Beyond Culture Learning Theory: What Can Personality Tell Us About Cultural Competence?

Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 900-927

  Wilson, Jessie ^a   Ward, Colleen ^a   Fischer, Ronald ^a  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

cultural competence; culture learning; meta analysis; personality traits; sociocultural adaptation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880460005     PISSN: 00220221     EISSN: 15525422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022022113492889     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Allik J.,McCrae R. R.The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures. McCrae R. R.Allik J., ed. New York: Kluwer; 2002:303-321.
2. Ang S.,Van Dyne L.,Koh C.,Ng K.Y.The measurement of cultural intelligence. Academy of Management Meetings Symposium on Cultural Intelligence in the 21st Century; 2004New Orleans; 2004.
3. Ang S.,Van Dyne L.,Koh C.Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence.Group and Organization Review. 2006;3:335-371.
4. Argyle M.Social interaction. London, England: Methuen; 1969:.
5. Argyle M.Bodily communication. London, England: Methuen; 1975:.
6. Argyle M.Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction. Bochner S., ed. Oxford, UK: Pergamon; 1982:61-80.
7. Arthur W.,Bennett W.The international assignee: The relative importance of factors perceived to contribute to success.Personnel Psychology. 1995;48:99-114.
8. Ashton M. C.Personality and job performance: The importance of narrow traits.Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1998;19:289-303.
9. Babiker I. E.,Cox J. L.,Miller P. M. C.The measurement of cultural distance and its relationship to medical consultation, symptomatology, and examination performance of overseas students at Edinburgh university.Social Psychiatry. 1980;15:109-116.
10. Bandura A.Pereived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning.Educational Psychologist. 1993;28:117-148.
11. Bandura A.Self-efficacy in changing societies. Bandura A., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1995:1-45.
12. Bennett J. M.,Bennett M. J.Handbook of intercultural training. 2004). Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity. In LandisD.BennettJ. M.BennettM. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 147-165). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Landis D.Bennett J. M.Bennett M. J., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2004:147-165.
13. Bennett M. J.Basic concepts in intercultural communication: A reader. Bennett M. J., ed. Yarmouth, England: Intercultural Press; 1998:191-214.
14. Berry J. W.Immigration, acculturation and adaptation.Applied Psychology: An International Review. 1997;46:5-34.
15. Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Berry J. W.Phinney J.Sam D. L.Vedder P., ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2006:.
16. Berry J. W.,Poortinga Y.,Breugelmans S. M.,Chasiotis A.,Sam D. L.Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2011:.
17. Bhawuk D.The role of culture theory in cross-cultural training: A multi-method study of culture-specific, culture-general and culture theory-based assimilators.Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology. 1998;29:630-655.
18. Bhawuk D.,Triandis H.Handbook of intercultural training. 1996). The role of culture theory in the study of culture learning and intercultural training. In LandisD.BhagatR. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed., pp. 17-34). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Landis D.Bhagat R., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1996:17-34.
19. Blume B. D.,Ford J. K.,Baldwin T. T.,Huang J. L.Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review.Journal of Management. 2010;36:1065-1105.
20. Bochner S.,McLeod B. M.,Lin A.Friendship patterns of overseas students: A functional model.International Journal of Psychology. 1977;12:277-297.
21. Buss D. M.Evolutionary personality psychology.Annual Review of Psychology. 1991;42:459-491.
22. Caligiuri P. M.The Big Five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate's desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor-rated performance.Personnel Psychology. 2000;53:67-88.
23. Caprara G. V.,Vecchione M.,Alessandri G.,Gerbino M.,Barbaranelli C.The contribution of personality traits and self-efficacy beliefs to academic achievement: A longitudinal study.British Journal of Educational Psychology. 2011;81:78-96.
24. Chao M. M.,Okazaki S.,Hong Y.-Y.The quest for multicultural competence: Challenges and lessons learned from clinical and organizational research.Social & Personality Psychology Compass. 2011;5:263-274.
25. Church A. T.Sojourner adjustment.Psychological Bulletin. 1982;91:540-572.
26. Clément R.,Baker S. C.,MacIntyre P. D.Willingness to communicate in a second language: The effects of context norms, and vitality.Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 2003;22:190-209.
