Quantitative image analysis for the characterization of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment: A review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Volumn 20, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 5887-5912

  Costa, J C ^a   Mesquita, D P ^a   Amaral, A L ^a,b   Alves, M M ^a   Ferreira, E C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

^b POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Activated sludge; Anaerobic digestion; Chemometrics; Filamentous bulking; Granulation; Sludge volume index

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AGGREGATION; ANOXIC CONDITIONS; BIOLOGICAL METHOD; FRAGMENTATION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; PROTOZOAN; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

ANIMALIA; METAZOA; PROTOZOA;

EID: 84880834124     PISSN: 09441344     EISSN: 16147499     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1824-5     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Abreu AA, Costa JC, Araya-Kroff P, Ferreira EC, Alves MM (2007) Quantitative image analysis as a diagnostic tool for identifying structural changes during a revival process of anaerobic granular sludge. Water Res 41: 1473-1480.
2. Abreu AA, Alves JI, Pereira MA, Sousa DZ, Alves MM (2011) Strategies to suppress hydrogen-consuming microorganisms affect macro and micro scale structure and microbiology of granular sludge. Biotechnol Bioeng 108: 1766-1775.
3. Ahn Y-H (2000) Physicochemical and microbial aspects of anaerobic granular pellets. J Environ Sci Health A 35: 1617-1635.
4. Ahn Y-H, Speece R (2003) Settleability assessment protocol for anaerobic granular sludge and its application. Water SA 29: 419-426.
5. Alinsafi A, da Motta M, Le Bonté S, Pons M-N, Benhammou A (2006) Effect of variability on the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater by activated sludge. Dyes Pigments 69: 31-39.
6. Alves MM, Cavaleiro AJ, Ferreira EC, Amaral AL, Mota M, da Motta M, Vivier H, Pons M-N (2000) Characterisation by image analysis of anerobic sludge under shock conditions. Water Sci Technol 41: 207-214.
7. Amann R, Lemmer H, Wagner M (1998) Monitoring the community structure of wastewater treatment plants: a comparison of old and new techniques. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 25: 205-2015.
8. Amaral AL (1998) Desenvolvimento de Técnicas de Análise de Imagem para Aplicação em Processos Biotecnológicos. MsC dissertation, University of Minho. http://hdl. handle. net/1822/175.
9. Amaral AL (2003) Image analysis in biotechnological processes: application to wastewater treatment. PhD dissertation, University of Minho. http://hdl. handle. net/1822/4506.
10. Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2005) Activated sludge monitoring of a wastewater treatment plant using image analysis and partial least squares regression. Anal Chim Acta 544: 246-253.
11. Amaral AL, Nicolau A, Ferreira EF, Lima N, Mota M (1998) Mobility assessment of the ciliated Tetrahymena pyriformis after exposition to toxic compounds using image analysis. IV Iberian Congress on Biotechnology/I Ibero-American Meeting on Biotechnology 322.
12. Amaral AL, Baptiste C, Pons M-N, Nicolau A, Lima N, Ferreira EC, Mota M, Vivier H (1999) Semi-automated recognition of protozoa by image analysis. Biotechnol Tech 13: 111-118.
13. Amaral AL, da Motta M, Pons M-N, Vivier H, Roche N, Mota M, Ferreira EC (2004a) Survey of protozoa and metazoa populations in wastewater treatment plants by image analysis and discriminant analysis. Environmetrics 15: 381-390.
14. Amaral AL, Pereira MA, da Motta M, Pons M-N, Mota M, Ferreira EC, Alves MM (2004b) Development of image analysis techniques as a tool to detect and quantify morphological changes in anaerobic sludge: I. Application to a granule deterioration process triggered by contact with oleic acid. Biotechnol Bioeng 87: 194-199.
15. o Encontro do Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 63.
16. o Encontro Nacional de Saneamento Básico/Simpósio Luso-Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental (in Portuguese).
17. Araya-Kroff P, Amaral AL, Neves L, Ferreira EC, Pons M-N, Mota M, Alves MM (2004) Development of image analysis techniques as a tool to detect and quantify morphological changes in anaerobic sludge: I. Application to a granulation process. Biotechnol Bioeng 87: 184-193.
18. Arelli A, Luccarini L, Madoni P (2009) Application of image analysis in activated sludge to evaluate correlations between settleability and features of flocs and filamentous species. Wat Sci Technol 59: 2029-2036.
