메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue , 2013, Pages 41-53

Emerging therapies for clostridium difficile infection - Focus on fidaxomicin

Author keywords

CDAD; Clostridium difficile infection (CDI); Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea; Fidaxomicin; Metronidazole; Vancomycin

Indexed keywords

BACITRACIN; CADAZOLID; FIDAXOMICIN; FUSIDIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; METRONIDAZOLE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; NITAZOXANIDE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RAMOPLANIN; RIFAXIMIN; RNA POLYMERASE; SUROTOMYCIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 84879916985     PISSN: 11786973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S24434     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (27)

References (102)
  • 1
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al; For Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(5):431-455.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 2
    • 0019180153 scopus 로고
    • Clinical and laboratory observations in Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Bartlett JG, Taylor NS, Chang T, Dzink J. Clinical and laboratory observations in Clostridium difficile colitis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980; 33(Suppl 11):2521-2526.
    • (1980) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.33 , Issue.SUPPL. 11 , pp. 2521-2526
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Taylor, N.S.2    Chang, T.3    Dzink, J.4
  • 3
    • 0019949758 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions
    • George WL, Rolfe RD, Finegold SM. Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in feces of patients with antimicrobial agent-associated diarrhea and miscellaneous conditions. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15(6):1049-1053.
    • (1982) J Clin Microbiol , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 1049-1053
    • George, W.L.1    Rolfe, R.D.2    Finegold, S.M.3
  • 5
    • 84868014572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Statistical Brief #124. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2012. Available from, Accessed April 29, 2013
    • Lucado J, Gould C, Elixhauser A. Clostridium Difficile Infections (CDI) in Hospital Stays, 2009. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Statistical Brief #124. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2012. Available from: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb124.pdf. Accessed April 29, 2013.
    • (2009) Clostridium Difficile Infections (CDI) In Hospital Stays
    • Lucado, J.1    Gould, C.2    Elixhauser, A.3
  • 6
    • 61549089404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microflora
    • Rafii F, Sutherland JB, Cerniglia CE. Effects of treatment with antimicrobial agents on the human colonic microflora. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1343-1358.
    • (2008) Ther Clin Risk Manag , vol.4 , Issue.6 , pp. 1343-1358
    • Rafii, F.1    Sutherland, J.B.2    Cerniglia, C.E.3
  • 7
    • 79851470700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficile
    • Sun X, Savidge T, Feng H. The enterotoxicity of Clostridium difficile. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(7):1848-1880.
    • (2010) Toxins (Basel) , vol.2 , Issue.7 , pp. 1848-1880
    • Sun, X.1    Savidge, T.2    Feng, H.3
  • 8
    • 0031041293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile and cefotaxime in the elderly
    • Starr JM, Impallomeni M. Risk of diarrhoea, Clostridium difficile and cefotaxime in the elderly. Biomed Pharmacother. 1997;51(2): 63-67.
    • (1997) Biomed Pharmacother , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 63-67
    • Starr, J.M.1    Impallomeni, M.2
  • 9
    • 0026650077 scopus 로고
    • Effects of antibiotics and other drugs on toxin production in Clostridium difficile in vitro and in vivo
    • Barc MC, Depitre C, Corthier G, Collignon A, Su WJ, Bourlioux P. Effects of antibiotics and other drugs on toxin production in Clostridium difficile in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36(6):1332-1335.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 1332-1335
    • Barc, M.C.1    Depitre, C.2    Corthier, G.3    Collignon, A.4    Su, W.J.5    Bourlioux, P.6
  • 11
    • 43249096532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection
    • Bartlett JG. The case for vancomycin as the preferred drug for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(10): 1489-1492.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , Issue.10 , pp. 1489-1492
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 12
    • 80051957059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections
    • Mullane KM, Miller MA, Weiss K, et al. Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(5):440-447.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 440-447
    • Mullane, K.M.1    Miller, M.A.2    Weiss, K.3
  • 13
    • 70649107673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): Treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT; For European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(12):1067-1079.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1067-1079
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    van Dissel, J.T.3
  • 14
    • 0028945667 scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: Recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)
    • Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendations of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Am J Infect Control. 1995;23(2):87-94.
    • (1995) Am J Infect Control , vol.23 , Issue.2 , pp. 87-94
  • 15
    • 46249099130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • Al-Nassir WN, Sethi AK, Li Y, Pultz MJ, Riggs MM, Donskey CJ. Both oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin promote persistent overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci during treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(7):2403-2406.
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , Issue.7 , pp. 2403-2406
    • Al-Nassir, W.N.1    Sethi, A.K.2    Li, Y.3    Pultz, M.J.4    Riggs, M.M.5    Donskey, C.J.6
  • 16
