. A.S. Wolberg, Z.H. Meng, and D.M. Monroe 3rd A systematic evaluation of the effect of temperature on coagulation enzyme activity and platelet function J Trauma 56 2004 1221 1228
74. D. Dirkmann, A.A. Hanke, K. Görlinger, and J. Peters Hypothermia and acidosis synergistically impair coagulation in human whole blood Anesth Analg 106 2008 1627 1632
75. F. Lapostolle Risk factors for onset of hypothermia in trauma victims: The HypoTraum study Crit Care 16 2012 R142
76. L.M. Gentilello, G.J. Jurkovich, and M.S. Stark Is hypothermia in the victim of major trauma protective or harmful? A randomized, prospective study Ann Surg 226 1997 439 447; discussion 447-449
77. D.J. Riskin, T.C. Tsai, and L. Riskin Massive transfusion protocols: The role of aggressive resuscitation versus product ratio in mortality reduction J Am Coll Surg 209 2009 198 205
78. B. Nascimento, S. Rizoli, and G. Rubenfeld Cryoprecipitate transfusion: Assessing appropriateness and dosing in trauma Transfus Med 21 2011 394 401
79. B.A. Cotton, B.K. Au, and T.C. Nunez Predefined massive transfusion protocols are associated with a reduction in organ failure and postinjury complications J Trauma 66 2009 41 48; discussion 8-9
80. B.A. Cotton, O.L. Gunter, and J. Isbell Damage control hematology: The impact of a trauma exsanguination protocol on survival and blood product utilization J Trauma 64 2008 1177 1182; discussion 82-83
81. K.A. Zink, C.N. Sambasivan, and J.B. Holcomb A high ratio of plasma and platelets to packed red blood cells in the first 6 hours of massive transfusion improves outcomes in a large multicenter study Am J Surg 197 2009 565 570; discussion 70
82. J.B. Holcomb, L.A. Zarzabal, and J.E. Michalek Increased platelet:RBC ratios are associated with improved survival after massive transfusion J Trauma 71 2011 S312 S318
83. L. Ketchum, J.R. Hess, and S. Hiippala Indications for early fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelet transfusion in trauma J Trauma 60 2006 S51 S58
84. M.A. Borgman, P.C. Spinella, and J.G. Perkins The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital J Trauma 63 2007 805 813
85. O.L. Gunter Jr, B.K. Au, and J.M. Isbell Optimizing outcomes in damage control resuscitation: Identifying blood product ratios associated with improved survival J Trauma 65 2008 527 534
86. S. Peiniger, U. Nienaber, and R. Lefering Balanced massive transfusion ratios in multiple injury patients with traumatic brain injury Crit Care 15 2011 R68
87. T.M. Scalea, K.M. Bochicchio, and K. Lumpkins Early aggressive use of fresh frozen plasma does not improve outcome in critically injured trauma patients Ann Surg 248 2008 578 584
88. A.R. de Biasi, L.G. Stansbury, and R.P. Dutton Blood product use in trauma resuscitation: Plasma deficit versus plasma ratio as predictors of mortality in trauma (CME) Transfusion 51 2011 1925 1932
89. J.W. Simmons, C.E. White, and B.J. Eastridge Impact of policy change on US Army combat transfusion practices J Trauma 69 2010 S75 S80
90. J. Dirks, H. Jorgensen, and C.H. Jensen Blood product ratio in acute traumatic coagulopathy - effect on mortality in a Scandinavian level 1 trauma centre Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 18 2010 65
91. J.L. Sperry, J.B. Ochoa, and S.R. Gunn An FFP:PRBC transfusion ratio >/=1:1.5 is associated with a lower risk of mortality after massive transfusion J Trauma 65 2008 986 993
92. P.G.R. Teixeira, K. Inaba, and I. Shulman Impact of plasma transfusion in massively transfused trauma patients J Trauma 66 2009 693 697
93. R. Davenport, N. Curry, and J. Manson Hemostatic effects of fresh frozen plasma may be maximal at red cell ratios of 1:2 J Trauma 70 2011 90 95; discussion 5-6
94. Bhangu A, Nepogodiev D, Doughty H, et al. Meta-analysis of plasma to red blood cell ratios and mortality in massive blood transfusions for trauma. Injury 2012 Apr 25 pii:S0020-1383(12)00296-3. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.07.193, 2012 [Epub ahead of print]
95. A.M. Ho, P.W. Dion, and J.H. Yeung Prevalence of survivor bias in observational studies on fresh frozen plasma: Erythrocyte ratios in trauma requiring massive transfusion Anesthesiology 116 2012 716 728
96. R. Armand, and J.R. Hess Treating coagulopathy in trauma patients Transfus Med Rev 17 2003 223 231
97. P. Chowdary, A.G. Saayman, and U. Paulus Efficacy of standard dose and 30 ml/kg fresh frozen plasma in correcting laboratory parameters of haemostasis in critically ill patients Br J Haematol 125 2004 69 73
98. M.A. Borgman, P.C. Spinella, and J.B. Holcomb The effect of FFP:RBC ratio on morbidity and mortality in trauma patients based on transfusion prediction score Vox Sang 101 2011 44 54
99. K. Inaba, B.C. Branco, and P. Rhee Impact of plasma transfusion in trauma patients who do not require massive transfusion J Am Coll Surg 210 2010 957 965
100. C.W. Snyder, J.A. Weinberg, and G. McGwin Jr The relationship of blood product ratio to mortality: Survival benefit or survival bias? J Trauma 66 2009 358 364
