Development of the servant leadership assessment instrument

Leadership & Organization Development Journal

Volumn 26, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 600-615

  Dennis, Robert S ^a   Bocarnea, Mihai ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^b REGENT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Factor analysis; Leadership

Indexed keywords

EID: 30744433119     PISSN: 01437739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/01437730510633692     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Bass, B.M. (1990), Bass and Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, & Managerial Applications, 3rd ed., The Free Press, New York, NY.
2. Bandura, A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
3. Barnard, C. (1938), The Functions of the Executive, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
4. Bennett, J. (2001), “Trainers as leaders of learning”, Training & Development, Vol. 55 No. 3, pp. 43-47.
5. Bennis, W. (2002), “Become a tomorrow leader”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant-Leadership for the Twenty-First Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 101-109.
6. Blanchard, K. (2000), “Leadership by the book”, Executive Excellence, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 4-5.
7. Block, P. (1993), Stewardship: Choosing Service over Self-Interest, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA.
8. Bowie, N. (2000), “A Kantian theory of leadership”, The Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 185-193.
9. Braye, R. (2002), “Servant-Leadership: Leading in today's military”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on leadership: Servant Leadership for the 21st Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 295-303.
10. Buchan, I. (2002), “The discipline and ritual of forecasting: Greenleaf's vision”, Foresight, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 4-6.
11. Buchen, I. (1998), “Servant leadership: a model for future faculty and future institutions”, Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 25-34.
12. Burns, J. (1978), Leadership, Harper & Row, New York, NY.
13. Burkhardt, J. and Spears, L.C. (2002), “Servant-leadership and philanthropic institutions”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on leadership: Servant Leadership for the 21st century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 223-224.
14. Ciulla, J. (1998), Ethics: The Heart of Leadership, Praeger, Westport, CT.
15. Conger, J.A. (1992), Learning to Lead: The Art of Transforming Managers into Leaders, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
16. Covey, S. (2002), “Servant-leadership and community leadership in the twenty-first century”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant Leadership for the 21st Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 27-34.
17. Crom, M. (1998), “The leader as servant”, Training, Vol. 35 No. 7, pp. 6-10.
18. DeVellis, R. (1991), Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage Publications, London.
19. Dennis, R. (2004), Servant Leadership Theory: Development of the Servant Leadership Assessment Instrument, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA, 160 pagesAAT 3133544.
20. Dennis, R. and Winston, B.E. (2003), “A factor analysis of Page and Wong's servant leadership instrument”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp. 455-459.
21. DePree, M. (2002), “Servant-leadership: three things necessary”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant Leadership for the 21st Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 89-100.
22. DeVellis, R. (2003), Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Sage, London.
23. Distefano, J. (1995), “Tracing the vision and impact of Robert K. Greenleaf”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Reflections on Leadership, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 61-78.
24. Eisenberg, N. (1986), Altruistic Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior, Arizona State University, London.
25. Elster, J. (1990), “Selfishness and altruism”, in Ed. Mansbridge, J. (Ed.), Beyond Self-Interest, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 44-52.
26. Fairholm, G. (1997), Capturing the Heart of Leadership: Spirituality and Community in the New American Workplace, Praeger, Westport, CT.
27. Fayol, H. (1949), General and Industrial Management, Pitman, London.
28. Ferch, S. and Mitchell, M.W. (2001), “Intentional forgiveness in relational leadership: a technique for enhancing effective leadership”, Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 7 No. 70.
29. Gautschi, T. (2000), “History effects in social dilemma situations”, Rationality & Society, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 131-163.
30. Greenleaf, R. (1996) in Ed. Spears, D.F. (Ed.), On Becoming a Servant-Leader, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, p. 41.
31. Hair, J. and Anderson, R.E. (1998), Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
32. Hauser, M. and House, R.J. (2000) in Ed. Locke, E. (Ed.), Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior, Blackwell, Malden, MA.
33. Henry, C. (1978), Baker's Dictionary of Christian Ethics, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, MI.
34. Jencks, C. (1990), “Varieties of altruism”, Beyond Self-Interest, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 53-67.