27. Clément R.,Gardner R. C.,Smythe P. C.Social and individual factors in second language acquisition.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 1980;12:293-302.
28. Clément R.,Noels K. A.,Deneault B.Interethnic contact, identity, and psychological adjustment: The mediating and moderating roles of communication.Journal of Social Issues. 2001;57:559-579.
29. Cohen J.Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum; 1988:.
30. Costa P. T.,McCrae R. R.NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, Ukraine: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1992:.
31. *Cox J. B.The role of communication, technology, and cultural identity in repatriation adjustment.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2004;28:201-219.
32. Duru E.,Poyrazli S.Personality dimensions, psychosocial-demographic variables, and English language competency in predicting level of acculturative stress among Turkish international students.International Journal of Stress Management. 2007;14:99-110.
33. Earley P. C.,Ang S.Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books; 2003:.
34. Ekman P.,Friesen W. V.The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, and usage, and coding.Semicotica. 1969;1:49-98.
35. Eysenck H. J.,Eysenck S. B. G.,Barrett P.A revised version of the psychoticism scale.Personality and Individual Differences. 1985;6:21-29.
36. Fontaine G.Roles of social support in overseas relocation: Implications for intercultural training.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1986;10:361-378.
37. Furnham A.,Bochner S.Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interactions. Bochner S., ed. Oxford, UK: Pergamon; 1982:161-198.
38. Furnham A.,Bochner S.Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London, England: Methuen; 1986:.
39. Furnham A.,Tresize L.The mental health of foreign students.Social Science & Medicine. 1981;17:365-370.
40. Furukawa T.,Shibayama T.Predicting maladjustment of exchange students in different cultures: A prospective study.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 1993;28:142-146.
41. Gong Y.,Fan J.Longitudinal examination of the role of goal orientation in cross-cultural adjustment.Journal of Applied Psychology. 2006;91:176-184.
42. Gudykunst W.Theory and research on intercultural relations: An introduction.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1999;23:529-534.
43. Gullahorn J. E.,Gullahorn J. T.American students abroad: Professional vs. personal development.The Annals. 1966;368:43-59.
44. Hannigan T.Traits, attitudes, and skills that are related to intercultural effectiveness and their implications for cross-cultural training: A review of the literature.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1990;14:89-111.
45. Hedges L. V.A random effects model for effect sizes.Psychological Bulletin. 1983;93:388-395.
46. Hedges L. V.,Vevea J. L.Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis.Psychological Methods. 1998;3:486-504.
47. Hofstede G.,McCrae R. R.Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture.Cross-cultural Research. 2004;38:52-88.
48. Huang T.-J.,Chi S.-C.,Lawler J. J.The relationship between expatriates' personality traits and their adjustment to international assignments.The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 2005;16:1656-1670.
49. Hunter J. E.,Schmidt F. L.Fixed effects vs. random effects meta-analysis models: Implications for cumulative research knowledge.International Journal of Selection and Assessment. 2000;8:275-292.
50. Ishii S.,Klopf D.A comparison of communication activities of Japanese and American adults [in Japanese].Eigo Tembou. 1976;53:22-26.
51. Kagan H.,Cohen J.Cultural adjustment of international students.Psychological Science. 1990;1:133-137.
52. Kang T. S. A.A foreign student group as an ethnic community.International Review of Modern Sociology. 1972;2:72-82.
53. Kappe R.,van der Flier H.Using multiple and specific criteria to assess the predictive validity of the Big Five personality factors on academic performance.Journal of Research in Personality. 2010;44:142-145.
54. Kelley C.,Meyers J. E.The Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory: Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Reid London House; 1995:.
55. Kosic A.The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Sam D. L.Berry J. W., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2006:113-128.
56. *Kurman J.,Ronen-Eilon C.Lack of knowledge of a culture's social axioms and adaptation difficulties among immigrants.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2004;35:192-208.
57. *Leong C.-H.Predictive validity of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A longitudinal study on the socio-psychological adaptation of Asian undergraduates who took part in a study abroad program.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2007;31:545-559.
58. Leong C.-H.,Ward C.Identity conflict in sojourners.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2000;24:763-776.
59. Lipsey M. W.,Wilson D.Practical meta-analysis: Applied social research methods series. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2001:.
