The servant identity: Influences on the cognition and behavior of servant leaders

Leadership Quarterly

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 544-557

  Sun, Peter Y T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Identity; Leadership; Organizational context; Self concept; Servant leadership

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880740345     PISSN: 10489843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Alba J.W., Hasher L. Is memory schematic?. Psychological Bulletin 1983, 93:203-231.
2. Aquino K., Reed A. The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2002, 83:1423-1440.
3. Asag-gau L., Van Dierendonck D. The impact of servant leadership on organizational commitment among the highly talented: The role of challenging work conditions and psychological empowerment. European Journal of International Management 2011, 5:463-483.
4. Ashforth B.E., Humphrey R.H. Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review 1993, 18:88-115.
5. Avolio B.J., Bass B.M., Jung D.I. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 1999, 72:441-462.
6. Barbuto J.E., Wheeler D.W. Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group & Organization Management 2006, 31:300-326.
7. Bass B.M. Transformational leadership 1998, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.
8. Bass B.M., Steidlmeier P. Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly 1999, 10:181-217.
9. Berson Y., Nemanich L.A., Waldman D.A., Galvin B.M., Keller R.T. Leadership and organizational learning: A multiple levels perspective. The Leadership Quarterly 2006, 17:577-594.
10. Blasi A. The development of identity: Some implications for moral functioning. The moral self 1993, 99-122. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. G.G. Naom, T.E. Wren (Eds.).
11. Block P. Stewardship: Choosing service over self-interest 1996, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco.
12. Brown A.T., Sautter J.A., Littway L., Sautter A.C., Bearnes B. Ethics and personality: Empathy and narcissism as moderators of ethical decision making in business students. The Journal of Education for Business 2010, 85:203-208.
13. Burns J.M. Transforming leadership 2003, Grove Press, New York.
14. Campbell J.D. Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1990, 59:538-549.
15. Campbell J.D., Trapnell P.D., Heine S.J., Katz I.M., Lavallee L.F., Lehman D.R. Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1996, 70:141-156.
16. Chan C.C.A., McBey K., Scott-Ladd B. Ethical leadership in modern employment relationship: Lessons from St. Benedict. Journal of Business Ethics 2011, 100:221-228.
17. Chen C., Yang C., Li C. Spiritual leadership, follower mediators, and organizational outcomes: Evidence from three industries across two major Chinese societies. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2012, 42:890-938.
18. Ciulla J.B. Being there: Why leaders should not "fiddle" while Rome burns. Presidential Studies Quarterly 2010, 40:38-56.
19. Delbecq A.L. Christian spirituality and contemporary business leadership. Journal of Organizational Change Management 1999, 12:345-354.
20. Dennis R.S., Bocarnea M. Development of a servant leadership assessment instrument. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2005, 26:600-615.
21. Dent E.B., Higgins M.E., Wharff D.M. Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, and embedded assumptions. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:625-653.
22. Diefendorff J.M., Croyle M.H., Gosserand R.H. The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior 2005, 66:339-359.
23. Dyck B., Schroeder D. Management, theology and moral points of view: Towards an alternative to the conventional materialistic-individualistic ideal-type of management. Journal of Management Studies 2005, 42:705-735.
24. Fast L.A., Reimer H.M., Funder D.C. The social behavior and reputation of the attributionally complex. Journal of Research in Personality 2008, 42:208-222.
25. Ferguson J., Milliman J. Creating effective core organizational values: A spiritual leadership approach. International Journal of Public Administration 2008, 31:439-459.
26. Fletcher G.J.O., Danilovics P., Fernandez G., Peterson D., Reeder G.D. Attributional complexity: An individual differences measure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 51:875-884.
27. Fletcher G., Grigg F., Bull V. The organization and accuracy of personality impressions: Neophytes versus experts in trait attribution. New Zealand Journal of Psychology 1988, 17:68-77.
28. Fry L.W. Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2003, 14:693-727.
29. Fry L.W., Vitucci S., Cedillo M. Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:835-862.
30. Gangestad S.W., Snyder M. Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin 2000, 126:530-555.
31. George J.M. Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations 2000, 53:1027-1055.
32. Ghoshal S., Bartlett C.A. Linking organizational context and managerial action: The dimensions of quality of management. Strategic Management Journal 1994, 15:91-112.
33. Gibson C.B., Birkinshaw J. The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role or organizational ambidexterity. Academy of Management Journal 2004, 47:209-226.