19. Banadda EN, Smets IY, Jenné R, van Impe JF (2005) Predicting the onset of filamentous bulking in biological wastewater treatment systems by exploiting image analysis information. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 27: 339-348.
20. Bellouti M, Alves MM, Novais JM, Mota M (1997) Flocs vs granules: differentiation by fractal dimension. Water Res 31: 1227-1231.
21. Beun JJ, van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ (2002) Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor. Water Res 36: 702-712.
22. Beyenal H, Donovan C, Lewandowski Z, Harkin G (2004) Threedimensional biofilm structure quantification. J Microbiol Meth 59: 395-413.
23. Blackall LL, Stratton H, Bradford D, Dot TD, Sjörup C, Seviour EM, Seviour RJ (1996) "Candidatus Microthrix parvicella", a filamentous bacterium from activated sludge sewage treatment plants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 46: 344-346.
24. Blackall LL, Seviour EM, Bradford D, Rossetti S, Tandoi V, Seviour RJ (2000) 'Candidatus Nostocoida limicola', a filamentous bacterium from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50: 703-709.
25. Boulos L, Prevost M, Barbeau B, Coallier J, Desjardins R (1999) LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™: application of a new rapid staining method for direct enumeration of viable and total bacteria in drinking water. J Microbiol Meth 37: 77-86.
26. Bradford D, Hugenholtz P, Seviour EM, Cunningham MA, Stratton H, Seviour RJ, Blackall LL (1996) 16S rRNA analysis of isolates obtained from Gram-negative, filamentous bacteria micromanipulated from activated sludge. Syst Appl Microbiol 19: 334-343.
27. Carvalho G, Lemos PC, Oehmen A, Reis MAM (2007) Denitrifying phosphorus removal: linking the process performance with the microbial community structure. Water Res 41: 4383-4396.
28. Casellas M, Dagot C, Pons M-N, Guibaud G, Tixier N, Baudu M (2004) Characterisation of the structural state of flocculent microorganisms in relation to the purificatory performances of sequencing batch reactors. Biochem Eng J 21: 171-181.
29. Cenens C, Jenné R, van Impe JF (2002) Evaluation of different shape parameters to distinguish between flocs and filaments in activated sludge images. Water Sci Technol 45(4-5): 85-91.
30. Chu CP, Tsai DG, Lee DJ, Tay JH (2005) Size-dependent anaerobic digestion rates of flocculated activated sludge: role of intrafloc mass transfer resistance. J Environ Manage 76: 239-244.
31. Chung HY, Lee DJ (2003) Porosity and interior structure of flocculated activated sludge floc. J Colloid Interf Sci 267: 136-143.
32. Contreras EM, Giannuzzi L, Zaritzky NE (2004) Use of image analysis in the study of competition between filamentous and non-filamentous bacteria. Water Res 38: 2621-2630.
33. Costa JC (2008) Supervision of transient anaerobic granular sludge process through quantitative image analysis and multivariate statistical techniques. PhD dissertation, University of Minho, http://hdl. handle. net/1822/8504.
34. Costa JC, Abreu AA, Ferreira EC, Alves MM (2007) Quantitative image analysis as a diagnostic tool for monitoring structural changes of anaerobic granular sludge during detergent shock loads. Biotechnol Bioeng 98: 60-68.
35. Costa JC, Moita I, Abreu AA, Ferreira EC, Alves MM (2009a) Advanced monitoring of high rate anaerobic reactors through quantitative image analysis of granular sludge and multivariate statistical analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 102: 445-456.
36. Costa JC, Moita I, Ferreira EC, Alves MM (2009b) Morphology and physiology of anaerobic granular sludge exposed to organic solvents. J Hazard Mater 167: 393-398.
37. Costa JC, Alves MM, Ferreira EC (2009c) Principal Component Analysis and quantitative image analysis to predict effects of toxics in anaerobic granular sludge. Bioresour Technol 100: 1180-1185.
38. Costa JC, Alves MM, Ferreira EC (2010) A chemometric tool to monitor high-rate anaerobic granular sludge reactors during load and toxic disturbances. Biochem Eng J 53: 38-43.
39. da Motta M, Pons M-N, Vivier H, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC, Roche N, Mota M (2001a) The study of protozoa population in wastewater treatment plants by image analysis. Braz J Chem Eng 18: 103-111.
