A review of heating and temperature control in microfluidic systems: Techniques and applications

Diagnostics

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 33-67

  Miralles, Vincent ^a   Huerre, Axel ^a   Malloggi, Florent ^b   Jullien, Marie Caroline ^a  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b CEA Saclay   (France)

Author keywords

Heating; Microfluidics; Temperature

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROL SYSTEM; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HEAT TREATMENT; HEATING; MICROFLUIDICS; MICROWAVE RADIATION; NANODEVICE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PROCESS OPTIMIZATION; REVIEW; TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY; THERMOREGULATION;

EID: 84880472095     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20754418     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics3010033     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Bartlett, J.M.S.; Stirling, D. A short history of the polymerase chain reaction. Meth. Mol. Biol. 2003, 226, 3-6.
2. Maltezos, G.; Gomez, A.; Zhong, J.; Gomez, F.A.; Scherer, A. Microfluidic polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 93, 243901:1-243901:3.
3. Maltezos, G.; Johnston, M.; Taganov, K.; Srichantaratsamee, C.; Gorman, J. Exploring the limits of ultrafast polymerase chain reaction using liquid for thermal heat exchange: A proof of principle. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010, 97, 264101:1-264101:3.
4. Khandurina, J.; McKnight, T.E.; Jacobson, S.C.; Waters, L.C.; Foote, R.S.; Ramsey, J.M. Integrated system for rapid PCR-based DNA analysis in microfluidic devices. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 2995-3000.
5. Yang, J.; Liu, Y.; Rauch, C.B.; Stevens, R.L.; Liu, R.H.; Lenigk, R.; Grodzinski, P. High sensitivity PCR assay in plastic micro reactors. Lab Chip 2002, 2, 179-187.
6. Hua, Z.; Rouse, J.L.; Eckhardt, A.E.; Srinivasan, V.; Pamula, V.K.; Schell, W.A.; Benton, J.L.; Mitchell, T.G.; Pollack, M.G. Multiplexed real-time polymerase chain reaction on a digital microfluidic platform. Anal. Chem. 2010, 82, 2310-2316.
7. Mahjoob, S.; Vafai, K.; Beer, N.R. Rapid microfluidic thermal cycler for polymerase chain reaction nucleid acid amplification. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 2008, 51, 2109-2122.
8. Dinca, M.P.; Gheorghe, M.; Aherne, M.; Galvin, P. Fast and accurate temperature control of a PCR microsystem with a disposable reactor. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2009, 19, 065009:1-065009:15.
9. Lien, K.Y.; Lee, S.-H.; Tsai, T.-J.; Chen, T.-Y.; Lee, G.-B. A microfluidic-based system using reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions for rapid detection of aquaculture diseases. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2009, 7, 795-806.
10. Wang, W.; Li, Z.; Yang, Y.; Guo, Z. Droplet Based Micro Oscillating Flow-Through PCR Chip. In Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Maastricht, The Netherlands, 25-29 January 2004; pp. 280-283.
11. Qiu, X.; Mauk, M.G.; Chen, D.; Liu, C.; Bau, H.H. A large volume, portable, real-time PCR reactor. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 3170-3177.
12. Hsieh, T.-M.; Luo, C.-H.; Huang, F.-C.; Wang, J.-H.; Chien, L.-J.; Lee, G.-B. Enhancement of thermal uniformity for a microthermal cycler and its application for polymerase chain reaction. Sens. Actuator. B 2008, 130, 848-856.
13. Hsieh, T.-M.; Luo, C.-H.; Wang, J.-H.; Lin, J.-L.; Lien, K.-Y.; Lee, G.-B. Enhancement of thermal uniformity for a microthermal cycler and its application for polymerase chain reaction. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2009, 6, 797-809.
14. Shen, K.; Chen, X.; Guo, M.; Cheng, J. A microchip-based PCR device using flexible printed circuit technology. Sens. Actuator. B 2005, 105, 251-258.
15. Wang, J.-H.; Chien, L.-J.; Hsieh, T.-M.; Luo, C.-H.; Chou, W.-P.; Chen, P.-H.; Chen, P.-J.; Lee, D.-S.; Lee, G.-B. A miniaturized quantitative polymerase chain reaction system for DNA amplification and detection. Sens. Actuator. B 2009, 141, 329-337.
16. Matsui, T.; Franzke, J.; Manz, A.; Janasek, D. Temperature gradient focusing in a PDMS/glass hybrid microfluidic chip. Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 4606-4611.
17. Ross, D.; Locascio, L.E. Microfluidic temperature gradient focusing. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 2556-2564.
18. Yap, Y.F.; Tan, S.H.; Nguyen, N.T.; Murshed, S.M.S.; Wong, T.N.; Yobas, L. Thermally mediated control of liquid microdroplets at a bifurcation. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2009, 42, 1-14.
