Changing trends in the management of hypotension following spinal anesthesia in cesarean section

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 121-126

  Mitra, J K ^a   Roy, J ^b   Bhattacharyya, P ^a   Yunus, M ^a   Lyngdoh, N M ^a  

^a NORTH EASTERN INDIRA GANDHI REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES   (India)

^b JNM Hospital   (India)

Author keywords

Cesarean section; hypotension; spinal anesthesia

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN II; EPHEDRINE; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MEPHENTERMINE; METARAMINOL; PHENYLEPHRINE; RINGER LACTATE SOLUTION;

APGAR SCORE; BLOOD VESSEL CAPACITANCE; CESAREAN SECTION; COGNITION; COLLOID; COMPRESSION INSTRUMENT; CRYSTALLOID; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEART OUTPUT; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INCIDENCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; SPINAL ANESTHESIA; SYMPATHECTOMY; VEIN DILATATION;

ANESTHESIA, OBSTETRICAL; ANESTHESIA, SPINAL; CESAREAN SECTION; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; EPHEDRINE; FEMALE; FLUID THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPOTENSION; ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, CARDIOVASCULAR; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENTS;

EID: 84880867611     PISSN: 00223859     EISSN: 09722823     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.113840     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Shibli KU, Russell IF. A survey of anaesthetic techniques used for caesarean section in the UK in 1997. Int J Obstet Anesth 2000;9:160-7
2. Miller Roland D. Miller's Anaesthesia. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2010. p. 2222
3. Mercier FJ, Augè M, Hoffmann C, Fischer C, Le Gouez A. Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Minerva Anestesiol 2013;79:62-73
4. Norris MC. Hypotension during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section: Does it affect neonatal outcome? RegAnaesth 1987;12:191-3
5. Holmes F. The supine hypotensive syndrome. 1960. Anaesthesia 1995;50:972-7
6. Køhler F, Sørensen JF, Helbo-Hansen HS. Effect of delayed supine positioning after induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:441-6
7. Thomas DG, Robson SC, Redfern N, Hughes D, Boys RJ. Randomized trial of bolus phenylephrine or ephedrine for maintenance of arterial pressure during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:61-5
8. Reynolds F, Seed PT. Anaesthesia for Caesarean section and neonatal acid-base status: A meta-analysis. Anaesthesia 2005;60:636-53
9. Milsom I, Forssman L, Biber B, Dottori O, Rydgren B, Sivertsson R. Maternal haemodynamic changes during caesarean section: A comparison of epidural and general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985;29:161-7
10. Paech MJ. Should we take a different angle in managing pregnant women at delivery? Attempting to avoid the 'supine hypotensive syndrome'. Anaesth Intensive Care 2008;36:775-7
11. Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, Middleton P, Simmons SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD002251
12. Loubert C. Fluid and vasopressor management for Cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: Continuing professional development. Can J Anaesth 2012;59:604-19
13. Burns SM, Cowan CM, Wilkes RG. Prevention and management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section: A survey of practice. Anaesthesia 2001;56:794-8
14. Rout CC, Rocke DA, Levin J, Gouws E, Reddy D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993;79:262-9
15. Park GE, Hauch MA, Curlin F, Datta S, Bader AM. The effects of varying volumes of crystalloid administration before cesarean delivery on maternal hemodynamics and colloid osmotic pressure. Anesth Analg 1996;83:299-303
16. Rout CC, Akoojee SS, Rocke DA, Gouws E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1992;68:394-7
17. McKinlay J, Lyons G. Obstetric neuraxial anaesthesia: Which pressor agents should we be using? Int J Obstet Anesth 2002;11:117-21
18. Muzlifah KB, Choy YC. Comparison between preloading with 10 ml/kg and 20 ml/kg of Ringer's lactate in preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Med J Malaysia 2009;64:114-7
19. Ouerghi S, Bougacha MA, Frikha N, Mestiri T, Ben Ammar MS, Mebazaa MS. Combined use of crystalloid preload and low dose spinal anesthesia for preventing hypotension in spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: A randomized controlled trial. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2010;20:667-72
20. Riley ET. Editorial I: Spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: Keep the pressure up and don't spare the vasoconstrictors. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:459-61