40. da Motta M, Pons M-N, Roche N, Vivier H (2001b) Characterisation of activated sludge by automated image analysis. Biochem Eng J 9: 165-173.
41. da Motta M, Amaral AL, Casellas M, Pons MN, Dagot C, Roche N, Ferreira EC, Vivier H (2002a) Characterisation of activated sludge by automated image analysis: validation on full-scale plants. In: Perrier M, Dochain D (eds) Computer applications in biotechnology. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 427-431.
42. da Motta M, Amaral AL, Neves L, Araya-Koff P, Ferreira EC, Alves MM, Mota M, Roche N, Vivier H, Pons MN (2002b) Dilution effects on biomass characterization by image analysis. In Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Congress on Chemical Engineering, Natal, Brazil, p. 9, CD-ROM.
43. da Motta M, Pons MN, Roche N, Vivier H, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC, Mota M (2003a) Estudo de Funcionamento de Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos por Análise de Imagem: Validações e Estudo de Caso. Eng Sanit Ambient 8(13): 170-181 (in portuguese).
44. da Motta M, Pons M-N, Roche N (2003b) Monitoring filamentous bulking in activated sludge systems fed by synthetic or municipal wastewater. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 25: 387-393.
45. de los Reyes FL, Ritter W, Raskin L (1997) Group-specific small-subunit rRNA hybridization probes to characterise filamentous foaming in activated sludge systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 1107-1117.
46. Daims H, Wagner M (2007) Quantification of uncultured microorganisms by fluorescence microscopy and digital image analysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75: 237-248.
47. Daims H, Lucker S, Wagner M (2006) Daime, a novel image analysis program for microbial ecology and biofilm research. Environ Microbiol 8: 200-213.
48. Davenport RJ, Curtis TP, Goodfellow M, Stainsby FM, Bingley M (2000) Quantitative use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to examine relationships between mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes and foaming in activated sludge plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 1158-1166.
49. Dougherty ER (1994) Digital Image Processing Methods. Marcel Dekker Inc.
50. Dudley BT, Howgrave-Grahm AR, Bruton AG, Wallis FM (1993) Image analysis to quantify and measure UASB digester granules. Biotechnol Bioeng 42: 279-283.
51. Eikelboom DH (2000) Process control of activated sludge plants by microscopic investigation. IWA, London.
52. Erhart R, Bradford D, Seviour RJ, Amann R, Blackall LL (1997) Development and use of fluorescent in situ hybridization probes for the detection and identification of ''Microthrix parvicella'' in activated sludge. Syst Appl Microbiol 20: 310-318.
53. Foster S, Snape JR, Lappin-Scott HM, Porter J (2002) Simultaneous fluorescent gram staining and activity assessment of activated sludge bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 4772-4779.
54. Galindo E, Larralde-Corona C, Brito T, Córdova-Aguilar MS, Taboada B, Vega-Alvarado L, Corkidi G (2005) Development of advanced image analysis techniques for the in situ characterization of multiphase dispersions occurring in bioreactors. J Biotechnol 116: 261-270.
55. Ganczarczyk JJ (1994) Microbial aggregates in wastewater treatment. Water Sci Technol 30(8): 87-95.
56. Ginoris YP, Amaral AL, Nicolau A, Coelho MAZ, Ferreira EC (2007a) Development of an image analysis procedure for identifying protozoa and metazoa typical of activated sludge system. Water Res 41: 2581-2589.
57. Ginoris YP, Amaral AL, Nicolau A, Coelho MAZ, Ferreira EC (2007b) Recognition of protozoa and metazoa using image analysis tools, discriminant analysis, neural networks and decision trees. Anal Chim Acta 595: 160-169.
58. Glasbey CA, Horgan GW (1995) Image analysis for the biological sciences. Wiley, Chichester.
59. Govoreanu R, Vandegehuchte K, Saveyn H, Nopens I, De Clercq B, van der Meeren P, Vanrolleghem PA (2002) An automated image analysis system for on-line structural characterization of the activated sludge flocs. Med Fac Landbouwkd Univ Gent 67: 175-178.
60. Grijspeerdt K, Verstraete W (1997) Image analysis to estimate the settleability and concentration of activated sludge. Water Res 31: 1126-1134.