19. Ting, T.H.; Yap, Y.F.; Nguyen, N.-T.; Wong, T.N.; Chai, J.C.K. Thermally mediated breakup of drops in microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 234101:1-234101:3.
20. Jiao, Z.; Huang, X.; Nguyen, N.-T.; Abgrall, P. Thermocapillary actuation of droplet in a planar microchannel. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2008, 5, 205-214.
21. Jiao, Z.; Huang, X.; Nguyen, N.-T. Manipulation of a droplet in a planar channel by periodic thermocapillary actuation. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2008, 18, 045027:1-045027:9.
22. Nguyen, N.T.; Huang, X.Y. Thermocapillary effect of a liquid plug in transient temperature fields. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2005, 44, 1139-1142.
23. Jiao, Z.J.; Nguyen, N.T.; Huang, X.Y.; Ang, Y.Z. Reciprocating thermocapillary plug motion in an externally heated capillary. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2007, 3, 39-46.
24. Darhuber, A.A.; Valentino, J.P.; Davis, J.M.; Troian, S.M. Microfluidic actuation by modulation of surface stresses. Appl. Phys.Lett. 2003, 82, 657-659.
25. Darhuber, A.A.; Valentino, J.P. Thermocapillary actuation of droplets on chemically patterned surfaces by programmable microheater arrays. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2003, 12, 873-879.
26. Darhuber, A.A.; Davis, J.M.; Troian, S.M. Thermocapillary actuation of liquid flow on chemically patterned surfaces. Phys. Fluids 2003, 15, 1295-1304.
27. Darhuber, A.A.; Valentino, J.P; Troian, S.M. Planar digital nanoliter dispensing system based on thermocapillary actuation. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 1061-1071.
28. Selva, B.; Cantat, I.; Jullien, M.-C. Temperature-induced migration of a bubble in a soft microgravity. Phys. Fluids 2011, 23, 052002:1-052002:12.
29. Selva, B.; Marchalot, J.; Jullien, M.-C. An optimized resistor pattern for temperature gradient control in microfluidics. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2009, 19, 065002:1-065002:10.
30. Selva, B; Miralles, V.; Cantat, I.; Jullien, M.-C. Thermocapillary actuation by optimized resistor pattern: bubbles and droplets displacing, switching and trapping. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 1835-1840.
31. Guo, M.T.; Rotem, A.; Heyman, J.A.; Weitz, D.A. Droplet microfluidics for high-throughput biological assays. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 2146-2155.
32. Stroock, A.D.; Dertinger, S.K.W.; Ajdari, A.; Mezic, I.; Stone, H.A.; Whitesides, G.M. Chaotic mixer for microchannels. Science 2002, 295, 647-651.
33. Kim, S.-J.; Wang, F.; Burns, M.A.; Kurabayashi, K. Temperature-programmed natural convection for micromixing and biochemical reaction in a single microfluidic chamber. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 4510-4516.
34. Liu, R.H.; Stremler, M.A.; Sharp, K.V.; Olsen, M.G.; Santiago, J.G.; Adrian, R.J.; Aref, H.; Beebe, D.J. Passive mixing in a three-dimensional serpentine microchannel. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2000, 9, 190-197.
35. Laval, P.; Lisai, N.; Salmon, J.-B.; Joanicot, M. A microfluidic device based on droplet storage for screening solubility diagrams. Lab Chip 2007, 7, 829-834.
36. Velve Casquillas, G.; Fu, C.; Le Berre, M.; Cramer, J.; Meance, S.; Plecis, A.; Baigl, D.; Greffet, J.-J.; Chen, Y.; Piel, M.; Tran, P.T. Fast microfluidic temperature control for high resolution live cell imaging. Lab Chip 2011, 11, 484-489.
37. Velve Casquillas, G.; Costa, J.; Carlier-Grynkorn, F.; Mayeux, A. A fast microfluidic temperature control device for studying microtubule dynamics in fission yeast. Method. Cell Biol. 2010, 97, 185-201.
38. Mao, H.; Yang, T.; Cremer, P.S. A microfluidic device with a linear temperature gradient for parallel and combinatorial measurements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4432-4435.
39. Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G.M. Soft lithography. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550-575.
40. Maltezos, G.; Johnston, M.; Scherer, A. Thermal management in microfluidics using micro Peltier junctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 154105:1-154105:3.
41. De Mello, A.J.; Habgood, M.; Lancaster, N.L.; Welton, T.; Wooton, R.C.R. Precise temperature control in microfluidic devices using Joule heating of ionic liquids. Lab Chip 2004, 4, 417-419.