    • 34547133720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity
    • Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(3):302-307.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 302-307
    • Zar, F.A.1    Bakkanagari, S.R.2    Moorthi, K.M.3    Davis, M.B.4
  • 17
    • 84879980668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea [abstact K-425a]
    • Louie TJGM, Grimard D, Johnson S, Poirier A, Weiss K; For the Tolevamer Study Group. Results of a phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea [abstact K-425a]. 2007.
    • (2007) For the Tolevamer Study Group
    • Louie, T.J.G.M.1    Grimard, D.2    Johnson, S.3    Poirier, A.4    Weiss, K.5
  • 18
    • 23944507069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Old therapies and new strategies
    • Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(9):549-557.
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , Issue.9 , pp. 549-557
    • Aslam, S.1    Hamill, R.J.2    Musher, D.M.3
  • 19
    • 54549118257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in Clostridium difficile
    • Baines SD, O'Connor R, Freeman J, et al. Emergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in Clostridium difficile. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(5):1046-1052.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , Issue.5 , pp. 1046-1052
    • Baines, S.D.1    O'Connor, R.2    Freeman, J.3
  • 20
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: New developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(7):526-536.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 21
    • 0022491104 scopus 로고
    • Faecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile
    • Bolton RP, Culshaw MA. Faecal metronidazole concentrations during oral and intravenous therapy for antibiotic associated colitis due to Clostridium difficile. Gut. 1986;27(10):1169-1172.
    • (1986) Gut , vol.27 , Issue.10 , pp. 1169-1172
    • Bolton, R.P.1    Culshaw, M.A.2
  • 22
    • 79551527297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For OPT-80-003 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Mullane KM, et al; For OPT-80-003 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(5):422-431.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , Issue.5 , pp. 422-431
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Mullane, K.M.3
  • 23
    • 84859007390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For OPT-80-004 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: A double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial
    • Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R, et al; For OPT-80-004 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012; 12(4):281-289.
    • (2012) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 281-289
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Crook, D.W.2    Esposito, R.3
  • 24
    • 84903214227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the CDI Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the lipopeptide CB-183,315 for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection [Abstract K-205a]
    • September 17-20, Chicago, IL
    • Patino HSC, Louie T, Bernardo P, Friedland I; For the CDI Study Group. Efficacy and safety of the lipopeptide CB-183,315 for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection [Abstract K-205a]. Proceedings of the 51st Internatl Congr Antimicr Ag Chemother; September 17-20, 2011; Chicago, IL.
    • (2011) Proceedings of the 51st Internatl Congr Antimicr Ag Chemother
    • Patino, H.S.C.1    Louie, T.2    Bernardo, P.3    Friedland, I.4
  • 25
    • 67349239352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: A review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes
    • Johnson S. Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes. J Infect. 2009;58(6):403-410.
    • (2009) J Infect , vol.58 , Issue.6 , pp. 403-410
    • Johnson, S.1
  • 26
    • 0036311186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breaking the cycle: Treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease
    • McFarland LV, Elmer GW, Surawicz CM. Breaking the cycle: treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(7):1769-1775.
    • (2002) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.97 , Issue.7 , pp. 1769-1775
    • McFarland, L.V.1    Elmer, G.W.2    Surawicz, C.M.3
  • 27
    • 79961203458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin: First-in-class macrocyclic antibiotic
    • Mullane KM, Gorbach S. Fidaxomicin: first-in-class macrocyclic antibiotic. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011;9(7):767-777.
    • (2011) Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther , vol.9 , Issue.7 , pp. 767-777
    • Mullane, K.M.1    Gorbach, S.2
  • 28
    • 0016680833 scopus 로고
    • Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. I. Description of the producer strain and fermentation studies
    • Parenti F, Pagani H, Beretta G. Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. I. Description of the producer strain and fermentation studies. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1975;28(4):247-252.
    • (1975) J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 247-252
    • Parenti, F.1    Pagani, H.2    Beretta, G.3
  • 29
    • 0023250466 scopus 로고
    • Tiacumicins, a novel complex of 18-membered macrolide antibiotics. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and antibacterial activity
    • Theriault RJ, Karwowski JP, Jackson M, et al. Tiacumicins, a novel complex of 18-membered macrolide antibiotics. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and antibacterial activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1987;40(5): 567-574.
    • (1987) J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol.40 , Issue.5 , pp. 567-574
    • Theriault, R.J.1    Karwowski, J.P.2    Jackson, M.3
  • 30
    • 80054711588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative susceptibilities to fidaxomicin (OPT-80) of isolates collected at baseline, recurrence, and failure from patients in two phase III trials of fidaxomicin against Clostridium difficile infection