34. Graham J.W. Servant leadership in organizations: Inspirational and moral. The Leadership Quarterly 1991, 2:105-119.
35. Graham J.W. Leadership, moral development, and citizenship behavior. Business Ethics Quarterly 1995, 5:43-54.
36. Grant A.M. Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal 2012, 55:458-476.
37. Green G.C. The impact of cognitive complexity on project leadership performance. Information and Software Technology 2004, 46:165-172.
38. Greenleaf R.K. Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness 1977, Paulist Press, New York, NY.
39. Hannah S.T., Woolfolk R.L., Lord R.G. Leader self-structure: A framework for positive leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior 2009, 30:269-290.
40. Holt S., Marques J. Empathy in leadership: Appropriate or misplaced? An empirical study on a topic that is asking for attention. Journal of Business Ethics 2012, 105:95-105.
41. Hooijberg R., Hunt J.G., Dodge G.E. Leadership complexity and the development of the leaderplex model. Journal of Management 1997, 23:375-408.
42. Hu J., Liden R.C. Antecedents of team potency and team effectiveness: Examination of goal and process clarity of servant leadership. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2011, 96:851-862.
43. Humphreys J.H. Contextual implications for transformational and servant leadership: A historical investigation. Management Decision 2005, 43:1410-1431.
44. Hunsaker P.L. Using social simulations to assess and train potential leaders to make effective decisions in turbulent environments. Career Development International 2007, 12:341-360.
45. Irving J.A., Longbotham G.J. Team effectiveness and six essential servant leadership themes: A regression model based on the items in the organizational leadership assessment. International Journal of Leadership Studies 2007, 2:98-113.
46. Jansen J.J.P., Van den Bosch F.A.J., Volberda H.W. Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedents matter?. Academy of Management Journal 2005, 48:999-1015.
47. Johns G. The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review 2006, 31:386-408.
48. Judge T.A., Piccolo R.F. Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2004, 89:755-768.
49. Kouzes J.M., Posner B.Z. Ethical leaders: An essay about being in love. Journal of Business Ethics 1992, 11:479-484.
50. Kramer R.M. The sinister attribution error: Origins and consequences of collective paranoia. Motivation and Emotion 1994, 18:199-230.
51. Kramer R.M., Wei J. Social uncertainty and the problem of trust in social groups: The social self in doubt. The psychology of the social self 1999, 145-168. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, U.K. T.R. Tyler, R.M. Kramer, O.P. John (Eds.).
52. Laub, J. A. (1999). Assessing the servant organization; Development of the organizational leadership assessment (OLA) model. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (02): 308A (UMI No. 9921922).
53. Lee K., Ashton M.C. Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2004, 39:329-358.
54. Levy R.B. My experience as participant in the course on spirituality for executive leadership. Journal of Management Inquiry 2000, 9:129-131.
55. Liden R.C., Wayne S.J., Zhao H., Henderson D. Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multilevel assessment. The Leadership Quarterly 2008, 19:161-177.
56. Lord R.G., Brown D.J. Leadership processes and follower self-identity 2004, Lawrence Erlbaum, New Jersey.
57. Mayer D.M., Bardes M., Piccolo R.F. Do servant-leaders help satisfy follower needs? An organizational justice perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 2008, 17:180-197.
58. McHugh P. Defining the situation: The organization of meaning in social interaction 1968, Bobbs-Merril, Indianapolis.
59. Mill-Chalmers W. Training to survive the workplace of today. Industrial and Commercial Training 2010, 42:270-273.
60. Neubert M.J., Kacmar K.M., Carlson D.S., Chonko L.B., Roberts J.A. Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behaviour. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2008, 93:1220-1233.
61. Nielsen R., Marrone J., Slay H. A new look at humility: Exploring the humility concept and its role in socialized charismatic leadership. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 2010, 17:33-43.
62. Northouse P.G. Leadership: Theory and practice 2010, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
63. Obodaru O. The self not taken: How alternative selves develop and how they influence our professional lives. Academy of Management Review 2012, 37:34-57.
64. Owens B.P., Hekman D.R. Modelling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal 2012, 55:787-818.
65. Page D., Wong P.T.P. A conceptual framework for measuring servant leadership. The human factor in shaping the course of history and development 2000, 69-110. American University Press, Washington, DC. S. Adjibolooso (Ed.).