61. He W, Nan J, Li H, Li S (2012) Characteristic analysis on temporal evolution of floc size and structure in low-shear flow. Water Res 46: 509-520.
62. Heine W, Sekoulov I, Burkhardt H, Bergen L, Behrendt J (2002) Early warning-system for operation-failures in biological stages of WWTPs by on-line image analysis. Water Sci Technol 46(4-5): 117-124.
63. Heydorn A, Nielsen AT, Hentzer M, Sternberg C, Givskov M, Ersboll BK, Molin S (2000) Quantification of biofilm structures by the novel computer program COMSTAT. Microbiology 146: 2395-2407.
64. Howgrave-Graham AR, Wallis FM (1993) Quantification of bacterial morphotypes within anaerobic digester granules from transmision electron micrographs using image analysis. Biotechnol Tech 7: 143-148.
65. Hug T, Gujer W, Siegrist H (2005) Rapid quantification of bacteria in activated sludge using fluorescence in situ hybridization and epifluorescence microscopy. Water Res 39: 3837-3848.
66. Invitrogen Molecular Probes (2004) LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ bacterial viability kits. Manuals and product inserts. http://probes. invitrogen. com/media/pis/mp07007. pdf.
67. Invitrogen Molecular Probes (2011) LIVE BacLight™ bacterial Gram stain kit (L-7005). Manuals and product inserts. http://tools. invitrogen. com/content/sfs/manuals/mp07008. pdf.
68. Jeison D, Chamy R (1998) Novel technique for measuring the size distribution of granules from anaerobic reactors for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol Tech 12: 659-662.
69. Jenkins D, Richard MG, Daigger G (2003) Manual on the causes and control of activated sludge bulking, foaming and other solids separation problems. Lewis, Boca Raton.
70. Jenné R, Cenens C, Geeraerd AH, van Impe JF (2002) Towards on-line quantification of flocs and filaments by image analysis. Biotechnol Lett 24: 931-935.
71. Jenné R, Banadda EN, Philips N, van Impe JF (2003) Image analysis as a monitoring tool for activated sludge properties in lab-scale installations. J Environ Sci Health A 38(10): 2009-2018.
72. Jenné R, Banadda EN, Smets IY, van Impe JF (2004) Monitoring activated sludge settling properties using image analysis. Water Sci Technol 50: 281-285.
73. Jenné R, Banadda EN, Gins G, Deurinck J, Smets IY, Geeraerd AH, van Impe JF (2006) Use of image analysis for sludge characterisation: studying the relation between floc shape and sludge settleability. Water Sci Technol 54: 167-174.
74. Jenné R, Banadda EN, Smets IY, Deurinck J, van Impe JF (2007) Detection of filamentous bulking problems: developing an image analysis system for sludge composition monitoring. Microsc Microanal 13: 36-41.
75. Jin B, Wilén BM, Lant P (2003) Comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge. Chem Eng J 95: 221-234.
76. Kanagawa T, Kamagata Y, Aruga S, Kohno T, Horn M, Wagner M (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of and oligonucleotide probe development for eikelboom type 021N filamentous bacteria isolated from bulking activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 5043-5052.
77. Kuehn M, Hausner M, Bungartz H-J, Wagner M, Wilderer PA, Wuertz S (1998) Automated confocal laser scanning microscopy and semiautomated image processing for analysis of biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 4115-4127.
78. Larsen P, Nielsen JL, Otsen D, Nielsen PH (2008) Amyloid-like adhesions produced by floc-forming and filamentous bacteria in activated sludge. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 1517-1526.
79. Lawrence JR, Wolfaardt GM, Neu TR (1998) The study of biofilms using confocal laser scanning microscopy. In: Wilkinson MHF, Schut F (eds) Digital image analysis of microbes. Wiley, New York.
80. Lettinga G (2001) Digestion and degradation, air for life. Water Sci Technol 44(8): 157-176.
81. Levantesi C, Serafim LS, Crocetti GR, Lemos PC, Rossetti S, Blackall LL, Reis MAM, Tandoi V (2002) Analysis of the microbial community structure and function of a laboratory scale enhanced biological phosphorus removal reactor. Environ Microbiol 4: 559-569.
82. Liao BQ, Droppo IG, Leppard GG, Liss SN (2006) Effect of solids retention time on structure and characteristics of sludge flocs in sequencing batch reactors. Water Res 40: 2583-2591.