35. Johnson, C. (2001), Meeting the Ethical Challenges of Leadership, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
36. Kaplan, S. (2000), “Human nature and environmentally responsible behavior”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56 No. 3, pp. 491-505.
37. Kouzes, J. and Posner, B.Z. (1993a), Credibility: How Leaders Gain and Lose it, Why People Demand It, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
38. Kouzes, J. and Posner, B.Z. (1997), Leadership Practices Inventory [LPI] Participant's Workbook, 2nd ed., Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, San Francisco, CA.
39. Kuhn, T. (1996), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
40. Laub, J. (1999), “Assessing the servant organization: development of the servant organizational leadership assessment (SOLA) instrument”, dissertation, Florida Atlantic University.
41. Lloyd, B. (1996), “A new approach to leadership”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 17 No. 7, pp. 29-32.
42. Lytle, R., Hom, P.W. and Mowka, M.P. (1998), “SERV*OR: a managerial measure of organizational service-orientation”, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 74 No. 455.
43. McGee-Cooper, A. and Trammell, D. (2002), “From hero-as-leader to servant-as-leader”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant Leadership for the 21st Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 141-152.
44. Melrose, K. (1998), “Putting servant-leadership into practice”, in Ed. Spears, L.C. (Ed.), Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant-Leadership, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 279-296.
45. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2003), Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, available at: www.webster.com (accessed 13 March 2003).
46. Mitroff, I. and Denton, E.A. (1999), “A study of spirituality in the workplace”, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 40 No. 4, pp. 83-94.
47. Monroe, K.R. (1994), “A fat lady in a corset: altruism and social theory”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 861-893.
48. Nunnally, J. (1978), Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
49. Page, D. and Wong, T.P. (2000), “A conceptual framework for measuring servant-leadership”, in Ed. AdjGibolosoo, S. (Ed.), The Human Factor in Shaping the Course of History and Development, University Press of America, Inc., New York, NY, pp. 69-109.
50. Patterson, K. (2003), “Servant leadership: a theoretical model”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of Business, Regent University.
51. Patterson, K. and Russell, R.F. (2004), “Transformational versus servant leadership – a difference in leader focus”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25 No. 4.
52. Pett, M., Lackey, N.R. and Sullivan, J.J. (2003), Making Sense of Factor Analysis: The Use of Factor Analysis for Instrument Development in Health Care Research, Sage, London.
53. Pfeffer, J. (1978), New Directions for Organization Theory: Problems and Prospects, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
54. Russell, R.F. (2001), “The role of values in servant leadership”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 76-84.
55. Russell, R. (2000), “Exploring the values and attributes of servant leaders”, doctoral dissertation Vol. 61, (12, 4,856).
56. Russell, R. and Stone, G.A. (2002), “A review of servant leadership attributes: developing a practical model”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 23 No. 3, pp. 145-157.
57. Sandage, S. and Wiens, T.W. (2001), “Contextualizing models of humility and forgiveness: a reply to Gassin”, Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 201-219.
58. Selznick, P. (1957), Leadership in Administration, Prentice Hall, Englewood, NJ.
59. Spears, L. (2002) in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant-Leadership for the 21st Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 28-34.
60. Story, M. (2002), “A breakfast briefing that unscrambled Auckland's road-jam: leadership is about collaboration and making connections”, New Zealand Management, Vol. 49 No. 9, pp. 39-50.
61. Swindoll, C.R. (1981), Improving Your Serve, Word Publishing, Dallas.
62. Tangney, J.P. (2000), “Humility: theoretical perspectives, empirical findings”, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 19, pp. 70-82.
63. Van Sommers, P. (1988), Jealousy, Penguin Books, London.
64. Vecchio, R. (1997), “It's not easy being green: Jealousy and envy in the workplace”, in Ed. Vecchio, R. (Ed.), Leadership: Understanding the Dynamics of Power and Influence in Organizations, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, pp. 542-562.
65. Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Free Press, Glencoe, IL.
66. Whetstone, J. (2001), “How virtue fits within business ethics”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 33, pp. 101-114.
67. Winston, B. (2002), Be a Leader for God's Sake, Regent University-School of Leadership Studies, Virginia Beach, VA.
68. Wis, R. (2002), “The conductor as servant leader”, Music Educators Journal, Vol. 89 No. 17.
69. Young, D. (2002), “Foresight: the lead that the leader has”, in Ed. Spears, L. (Ed.), Focus on Leadership: Servant Leadership for the 21st Century, Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 245-255.