How activation, entanglement, and searching a semantic network contribute to event memory

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 41, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 797-819

  Nelson, Douglas L ^a   Kitto, Kirsty ^b   Galea, David ^b   McEvoy, Cathy L ^a   Bruza, Peter D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Activation; Extralist cuing; Priming; Quantum like entanglement; Reminding; Semantic memory; Semantic networks; Word recognition; Working memory

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; ASSOCIATION; EPISODIC MEMORY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; RECALL; RECOGNITION; REPETITION PRIMING; SEMANTICS; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

ASSOCIATION; CUES; HUMANS; MEMORY, EPISODIC; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MENTAL RECALL; NEURAL NETWORKS (COMPUTER); RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); REPETITION PRIMING; SEMANTICS;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84880749288     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: 15325946     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13421-013-0312-y     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Aerts, D. (2009). Quantum structure in cognition. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53, 314-348.
2. Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261-295. doi: 10. 1016/S0022-5371(83)90201-3.
3. Barabási, A.-L. (2002). Linked: The new science of networks. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
4. Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms of verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80(3, Pt. 2), 1-46. doi: 10. 1037/h0027577.
5. Borge-Holthoefer, J., & Arenas, A. (2010). Semantic networks: structure and dynamics. Entropy, 12, 1264-1302.
6. Brainerd, C. J., Yang, Y., Reyna, V. F., Howe, M. L., & Mills, B. A. (2008). Semantic processing in "associative" false memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 1035-1053. doi: 10. 3758/PBR. 15. 6. 1035.
7. Bruza, P., Kitto, K., Nelson, D., & McEvoy, C. (2009). Is there something quantum-like about the human mental lexicon? Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 53, 362-377. doi: 10. 1016/j. jmp. 2009. 04. 004.
8. Busemeyer, J. R., & Bruza, P. (2012). Quantum models of cognition and decision making. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
9. Busemeyer, J. R., Pothos, E., Franco, R., & Trueblood, J. (2011). A quantum theoretical explanation for probability judgment errors. Psychological Review, 118, 193-218.
10. Chappell, M., & Humphreys, M. S. (1994). An auto-associative neural network for sparse representations: Analysis and application to models of recognition and cued recall. Psychological Review, 101, 103-128.
11. Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82, 407-428. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 82. 6. 407.
12. Cramer, P. (1968). Word association. New York, NY: Academic Press.
13. De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. (2008a). Word associations: Network and semantic properties. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 213-231. doi: 10. 3758/BRM. 40. 1. 213.
14. De Deyne, S., & Storms, G. (2008b). Word associations: Norms for 1, 424 Dutch words in a continuous task. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 198-205.
15. Deese, J. (1965). The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
16. Fisher, S. L., & Nelson, D. L. (2006). Recursive reminding: Effects of repetition, printed frequency, connectivity, and set size on recognition and judgments of frequency. Memory & Cognition, 34, 295-303. doi: 10. 3758/BF03193408.
17. Gabora, L., & Aerts, D. (2002). Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 14, 327-358.
18. Galea, D., Bruza, P. D., Kitto, K., Nelson, D., & McEvoy, C. L. (2011). Modeling the activation of human memory: The spreading activation, spooky action at a distance, and the entanglement models compared. In D. Song & M. Melucci (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th Quantum Interaction International Symposium (QI-2011) vol. 7052 (pp. 149-160). Berlin: Springer.
19. Gee, N. (1997). Implicit memory and word ambiguity. Journal of Memory and Language, 36, 253-275.
20. Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91, 1-67. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 91. 1. 1.
21. Goldman, M. S. (1999). Risk for substance abuse: Memory as a common etiological pathway. Psychological Science, 10, 196-199.
22. Goodmon, L. B., & Nelson, D. L. (2004). Strengthening the activation of unconsciously activated memories. Memory & Cognition, 32, 804-818. doi: 10. 3758/BF03195870.