83. Liu JR, McKenzie CA, Seviour EM, Webb RI, Blackall LL, Saint CP, Seviour RJ (2001a) Phylogeny of the filamentous bacterium 'Nostocoida limicola' III from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 195-202.
84. Liu J, Dazzo FB, Glagoleva O, Yu B, Jain AK (2001b) CMEIAS: a computer-aided system for the image analyis of bacterial morphotypes in microbial communities. Microb Ecol 41: 173-194.
85. Liu L, Sheng GP, Liu ZF, Li WW, Zeng RJ, Lee DJ, Liu JX, Yu HQ (2009a) An image-based method for obtaining pore-size distribution of porous media. Environ Sci Technol 43: 3248-3253.
86. Liu XW, Sheng GP, Yu HQ (2009b) Physicochemical characteristics of microbial granules. Biotechnol Adv 27: 1061-1070.
87. Liu L, Sheng G-P, Liu Z-F, Li W-W, Zeng RJ, Lee D-J, Liu J-X, Yu H-Q (2010) Characterization of multiporous structure and oxygen transfer inside aerobic granules with the percolation model. Environ Sci Technol 44: 8535-8540.
88. Liwarska-Bizukojc E (2005) Application of image analysis techniques in activated sludge wastewater treatment processes. Biotechnol Lett 27: 1427-1433.
89. Liwarska-Bizukojc E, Bizukojc M (2005) Digital image analysis to estimate the influence of sodium dodecyl sulphate on activated sludge flocs. Process Biochem 40: 2067-2072.
90. Lopez C, Pons M-N, Morgenroth E (2005) Evaluation of microscopic techniques (epifluorescence microscopy, CLSM, TPE-LSM) as a basis for the quantitative image analysis of activated sludge. Water Res 39: 456-468.
91. Louvet JN, Heluin Y, Attik G, Dumas D, Potier O, Pons MN (2010) Assessment of erythromycin toxicity on activated sludge via batch experiments and microscopic techniques (epifluorescence and CLSM). Process Biochem 45: 1787-1794.
92. Lupini G, Proia L, Di Maio M, Amalfitano S, Fazi S (2011) CARD-FISH and confocal laser scanner microscopy to assess successional changes of the bacterial community in freshwater biofilms. J Microbiol Meth 86: 248-251.
93. Madoni P (1994a) A sludge biotic index (SBI) for the evaluation of the biological performance of activated sludge plants based on the microfauna analysis. Water Res 28: 67-75.
94. Madoni P (1994b) La microfauna nell'analisi di qualita' biologica dei fanghi attivi. Manuale di Applicazione, Azienda Gas Acqua Consorziale di Reggio Emilia, Universtità degli Studi di Parma (in italian).
95. Mamane H, Kohn C, Adin A (2008) Characterizing shape of effluent particles by image analysis. Sep Sci Technol 43(7): 1737-1753.
96. Maruhashi F, Murakami S, Baba K (1994) Automated monitoring of cell concentration and viability using an image-analysis system. Cytotechnology 15: 281-289.
97. Merod RT, Warren JE, McCaslin H, Wuertz S (2007) Toward automated analysis of biofilm architecture: bias caused by extraneous confocal laser scanning microscopy images. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 4922-4930.
98. Mesquita DP, Dias O, Dias AMA, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2009a) Correlation between sludge settling ability and image analysis information using partial least squares. Anal Chim Acta 642: 94-101.
99. Mesquita DP, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC, Coelho MAZ (2009b) Study of saline wastewater influence on activated sludge flocs through automated image analysis. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 84: 554-560.
100. Mesquita DP, Dias O, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2009c) Monitoring of activated sludge settling ability through image analysis: validation on full-scale wastewater treatment plants. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 32: 361-367.
101. Mesquita DP, Dias O, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2010a) A comparison between bright field and phase contrast image analysis techniques in activated sludge morphological characterization. Microsc Microanal 16: 166-174.
102. Mesquita DP, Dias O, Elias RAV, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2010b) Dilution and magnification effects on image analysis applications in activated sludge characterization. Microsc Microanal 16: 561-568.
103. Mesquita DP, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2011a) Identifying different types of bulking in an activated sludge system through quantitative image analysis. Chemosphere 85: 643-652.