66. Parolini J., Patterson K., Winston B. Distinguishing between transformational and servant leadership. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal 2009, 30:274-291.
67. Patterson, K. (2003). Servant leadership: a theoretical model. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate School of Business, Regent University.
68. Pekerti A.A., Sendjaya S. Exploring servant leadership across cultures: Comparative studies in Australia and Indonesia. International Journal of Human Resource Management 2010, 21:754-780.
69. Peterson S.J., Galvin B.M., Lange D. CEO servant leadership: Exploring executive characteristics and firm performance. Personnel Psychology 2012, 65:565-596.
70. Pierce J.L., Gardner D.G. Self-esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organizational-based-self-esteem literature. Journal of Management 2004, 30:591-622.
71. Pillemer D.B. Momentous events and the life story. Review of General Psychology 2001, 5:123-134.
72. Price T.L. The ethics of authentic transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2003, 14:67-81.
73. Raphael-Mor E., Steinberg J. Self-complexity and well-being: A review and research synthesis. Personality and Social Psychology Review 2002, 6:31-58.
74. Reave L. Spiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly 2005, 16:655-687.
75. Russell R., Stone G.A. A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a practical model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2002, 23:145-157.
76. Rynes S.L., Bartunek J.M., Dutton J.E., Margolis J.D. Care and compassion through an organizational lens: Opening up new possibilities. Academy of Management Review 2012, 37:503-523.
77. Sauser W.I. Ethics in business: Answering the call. Journal of Business Ethics 2005, 58:345-357.
78. Schaller M., Boyd C., Yohannes J., O'Brien M. The prejudiced personality revisited: Personal need for structure and formation of erroneous group stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 68:544-555.
79. Schaubroeck J., Lam S.S.K., Peng A.C. Cognition-based and affective-based trust as mediators of leader behavior influence on team performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2011, 96:863-871.
80. Sendjaya S., Sarros J.C., Santora J.C. Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies 2008, 45:402-424.
81. Shamir B., House R.J., Arthur M.B. The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization Science 1993, 4:577-594.
82. Shao R., Aquino K., Freeman D. Beyond moral reasoning: A review of moral identity research and its implications for business research. Business Ethics Quarterly 2008, 18:513-540.
83. Simola S.K., Barling J., Turner N. Transformational leadership and leader moral orientation: Contrasting an ethic of justice and an ethic of care. The Leadership Quarterly 2010, 21:179-188.
84. Smith B.N., Montagno R.V., Kuzmenko T.N. Transformational and servant leadership: Contextual and content comparisons. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies 2004, 10:80-91.
85. Spears L.C. Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant leadership influenced today's top management thinkers 1995, John Wiley, New York.
86. Stone A.G., Russell R.F., Patterson K. Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 2004, 25:349-361.
87. Sun P.Y.T., Anderson M.H. The combined influence of top and middle management leadership styles on absorptive capacity. Management Learning 2011, 43:25-51.
88. Sun P.Y.T., Anderson M.H. The importance of attributional complexity for transformational leadership studies. Journal of Management Studies 2012, 49:1001-1022.
89. Sun P.Y.T., Anderson M.H. Civic capacity: Building on transformational leadership to explain successful integrative public leadership. The Leadership Quarterly 2012, 23:309-323.
90. Townsend J.C., Da Silva N., Mueller L., Curtin P., Tetrick L.E. Attributional complexity: A link between training, job complexity, decision latitude, leader-member exchange, and performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2002, 32:207-221.
91. Turner N., Barling J., Epitropaki O., Butcher V., Milner C. Transformational leadership and moral reasoning. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, 87:304-311.
92. Van Dierendonck D. Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management 2011, 37:1228-1261.
93. Van Dierendonck D., Nuitjen I. The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multi-dimensional measure. Journal of Business and Psychology 2011, 26:249-267.
94. Walumbwa F.O., Hartnell C.A., Oke A. Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation. The Journal of Applied Psychology 2010, 95:517-529.
95. Wong P.T., Page D. Servant leadership: An opponent-process model and the revised servant leadership profile. Servant leadership roundtable 2003, October.
96. Zhang H., Kwan H.K., Everett A., Jian Z. Servant leadership, organizational identification, and work-to-family enrichment: The moderating role of work climate for sharing family concerns. Human Resources Management 2012, 51:747-776.