101. Holcomb JB, Del Junco DJ, Fox EE, et al. The Prospective, Observational, Multicenter, Major Trauma Transfusion (PROMMTT) Study: Comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. Arch Surg 2012 Oct 15 1-10 doi:10.1001/2013.jamasurg.387, 2012 [Epub ahead of print]
102. S.I. Dara, R. Rana, and B. Afessa Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in critically ill medical patients with coagulopathy Crit Care Med 33 2005 2667 2671
103. B. Sarani, W.J. Dunkman, and L. Dean Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma in critically ill surgical patients is associated with an increased risk of infection Crit Care Med 36 2008 1114 1118
104. G.A. Watson, J.L. Sperry, and M.R. Rosengart Fresh frozen plasma is independently associated with a higher risk of multiple organ failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome J Trauma 67 2009 221 227; discussion 8-30
105. O. Chaiwat, J.D. Lang, and M.S. Vavilala Early packed red blood cell transfusion and acute respiratory distress syndrome after trauma Anesthesiology 110 2009 351 360
106. C. Rourke, N. Curry, and S. Khan Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes J Thromb Haemost 10 2012 1342 1351
107. H. Schöchl, U. Nienaber, and M. Maegele Transfusion in trauma: Thromboelastometry (TEM)-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard FFP-based therapy Crit Care 15 2011 R83
108. L.A. Chambers, S.J. Chow, and L.E. Shaffer Frequency and characteristics of coagulopathy in trauma patients treated with a low- or high-plasma-content massive transfusion protocol Am J Clin Pathol 136 2011 364 370
109. H. Schöchl, C. Solomon, and S. Traintinger Thromboelastometric (ROTEM) findings in patients suffering from isolated severe traumatic brain injury J Neurotrauma 28 2011 2033 2041
110. H.K. Stinger, P.C. Spinella, and J.G. Perkins The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital J Trauma 64 2008 S79 S85
111. C. Fenger-Eriksen, T.M. Jensen, and B.S. Kristensen Fibrinogen substitution improves whole blood clot firmness after dilution with hydroxyethyl starch in bleeding patients undergoing radical cystectomy: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial J Thromb Haemost 7 2009 795 802
112. T. Haas, D. Fries, and C. Velik-Salchner Fibrinogen in craniosynostosis surgery Anesth Analg 106 2008 725 731
113. B. Sorensen, and D. Bevan A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement of fibrinogen Br J Haematol 149 2010 834 843
114. J.L. Callum, K. Karkouti, and Y. Lin Cryoprecipitate: The current state of knowledge Transfus Med Rev 23 2009 177 188
115. C. Velik-Salchner, T. Haas, and P. Innerhofer The effect of fibrinogen concentrate on thrombocytopenia J Thromb Haemost 5 2007 1019 1025
116. H. Schöchl, A. Posch, and A. Hanke High-dose fibrinogen concentrate for haemostatic therapy of a major trauma patient with recent clopidogrel and aspirin intake Scand J Clin Lab Invest 70 2010 453 457
117. J.P. Collet, D. Park, and C. Lesty Influence of fibrin network conformation and fibrin fiber diameter on fibrinolysis speed: Dynamic and structural approaches by confocal microscopy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 2000 1354 1361
118. Innerhofer P, Westermann I, Tauber H, et al. The exclusive use of coagulation factor concentrates enables reversal of coagulopathy and decreases transfusion rates in patients with major blunt trauma. Injury 2012 Sep 20 pii: S0020-1383(12)00358-0 doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2012.08.047, 2012 [Epub ahead of print]
119. H. Schöchl, L. Forster, and R. Woidke Use of rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to achieve successful treatment of polytrauma with fibrinogen concentrate and prothrombin complex concentrate Anaesthesia 65 2010 199 203
120. A. Grassetto, D. Saggioro, and P. Caputo Rotational thromboelastometry analysis and management of life-threatening haemorrhage in isolated craniofacial injury Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 23(6) 2012 551 555
121. I. Pabinger, B. Brenner, and U. Kalina Prothrombin complex concentrate (Beriplex P/N) for emergency anticoagulation reversal: A prospective multinational clinical trial J Thromb Haemost 6 2008 622 631
122. B. Joseph, A. Amini, and R.S. Friese Factor IX complex for the correction of traumatic coagulopathy J Trauma Acute Care Surg 72 2012 828 834
123. H. Shakur, I. Roberts, and R. Bautista Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): A randomised, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 376 2010 23 32
124. I. Roberts, H. Shakur, and A. Afolabi The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: An exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial Lancet 377 2011 1096 1101
125. J.J. Morrison, J.J. Dubose, and T.E. Rasmussen Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation (MATTERs) Study Arch Surg 147 2012 113 119