42. Mavraki, E.; Moschou, D.; Kokkoris, G.; Vourdas, N.; Chatzandroulis, S.; Tserepi, A. A continuous flow μPCR device with integrated microheaters on a flexible polyimide substrate. Procedia Eng. 2011, 25, 1245-1248.
43. Vigolo, D.; Rusconi, R.; Piazza, R.; Stone, H.A. A portable device for temperature control along microchannels. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 795-798.
44. Lao, A.I.K.; Lee, T.M.H.; Hsing, I.-M.; Ip, N.Y. Precise temperature control of microfluidic chamber for gas and liquid phase reactions. Sens. Actuator. A 2000, 84, 11-17.
45. Selva, B.; Mary, P.; Jullien, M.-C. Integration of a uniform and rapid heating source into microfluidic systems. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2010, 8, 755-765.
46. Ross, D.; Gaitan, M.; Locascio, L.E. Temperature measurement in microfluidic systems using a temperature-dependent fluorescent dye. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 4117-4123.
47. Oda, R.P.; Strausbauch, M.A.; Huhmer, A.F.; Borson, N.; Jurrens, S.R.; Craighead, J.; Wettstein, P.J.; Eckloff, B.; Kline, B.; Landers, J.P. Infrared-mediated thermocycling for ultrafast polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4361-4368.
48. Ferrance, J.P.; Wu, Q.; Giordano, B.; Hernandez, C.; Kwok, Y.; Snow, K.; Thibodeau, S.; Landers, J.P. Developments toward a complete micro-total analysis system for Duchenne muscular dystrophy diagnosis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 500, 223-236.
49. Giordano, B.; Ferrance, J.; Swedberg, S.; Hulhmer, A.; Landers, J. Polymerase chain reaction in polymeric microchips: DNA amplification in less than 240 seconds. Anal. Biochem.2001, 291, 124-132.
50. Ke, C.; Berney, H.; Mathewson, A.; Sheehan, M. Rapid amplification for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a non-contact heating method in a silicon microreactor based thermal cycler. Sens. Actuator. B 2001, 102, 308-314.
51. Jagannathan, H.; Yaralioglu, G.; Ergun, A.; Khuri-Yakub, B. Acoustic Heating and Thermometry in Microfluidic Channels. In Proceedings of IEEE the Sixteenth Annual International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS-03 Kyoto), Kyoto, Japan, 19-23 January 2003; pp. 474-477.
52. Kondoh, J.; Shimizu, N.; Matsui, Y.; Sugimoto, M.; Shiokawa, S. Development of temperature-control system for liquid droplet using surface Acoustic wave devices. Sens. Actuator. A 2009, 149, 292-297.
53. Yaralioglu, G. Ultrasonic heating and temperature measurement in microfluidic channels. Sensors Sens. Actuator. A 2011, 170, 1-7.
54. Bykov, Y.V.; Rybakov, K.I.; Semenov, V.E. High-temperature microwave processing of materials. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2001, 34, R55-R75.
55. Shah, J.J.; Geist, J.; Gaitan, M.A. Microwave-induced adjustable nonlinear temperature gradients in microfluidic devices. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2010, 20, 105025:1-105025:8.
56. Kempitiya, A.; Borca-Tasciuc, D.A.; Mohamed, H.S.; Hella, M.M. Localized microwave heating in microwells for parallel DNA amplification applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 064106:1-064106:3.
57. Shaw, K.J.; Docker, P.T.; Yelland, J.V.; Dyer, C.E.; Greenman, J.; Greenway, G.M.; Haswell, S.J. Rapid PCR amplification using a microfluidic device with integrated microwave heating and air impingement cooling. Lab Chip 2010, 10, 1725-1728.
58. Orrling, K.; Nilsson P.; Gullberg, M.; Larhed, M. An efficient method to perform milliliter-scale PCR utilizing highly controlled microwave thermocycling. Chem.Commun. 2004, doi: 10.1039/ B317049G.
59. Shah, J.J.; Sundaresan, S.G.; Geist, J; Reyes, D.R.; Booth, J.C.; Rao, M.V.; Gaitan, M. Microwave dielectric heating of fluids in an integrated microfluidic device. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2007, 17, 2224-2230.
60. Geist, J.J.; Gaitan, M. Microwave power absorption in low-reflectance, complex, lossy transmission lines. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 2007, 112, 177-189.
61. Siegel, A.C.; Shevkoplyas, S.S.; Weibel, D.B.; Bruzewicz, D.A.; Martinez, A.W.; Whitesides, G.M. Cofabrication of electromagnets and microfluldic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6877-6882.
62. Kappe, C.O.; Dallinger, D. The impact of microwave synthesis on drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5, 51-63.
63. Fermer, C.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. Microwave-assisted high-speed PCR. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2003, 18, 129-132.
64. Issadore, D.; Humphry, K.J.; Brown, K.A.; Sandberg, L.; Weitz, D.A.; Westervelt, R.M. Microwave dielectric heating of drops in microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2009, 9, 1701-1706.