60. Long J.-H.,Yan W.-H.,Yang H.-D.,Van Oudenhoven J. P.Cross-cultural adaptation of Chinese students in the Netherlands.US-China Education Review. 2009;6:1-8.
61. Mak A. S.,Buckingham K.Beyond communication courses: Are there benefits in adding skills-based EXCELL sociocultural training?.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2007;31:277-291.
62. Masgoret A.-M.,Ward C.The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Sam D. L.Berry J. W., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2006:58-77.
63. McClain D. L.The Mstat-I: A new measure of an individual's tolerance for ambiguity.Educational and Psychological Measurement. 1993;53:183-189.
64. McCrae R. R.Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons.Journal of Personality. 2001;69:819-846.
65. McCrae R. R.The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures. McCrae R. R.Allik J., ed. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic; 2002:105-125.
66. McCrae R. R.,Allik J.The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures. McCrae R. R.Allik J., ed. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic; 2002:303-321.
67. McCrae R. R.,Costa P. T.The Five-Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives. Wiggins J. S., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 1996:51-87.
68. McCrae R. R.,Costa P. T.Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 1999). A Five-Factor Theory of personality. In PervinL. A.JohnO. P. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 139-153). New York, NY: Guilford.Pervin L. A.John O. P., ed. New York, NY: Guilford; 1999:139-153.
69. McCrae R. R.,John O.An introduction to the five factor model and its applications.Journal of Personality. 1992;60:174-214.
70. McGinley H.,Blau G. L.,Takai M.Attraction effects of smiling and body position.Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1984;58:915-922.
71. Mischel W.Toward an integrative science of the person.Annual Review of Psychology. 2004;55:1-22.
72. Mischel W.,Shoda Y.A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure.Psychological Review. 1995;102:246-268.
73. Mol S. T.,Born M.,van der Molen H. T.Developing criteria for expatriate effectiveness: Time to jump off the adjustment bandwagon.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2005;29:339-353.
74. Mol S. T.,Born M.,Willemsen M. E.,van der Molen H. T.Predicting expatriate job performance for selection purposes: A quantitative review.Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology. 2005;36:590-620.
75. Myrick S. E.,Martorell G. A.Sticks and stones may break my bones: Protective factors for the effects of perceived discrimination on social competence in adolescence.Personal Relationships. 2010;18:487-501.
76. Noels K. A.,Pon G.,Clément R.Language, identity, and adjustment: The role of linguistic self-confidence in the acculturation process.Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 1996;15:246-264.
77. Ones D. S.,Viswesvaran C.New approaches to employee management: Vol. 4. Expatriate management: Theory and research. Aycan Z., ed. Greenwich, England: JAI; 1997:63-92.
78. Ong A. S.-J.,Ward C.The construction and validation of a social support measure for sojourners: The Index of Sojourner Social Support.Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology. 2005;36:637-661.
79. Osman-Gani A. A. M.,Rockstuhl T.Cross-cultural training, expatriate self-efficacy and adjustments to overseas assignments: An empirical investigation of managers in Asia.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2009;33:277-290.
80. Parker B.,McEvoy G. M.Initial examination of a model of intercultural adjustment.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1993;17:355-379.
81. Counseling across cultures. Pedersen P.Draguns J.Lonner W. J.Trimble J., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2007:.
82. Phinney J. S.,Madden T.,Santos L. J.Psychological variables as predictors of perceived ethnic discrimination among minority and immigrant adolescents.Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 1998;28:937-953.
83. Robinson W. S.Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals.American Sociological Review. 1950;15:351-357.
84. Rosenthal R.,DiMatteo M. R.Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews.Annual Review of Psychology. 2001;52:59-82.
85. Sam D. L.The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology. Sam D. L.Berry J. W., ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2006:11-26.
86. Schmitt N.The interaction of neuroticism and gender and its impact on self-efficacy and performance.Human Performance. 2008;21:49-61.
87. *Searle W.,Ward C.The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1990;14:449-464.
88. Smith R. A.,Khawaja N. G.A review of the acculturation experiences of international students.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2011;35:699-713.