23. Greenstein, G., & Zajonc, A. G. (2006). The quantum challenge: Modern research on the foundations of quantum mechanics (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlette.
24. Griffiths, T. L., Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2007). Topics in semantic representation. Psychological Review, 114, 211-244. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 114. 2. 211.
25. Hills, T. T., Maouene, M., Riordan, B., & Smith, L. (2010). The associative structure of language: Contextual diversity in early word learning. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 259-273.
26. Holley, P. E., & McEvoy, C. L. (1996). Aging and inhibition of unconsciously processed information: No apparent deficit. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 241-256.
27. Humphreys, M. S., Bain, J. D., & Pike, R. (1989). Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A theory for episodic, semantic, and procedural tasks. Psychological Review, 96, 208-233. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 96. 2. 208.
28. Humphreys, M. S., Tehan, G., O'Shea, A., & Bolland, S. W. (2000). Target similarity effects: Support for the parallel distributed processing assumptions. Memory & Cognition, 28, 798-811.
29. Hutchison, K. A. (2003). Is semantic priming due to association strength or feature overlap? A microanalytic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 785-813. doi: 10. 3758/BF03196544.
30. Isham, C. J. (1995). Lectures on quantum theory. London, UK: Imperial College Press.
31. Jeong, H., Tombor, B., Albert, R., Oltvai, Z. N., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature, 407, 651-654.
32. Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: a construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163-182. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 95. 2. 163.
33. Laloe, F. (2001). Do we really understand quantum mechanics? Strange correlations, paradoxes and theorems. American Journal of Physics, 69, 655-701.
34. MacRae, K., Seidenberg, M. S., & McNorgen, C. (2005). Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 547-559.
35. Maki, W. S., & Buchanan, E. (2008). Latent structure in measures of associative, semantic, and thematic knowledge. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 598-603. doi: 10. 3758/PBR. 15. 3. 598.
36. Malmberg, K. J., Steyvers, M., Stephens, J. D., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2002). Feature frequency effects in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 30, 607-613. doi: 10. 3758/BF03194962.
37. Maudlin, T. (1994). Quantum non-locality and relativity: Metaphysical intimations of modern physics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
38. Monaco, J. D., Abbott, L. F., & Kahana, M. J. (2008). Lexico-semantic structure and the word frequency effect in recognition memory. Learning and Memory, 14, 204-213.
39. Moreno, J. L. (1934). Who shall survive? Beacon NY: Beacon House.
40. Myers, J. L., & Well, A. D. (1995). Research design and statistical analysis. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
41. Nelson, D. L., Bajo, M.-T., & Casanueva, D. (1985). Prior knowledge and memory: The influence of natural category size as a function of intention and distraction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11, 94-105. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 11. 1. 94.
42. Nelson, D. L., Bajo, M.-T., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1989). Prior knowledge: The effects of natural category size on memory for implicitly encoded concepts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 957-967. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 15. 5. 957.
43. Nelson, D. L., Bennett, D. J., Gee, N. R., Schreiber, T. A., & McKinney, V. M. (1993). Implicit memory: Effects of network size and interconnectivity on cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 747-764. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 19. 4. 747.
44. Nelson, D. L., & Castano, D. (1984). Mental representations for pictures and words: same or different? The American Journal of Psychology, 97, 1-15.
45. Nelson, D. L., Dyrdal, G. M., & Goodmon, L. B. (2005). What is pre-existing strength? Predicting free association probabilities, similarity ratings, and cued recall probabilities. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 711-719.
46. Nelson, D. L., Fisher, S. L., & Akirmak, U. (2007a). How implicitly activated and explicitly acquired knowledge contribute to the effectiveness of retrieval cues. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1892-1904. doi: 10. 3758/BF03192923.
47. Nelson, D. L., Gee, N. R., & Schreiber, T. A. (1992a). Sentence encoding and implicitly activated memories. Memory & Cognition, 20, 643-654.
48. Nelson, D. L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2002). Experiencing a word can prime its accessibility and its associative connections to related words. Memory & Cognition, 30, 380-398. doi: 10. 3758/BF03194939.