21. Morgan PJ, Halpern SH, Tarshis J. The effects of an increase of central blood volume before spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: A qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg 2001;92:997-1005
22. Gunusen I, Karaman S, Ertugrul V, Firat V. Effects of fluid preload (crystalloid or colloid) compared with crystalloid co-load plus ephedrine infusion on hypotension and neonatal outcome during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010;38:647-53
23. Williamson W, Burks D, Pipkin J, Burkard JF, Osborne LA, Pellegrini JE. Effect of timing of fluid bolus on reduction of spinal-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. AANA J 2009;77:130-6
24. Riley ET, Cohen SE, Rubenstein AJ, Flanagan B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: Six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesth Analg 1995;81:838-42
25. Dahlgren G, Granath F, Wessel H, Irestedt L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007;16:128-34
26. French GW, White JB, Howell SJ, Popat M. Comparison of pentastarch and Hartmann's solution for volume preloading in spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1999;83:475-7
27. Karinen J, Räsänen J, Alahuhta S, Jouppila R, Jouppila P. Effect of crystalloid and colloid preloading on uteroplacental and maternal haemodynamic state during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1995;75:531-5
28. Tamilselvan P, Fernando R, Bray J, Sodhi M, Columb M. The effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on cardiac output in the parturient undergoing planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: A randomized trial. Anesth Analg 2009;109:1916-21
29. Carvalho B, Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Brummel C, Cohen SE. Hetastarch co-loading is as effective as pre-loading for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth 2009;18:150-5
30. Teoh WH, Sia AT. Colloid preload versus coload for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: The effects on maternal cardiac output. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1592-8
31. Siddik-Sayyid SM, Nasr VG, Taha SK, Zbeide RA, Shehade JM, Al Alami AA, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2009;109:1219-24
32. Weeks S. Reflections on hypotension during Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia: Do we need to use colloid? Can J Anaesth 2000;47:607-10
33. Turker G, Yilmazlar T, Mogol EB, Gurbet A, Dizman S, Gunay H. The effects of colloid pre-loading on thromboelastography prior to caesarean delivery: Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 versus succinylated gelatine. J Int Med Res 2011;39:143-9
34. Mercier FJ. Fluid loading for cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia: Have we studied all the options? Anesth Analg 2011;113:677-80
35. Banerjee A, Stocche RM, Angle P, Halpern SH. Preload or coload for spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean delivery: A meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 2010;57:24-31
36. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: An effective technique using combination phenylephrine infusion and crystalloid cohydration. Anesthesiology 2005;103:744-50
37. Mercier FJ. Cesarean delivery fluid management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012;25:286-91
38. Marcus MA, Vertommen JD, Van Aken H, Wouters PF. Hemodynamic effects of intravenous isoproterenol versus epinephrine in the chronic maternal-fetal sheep preparation. Anesth Analg 1996;82:1023-6
39. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF. Comparison of phenylephrine infusion regimens for maintaining maternal blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 2004;92:469-74
40. Shearer VE, Ramin SM, Wallace DH, Dax JS, Gilstrap LC 3rd. Fetal effects of prophylactic ephedrine and maternal hypotension during regional anesthesia for cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Med 1996;5:79-84
41. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Tan PE, Ng FF, Karmakar MK. Placental transfer and fetal metabolic effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111:506-12
42. Landau R, Liu SK, Blouin JL, Smiley RM, Ngan Kee WD. The effect of maternal and fetal ®2-adrenoceptor and nitric oxide synthase genotype on vasopressor requirement and fetal acid-base status during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2011;112:1432-7
43. Ramanathan S, Grant GJ. Vasopressor therapy for hypotension due to epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1988;32:559-65