104. Mesquita DP, Amaral AL, Ferreira EC (2011b) Characterization of activated sludge abnormalities by image analysis and chemometric techniques. Anal Chim Acta 705: 235-242.
105. Mesquita DP, Leal C, Cunha JR, Oehmen A, Amaral AL, Reis MAM, Ferreira EC (2013) Prediction of intracellular storage polymers using quantitative image analysis in enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems. Anal Chim Acta 770: 36-44.
106. Mu Y, Yu H-Q (2006a) Rheological and fractal characteristics of granular sludge in an upflow anaerobic reactor. Water Res 40: 3596-3602.
107. Mu Y, Yu H-Q (2006b) Biological hydrogen production in a UASB reactor with granules. I. Physicochemical characteristics of hydrogen-producing granules. Biotechnol Bioeng 94: 980-987.
108. Mueller LN, de Brouwer JF, Almeida JS, Stal LJ, Xavier JB (2006) Analysis of a marine phototrophic biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy using the new image quantification software PHLIP. BMC Ecol 6: 1.
109. Neu TR, Lawrence JR (2005) One-photon versus two-photon laser scanning microscopy and digital image analysis of microbial biofilms. Method Microbiol 34: 87-134.
110. Neu TR, Manz B, Volke F, Dynes JJ, Hitchcock AP, Lawrence JR (2010) Advanced imaging techniques for assessment of structure, composition and function in biofilm systems. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 72: 1-21.
111. Noesis (1998) Visilog 5 documentation set.
112. Nixon MS, Aguado AS (2002) Feature extraction and image processing. Reed Elsevier, Newnes (ISBN 0 7506 5078 8).
113. Pandolfi D, Pons M-N (2004) Gram-staining characterisation of activated sludge filamentous bacteria by automated colour analysis. Biotechnol Lett 26: 1841-1846.
114. Pandolfi D, Pons M-N, da Motta M (2007) Characterisation of PHB storage in activated sludge extended filamentous bacteria by automated colour image analysis. Biotechnol Lett 29: 1263-1269.
115. Pereira MA, Roest K, Stams AJM, Akkermans ADL, Amaral AL, Pons M-N, Ferreira EC, Mota M, Alves MM (2003) Image analysis, methanogenic activity measurements, and molecular biological techniques to monitor granular sludge from an EGSB reactor fed with oleic acid. Water Sci Technol 47(5): 181-188.
116. Perez YG, Leite SGF, Coelho MAZ (2006) Activated sludge morphology characterization through an image analysis procedure. Braz J Chem Eng 23: 319-330.
117. Pernthaler A, Pernthaler J, Amann R (2002) Fluorescence in situ hybridization and catalyzed reporter deposition for the identification of marine bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 3094-3101.
118. Pons M-N, Vivier H (1999) Biomass quantification by image analysis. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 66: 133-184.
119. Rossetti S, Christensson C, Blackall LL, Tandoi V (1997) Phentypic and phylogenetic description of an Italian isolate of "Microthrix parvicella". J Appl Microbiol 82: 405-410.
120. Rossetti S, Tomei MC, Nielson PH, Tandoi V (2005) "Microthrix parvicella", a filamentous bacterium causing bulking and foaming in activated sludge systems: a review of current knowledge. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29: 49-64.
121. Russ CR (1995) The image processing handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
122. Salvadó H, Palomo A, Mas M, Puigagut J, Gracia MP (2004) Dynamics of nematodes in a high organic loading rotating biological contactors. Water Res 38: 2571-2578.
123. Sanz JL, Köchling T (2007) Molecular biology techniques used in wastewater treatment: an overview. Process Biochem 42: 119-133.
124. Schmid M, Thill A, Purkhold U, Walcher M, Bottero JY, Ginestet P, Nielsen PH, Wuertz S, Wagner M (2003) Characterization of activated sludge flocs by confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. Water Res 37: 2043-2052.
125. Schuppler M, Wagner M, Schon G, Gobel UB (1998) In situ identification of nocardioform actinomycetes in activated sludge using fluorescent rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Microbiology 144: 249-259.
126. Serafim LS, Lemos PC, Levantesi C, Tandoi V, Santos H, Reis MAM (2002) Methods for detection and visualization of intracellular polymers stored by polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms. J Microbiol Meth 51: 1-18.