65. Guijt, R.M.; Dodge, A.; van Dedem, G.W.K.; de Rooij, N.F.; Verpoorte, E. Chemical and physical processes for integrated temperature control in microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2003, 3, 1-4.
66. Maltezos, A. Rajagopal, A. Scherer. Evaporative cooling in microfluidic channels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 074107:1-074107:3.
67. Wu, J.; Cao, W.; Chen, W.; Chang, D.C.; Sheng, P. Polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic chip with integrated microheater and thermal sensor. Biofluidics 2009, 3, 012005:1-012005:7.
68. Robert de Saint Vincent, M.; Wunenburger, R.; Delville, J.-P. Laser switching and sorting for high speed digital microfluidics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 154105:1-154105:3.
69. Kim, H.; Vishniakou, S.; Faris, G.W. Petri dish PCR: Laser-heated reactions in nanoliter droplet arrays. Lab Chip 2009, 9, 1230-1235.
70. Ohta, A.T.; Jamshidi, A.; Valley, J.K.; Hsu, H.-Y.; Wu, M.C. Optically actuated thermocapillary movement of gas bubbles on an absorbing substrate. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 074103:1-074103:3.
71. Gosse, C.; Bergaud, C.; Löw, P. Molecular probes for thermometry in microfluidic devices. Top. Appl. Phys.2009, 118, 301-341.
72. Liu, R.H.; Yang, J.; Lenigk, R.; Bonanno, J.; Grodzinski, P. Self-contained, fully integrated biochip for sample preparation, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and DNA microarray detection. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1824-1831.
73. Unger, M.A.; Chou, H.-P.; Thorsen, T.; Scherer, A.; Quake, S.R. Monolithic microfabricated valves and pumps by multilayer soft lithography. Science 2000, 288, 113-115.
74. Kartalov, E.P.; Scherer, A.; Quake, S.R.; Taylor, C.R.; Anderson, W.F. Experimentally validated quantitative linear model for the device physics of elastomeric microfluidic valves. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 064505:1-064505:4.
75. Pitchaimani, K.; Sapp, B.C.; Winter, A.; Gispanski, A.; Nishida, T.; Fan, Z.H. Manufacturable plastic microfluidic valves using thermal actuation. Lab Chip 2009, 9, 3082-3087.
76. Gu, P.; Liu, K.; Chen, H.; Nishida, T.; Fan, Z.H. Chemical-assisted bonding of thermoplastics/elastomer for fabricating microfluidic valves. Anal. Chem. 2011, 83, 446-452.
77. Deb, K. Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms. Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2001; ISBN: 0-471-87339-X.
78. Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 2002, 6, 182-197.
79. Vigolo, D.; Rusconi, R.; Stone, H.A.; Piazza R. Thermophoresis: Microfluidics characterization and separation. Soft Matter 2010, 6, 3489-3493.
80. Baroud, C.N.; Delville, J.-P.; Gallaire, F.; Wununburger, R. Thermocapillary valve for droplet production and sorting. Phys. Rev. E 2007, 75, 046302:1-046302:5.
81. Weinert, F.M.; Braun, D. Optically driven fluid along arbitrary microscale patterns using thermoviscous expansion. J. Appl. Phys. 2008, 104, 104701:1-104701:10.
82. Hettiarachchi, K.; Kim, H.; Faris, G.W. Optical manipulation and control of real-time PCR in cell encapsulating microdroplets by IR laser. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2012, 13, 967-975.
83. Hung, P.J.; Lee, P.J.; Sabounchi, P.; Lin, R; Lee, L.P. Continuous perfusion microfluidic cell culture array for high-throughput cell-based assays. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 89, 1-8.
84. Mary, P.; Studer, V.; Tabeling, P.; Microfluidic droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 2680-2687.
85. Davis, S.H. Thermocapillary instabilities. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1987, 19, 403-435.
86. Mugele, F.; Baret, J.-C. Electrowetting: From basics to applications. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2005, 17, 705-774.
87. Moon, H.; Cho, S.K.; Garrell, R.L.; Kim, C.J. Low voltage electrowetting-on-dielectric. J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92, 4080-4087.
88. Vigolo, D.; Brambilla, G.; Piazza, R. Thermophoresis of microemulsion droplets: Size dependence of the Soret effect. Phys. Rev. E 2007, 75, 040401:1-040401:4.
89. Piazza, R.; Guarino, A. Soret effect in interacting micellar solutions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 208302:1-208302:8.
90. Cong, H.; Pan, T. Photopatternable conductive PDMS materials for microfabrication. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 1912-1921.