44. Ngan Kee WD, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Lee BB. Prophylactic phenylephrine infusion for preventing hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2004;98:815-21
45. Stewart A, Fernando R, McDonald S, Hignett R, Jones T, Columb M. The dose-dependent effects of phenylephrine for elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2010;111:1230-7
46. Ngan Kee WD, Lee A, Khaw KS, Ng FF, Karmakar MK, Gin T. A randomized double-blinded comparison of phenylephrine and ephedrine infusion combinations to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: The effects on fetal acid-base status and hemodynamic control. Anesth Analg 2008;107:1295-302
47. Lee A, Ngan Kee WD, Gin T. A quantitative, systematic review of randomized controlled trials of ephedrine versus phenylephrine for the management of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2002;94:920-6
48. Cooper DW, Carpenter M, Mowbray P, et al. Fetal and maternal effects of phenylephrine and ephedrine during spinal anesthesia for caesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:1582-90
49. Veeser M, Hofmann T, Roth R, Klöhr S, Rossaint R, Heesen M. Vasopressors for the management of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section. Systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2012;56:810-6
50. Mercier FJ, Riley ET, Frederickson WL, Roger-Christoph S, Benhamou D, Cohen SE. Phenylephrine added to prophylactic ephedrine infusion during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95:668-74
51. Cooper DW. Caesarean delivery vasopressor management. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012;25:300-8
52. Habib AS. A review of the impact of phenylephrine administration on maternal hemodynamics and maternal and neonatal outcomes in women undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2012;114:377-90
53. Ngan Kee WD, Lau TK, Khaw KS, Lee BB. Comparison of metaraminol and ephedrine infusions for maintaining arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 2001;95:307-13
54. Ramin SM, Ramin KD, Cox K, Magness RR, Shearer VE, Gant NF. Comparison of prophylactic angiotensin II versus ephedrine infusion for prevention of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:734-9
55. Westfall TC, Westfall DP. Adrenergicagonistsandantagonists. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, editors. Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2006. p. 237-95
56. Hodge RL, Dornhorst AC. The clinical pharmacology of vasoconstrictors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1966;7:639-47
57. Kansal A, Mohta M, Sethi AK, Tyagi A, Kumar P. Randomised trial of intravenous infusion of ephedrine or mephentermine for management of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Anaesthesia 2005;60:28-34
58. Mohta M, Janani SS, Sethi AK, Agarwal D, Tyagi A. Comparison of phenylephrine hydrochloride and mephentermine sulphate for prevention of post spinal hypotension. Anaesthesia 2010;65:1200-5
59. Minzter BH, Johnson RF, Paschall RL, Ramasubramanian R, Ayers GD, Downing JW. The diverse effects of vasopressors on the fetoplacental circulation of the dual perfused human placenta. Anesth Analg 2010;110:857-62
60. Armstrong S, Fernando R, Columb M. Minimally-and non-invasive assessment of maternal cardiac output: Go with the flow! Int J Obstet Anesth 2011;20:330-40
61. Dyer RA, Reed AR, van Dyk D, Arcache MJ, Hodges O, Lombard CJ, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009;111:753-65
62. Robson SC, Boys RJ, Rodeck C, Morgan B. Maternal and fetal haemodynamic effects of spinal and extradural anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1992;68:54-9
63. Langesæter E, Dyer RA. Maternal haemodynamic changes during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011;24:242-8
64. Roofthooft E, Van de Velde M. Low-dose spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section to prevent spinal-induced hypotension. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2008;21:259-62
65. Dyer RA, Joubert IA. Low-dose spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2004;17:301-8
66. Russell IF. Levels of anaesthesia and intraoperative pain at caesarean section under regional block. Int J Obstet Anesth 1995;4:71-7
67. Benhamou D, Wong C. Neuraxial anesthesia for cesarean delivery: What criteria define the "optimal" technique? Anesth Analg 2009;109:1370-3
68. Janssen H, Treviño C, Williams D. Hemodynamic alterations in venous blood flow produced by external pneumatic compression. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1993;34:441-7
69. Sujata N, Arora D, Panigrahi BP, Hanjoora VM. A sequential compression mechanical pump to prevent hypotension during elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012;21:140-5