127. Sezgin M, Jenkins D, Parker DS (1978) A unified theory of filamentous activated sludge bulking. J Water Pollut Control Fed 50: 362-381.
128. Seviour EM, Eales K, Izzard L, Beer M, Carr EL, Seviour RJ (2006) The in situ physiology of "Nostocoida limicola" II, a filamentous bacterial morphotype in bulking activated sludge, using fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography. Water Sci Technol 54: 47-53.
129. Schuppler M, Wagner M, Schön G, Göbel UB (1998b) In situ identification of nocardioform actinomycetes in activated sludge using fluorescent rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. Microbiology 144: 249-259.
130. Schmidt H, Eickhorst T, Tippkötter R (2012) Evaluation of tyramide solutions for an improved detection and enumeration of single microbial cells in soil by CARD-FISH. J Microbiol Meth 91: 399-405.
131. Singh KS, Viraraghavan T (1998) Start-up and operation of UASB reactors at 20°C for municipal wastewater treatment. J Ferment Bioeng 85: 609-614.
132. Singh KS, Viraraghavan T (2003) Impact of temperature on performance, microbiological, and hydrodynamic aspects of UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater. Water Sci Technol 48(6): 211-217.
133. Smets IY, Banadda EN, Deurinck J, Renders N, Jenné R, van Impe JF (2006) Dynamic modeling of filamentous bulking in lab-scale activated sludge processes. J Process Control 16: 313-319.
134. Strathmann M, Wingender J, Flemming H-C (2002) Application of fluorescently labelled lectins for the visualization and biochemical characterization of polysaccharides in biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microbiol Meth 50: 237-248.
135. Su KZ, Yu HQ (2005) Formation and characterization of aerobic granules in a sequenting batch reactor treating soybean-processing wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 39: 2818-2827.
136. Tian Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Cao C, Zhang S (2011) Correlating membrane fouling with sludge characteristics in membrane bioreactors: An especial interest in EPS and sludge morphology analysis. Bioresour Technol 102: 8820-8827.
137. van den Broeck R, Krzeminski P, van Dierdonck J, Gins G, Lousada-Ferreira M, van Impe JFM, van der Graaf JHJM, Smets IY, van Lier JB (2011) Activated sludge characteristics affecting sludge filterability in municipal and industrial MBRs: Unraveling correlations using multi-component regression analysis. J Membr Sci 378: 330-338.
138. van lier JB, Tilche A, Ahring BK, Macarie H, Moletta R, Dohanyos M, Hulshoff Pol LW, Lens P, Verstraete W (2001) New perspectives in anaerobic digestion. Water Sci Technol 43: 1-18.
139. Wagner M, Amann R, Kämpfer P, Assmus B, Hartmann A, Hutzler P, Springer N, Schleifer K-H (1994) Identification and in situ detection of Gram-negative filamentous bacteria in activated sludge. Syst Appl Microbiol 17: 405-417.
140. Wagner M, Rath G, Koops HP, Flood J, Amann R (1996) In situ analysis of nitrifying bacteria in sewage treatment. Water Sci Technol 34: 237-244.
141. Wagner M, Loy A, Nogueira R, Purkhold U, Lee N, Daims H (2002) Microbial community composition and function in wastewater treatment plants. Anton Leeuw 81: 665-680.
142. Wilén B-M, Jin B, Lant P (2003) Impacts of structural characteristics on activated sludge floc stability. Water Res 37: 3632-3645.
143. Williams ND, Walling DE, Leeks GJL (2007) High temporal resolution in situ measurement of the effective particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediments. Water Res 41: 1081-1093.
144. Yang Z, Peng XF, Lee DJ, Chen MY (2009) An image-based method for obtaining pore-size distribution of porous media. Environ Sci Technol 43: 3248-3253.
145. Yu R-F, Cheng W-P, Chu M-L (2005) On-line monitoring of wastewater true color using digital image analysis and artificial neural network. J Environ Eng 131: 71-79.
146. Yu R-F, Chen H-W, Cheng W-P, Chu M-L (2009) Simultaneously monitoring the particle size distribution, morphology and suspended solids concentration in wastewater applying digital image analysis (DIA). Environ Monit Assess 148: 19-26.
147. Zhou Z, Pons M-N, Raskin L, Zilles JL (2007) Automated image analysis for quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization with environmental samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 2956-2962.