49. Nelson, D. L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2003). Disrupting attention: The need for retrieval cues in working memory theories. Memory & Cognition, 31, 65-76. doi: 10. 3758/BF03196083.
50. Nelson, D. L., Goodmon, L. B., & Akirmak, U. (2007b). Implicitly activated memories are associated to general context cues. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1878-1891. doi: 10. 3758/BF03192922.
51. Nelson, D. L., Goodmon, L. B., & Ceo, D. (2007c). How does delayed testing reduce effects of implicit memory: Context infusion or cuing with context? Memory & Cognition, 35, 1014-1023. doi: 10. 3758/BF03193474.
52. Nelson, D. L., & McEvoy, C. L. (1979). Encoding context and set size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 292-314.
53. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Dennis, S. (2000). What is free association and what does it measure? Memory & Cognition, 28, 887-899. doi: 10. 3758/BF03209337.
54. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Pointer, L. (2003). Spreading activation or spooky action at a distance? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 42-51. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 29. 1. 42.
55. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (2004). The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36, 402-407. doi: 10. 3758/BF03195588.
56. Nelson, D. L., McKinney, V. M., Gee, N. R., & Janczura, G. A. (1998). Interpreting the influence of implicitly activated memories on recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 105, 299-324.
57. Nelson, D. L., Schreiber, T. A., & McEvoy, C. L. (1992b). Processing implicit and explicit representations. Psychological Review, 99, 322-348.
58. Nelson, D. L., Walling, J. R., & McEvoy, C. L. (1979). Doubts about depth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 24-44.
59. Nelson, D. L., & Zhang, N. (2000). The ties that bind what is known to the recall of what is new. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 604-617. doi: 10. 3758/BF03212998.
60. Nelson, D. L., Zhang, N., & McKinney, V. M. (2001). The ties that bind what is known to the recognition of what is new. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1147-1159. doi: 10. 1037/0278-7393. 27. 5. 1147.
61. Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45, 167-256.
62. Palla, G., Derényi, I., Farkas, I., & Vicsek, T. (2005). Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society. Nature, 435, 814-818.
63. Pothos, E., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2009). A quantum probability explanation for violations of "rational" decision theory. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 193-218.
64. Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88, 93-134. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295X. 88. 2. 93.
65. Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1980). A partial resolution of the paradox of interference: The role of integrating knowledge. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 447-472.
66. Reich, R. R., & Goldman, M. (2005). Exploring the alcohol expectancy network: The utility of free associates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19, 317-325.
67. Sahakyan, L., & Goodmon, L. B. (2010). Theoretical implications of extralist probes for directed forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 920-937.
68. Shiffrin, R. M., & Steyvers, M. (1997). A model for recognition memory: REM-retrieving effectively from memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 145-166. doi: 10. 3758/BF03209391.
69. Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 61-73.
70. Steyvers, M., Shiffrin, R. M., & Nelson, D. L. (2005). Word association spaces for predicting semantic similarity effects in episodic memory. In A. F. Healy (Ed.), Experimental cognitive psychology and its applications (pp. 237-249). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
71. Steyvers, M., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2005). The large-scale structure of semantic networks: Statistical analyses and a model of semantic growth. Cognitive Science, 29, 41-78. doi: 10. 1207/s15516709cog2901_3.
72. Strogatz, S. H. (2003). SYNC: The emerging science of spontaneous order. New York, NY: Hyperion Books.
73. Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80, 352-373. doi: 10. 1037/h0020071.
74. Turvey, M. T., & Moreno, M. A. (2006). Physical metaphors for the mental lexicon. Mental Lexicon, 1, 7-33.
75. Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of "small-world" networks. Nature, 393, 440-442.
76. Zeelenberg, R., Shiffrin, R. M., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1999). Priming in a free association task as a function of association directionality. Memory & Cognition, 27, 956-961. doi: 10. 3758/BF03201226.