89. Sneed C. D.Correlates and implications for agreeableness in children.The Journal of Psychology. 2002;136:59-67.
90. Stajkovic A.,Luthans F.Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin. 1998;44:580-590.
91. Sue D. W.,Arrondondo P.,McDavis R. J.Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession.Journal of Counseling & Development. 1992;70:477-486.
92. *Swami V.Predictors of sociocultural adjustment among sojourning Malaysian students in Britain.International Journal of Psychology. 2008;44:266-273.
93. *Swami V.,Arteche A.,Chamorro-Premuzic T.,Furnham A.Sociocultural adjustment among sojourning Malaysian students in Britain: A replication and path analytic extension.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2010;45:57-65.
94. Tams S.Constructing self-efficacy at work: A person-centered perspective.Personnel Review. 2008;37:165-183.
95. Tan J.-S.,Chua R. Y.-J.Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Earley P. C.Ang S., ed. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press; 2003:258-303.
96. Tett R. P.,Jackson D. N.,Rothstein M.Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review.Personnel Psychology. 1991;44:703-742.
97. Torres L.Latino definitions of success: A cultural model of intercultural competence.Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science. 2009;31:576-593.
98. Trice A. G.Mixing it up: Graduate international students' social interactions with American students.Journal of College Student Development. 2004;45:671-687.
99. Van der Zee K. I.,Van Oudenhoven J. P.The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness.European Journal of Personality. 2000;14:291-309.
100. Van der Zee K. I.,Van Oudenhoven J. P.Culture shock or challenge? The role of personality as a determinant of intercultural Competence.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2013;44 (6):.
101. Viechtbauer W.Accounting for heterogeneity via random-effects models and moderator analyses in meta-analysis.Journal of Psychology. 2007;215:104-121.
102. Ward C.Handbook of intercultural training. 1996). Acculturation. In LandisD.BhagatR. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed. pp. 124-147). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Landis D.Bhagat R., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1996:124-147.
103. Ward C.Handbook of culture and psychology. Matsumoto D., ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:411-445.
104. Ward C.Handbook of intercultural training. 2004). Psychological theories of culture contact and their implications for intercultural training and interventions. In LandisD.BennettJ. M.BennettM. J. (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (3rd ed., pp. 185-216). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Landis D.Bennett J. M.Bennett M. J., ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2004:185-216.
105. Ward C.,Bochner S.,Furnham A.The psychology of culture shock. London, England: Routledge; 2001:.
106. *Ward C.,Kennedy A.Locus of control, mood disturbance and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1992;16:175-194.
107. *Ward C.,Kennedy A.Psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions: A comparison of secondary students at home and abroad.International Journal of Psychology. 1993a;28:129-147.
108. *Ward C.,Kennedy A.Where's the "culture" in cross-cultural transition? Comparative studies of sojourner adjustment.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 1993b;24:221-249.
109. Ward C.,Kennedy A.The measurement of sociocultural adaptation.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1999;23:659-677.
110. Ward C.,Leong C.-H.Progress in Asian social psychology. Kashima Y.Endo Y.Kashima E. S.Leung C.McClure J., ed. Seoul, South Korea: Education Science Publishers; 2005:125-138.
111. *Ward C.,Leong C.-H.,Low M.Personality and sojourner adjustment: An exploration of the Big Five and the cultural fit proposition.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2004;35:137-151.
112. Ward C.,Okura Y.,Kennedy A.,Kojima T.The U-curve on trial: A longitudinal study of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transition.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1998;22:277-291.
113. Ward C.,Rana-Deuba A.Home and host culture influences on sojourner adjustment.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2000;24:291-306.
114. *Ward C.,Searle W.The impact of value discrepancies and cultural identity on psychological and sociocultural adjustment of sojourners.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 1991;15:209-225.
115. Ward C.,Stuart J.,Kus L.The construction and validation of a measure of ethno-cultural identity conflict.Journal of Personality Assessment. 2011;93:462-473.
116. Watson O.Proxemic behavior: A cross-cultural study. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton; 1970:.
117. Zimmerman S.Perceptions of intercultural communication competence and international student adaptation to an American campus.Communication Education. 1995;44:321-335.
118. *Zlobina A.,Basabe N.,Paez D.,Furnham A.Sociocultural adjustment of immigrants: Universal and group-specific predictors.International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 2006;30:195-211.