    • Goldstein EJ, Citron DM, Sears P, Babakhani F, Sambol SP, Gerding DN. Comparative susceptibilities to fidaxomicin (OPT-80) of isolates collected at baseline, recurrence, and failure from patients in two phase III trials of fidaxomicin against Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(11):5194-5199.
    • (2011) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.55 , Issue.11 , pp. 5194-5199
    • Goldstein, E.J.1    Citron, D.M.2    Sears, P.3    Babakhani, F.4    Sambol, S.P.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 31
    • 77951231746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity of fidaxomicin (OPT-80) tested against contemporary clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp
    • Biedenbach DJ, Ross JE, Putnam SD, Jones RN. In vitro activity of fidaxomicin (OPT-80) tested against contemporary clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(5):2273-2275.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , Issue.5 , pp. 2273-2275
    • Biedenbach, D.J.1    Ross, J.E.2    Putnam, S.D.3    Jones, R.N.4
  • 32
    • 0016592570 scopus 로고
    • Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. II. Isolation, chemical, biological and biochemical characterization
    • Coronelli C, White RJ, Lancini GC, Parenti F. Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes. II. Isolation, chemical, biological and biochemical characterization. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1975;28(4): 253-259.
    • (1975) J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 253-259
    • Coronelli, C.1    White, R.J.2    Lancini, G.C.3    Parenti, F.4
  • 34
    • 0016828228 scopus 로고
    • Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes III. Mechanism of action
    • Sergio S, Pirali G, White R, Parenti F. Lipiarmycin, a new antibiotic from Actinoplanes III. Mechanism of action. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1975;28(7):543-549.
    • (1975) J Antibiot (Tokyo) , vol.28 , Issue.7 , pp. 543-549
    • Sergio, S.1    Pirali, G.2    White, R.3    Parenti, F.4
  • 35
    • 80053908350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New target for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase: 'switch region'
    • Srivastava A, Talaue M, Liu S, et al. New target for inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase: 'switch region'. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011;14(5):532-543.
    • (2011) Curr Opin Microbiol , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 532-543
    • Srivastava, A.1    Talaue, M.2    Liu, S.3
  • 37
    • 84863686440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Study 003/004 Teams. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: Meta-analysis of pivotal randomized controlled trials
    • Crook DW, Walker AS, Kean Y, et al; For Study 003/004 Teams. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection: meta-analysis of pivotal randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55 Suppl 2:S93-S103.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Crook, D.W.1    Walker, A.S.2    Kean, Y.3
  • 41
    • 84873988578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of age on treatment outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie TJ, Miller MA, Crook DW, et al. Effect of age on treatment outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(2):222-230.
    • (2013) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 222-230
    • Louie, T.J.1    Miller, M.A.2    Crook, D.W.3
  • 42
    • 33947304450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug evaluation: OPT-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic
    • Johnson AP. Drug evaluation: OPT-80, a narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;8(2):168-173.
    • (2007) Curr Opin Investig Drugs , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 168-173
    • Johnson, A.P.1
  • 43
    • 80051805496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postantibiotic effect of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile
    • Babakhani F, Gomez A, Robert N, Sears P. Postantibiotic effect of fidaxomicin and its major metabolite, OP-1118, against Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(9):4427-4429.
    • (2011) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.55 , Issue.9 , pp. 4427-4429
    • Babakhani, F.1    Gomez, A.2    Robert, N.3    Sears, P.4
  • 45
    • 59749084849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of OPT-80 in a phase 2 trial with patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Louie T, Miller M, Donskey C, Mullane K, Goldstein EJ. Clinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of OPT-80 in a phase 2 trial with patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(1):223-228.
    • (2009) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 223-228
    • Louie, T.1    Miller, M.2    Donskey, C.3    Mullane, K.4    Goldstein, E.J.5
  • 47
    • 84863710720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin attains high fecal concentrations with minimal plasma concentrations following oral administration in patients with Clostridium difficile infection
    • Sears P, Crook DW, Louie TJ, Miller MA, Weiss K. Fidaxomicin attains high fecal concentrations with minimal plasma concentrations following oral administration in patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55 Suppl 2:S116-S120.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Sears, P.1    Crook, D.W.2    Louie, T.J.3    Miller, M.A.4    Weiss, K.5
  • 48
    • 84879969641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DIFICID® [prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc; May 2011, Data on File. Clinical Study Report OPT-80-004 Final. June 4, 2010. Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Data on File. Clinical Study Report OPT-80-003 Final. June 17, 2010 (Version 2). Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Available from, Accessed April 29, 2013
    • DIFICID® [prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc; May 2011, Data on File. Clinical Study Report OPT-80-004 Final. June 4, 2010. Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Data on File. Clinical Study Report OPT-80-003 Final. June 17, 2010 (Version 2). Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Available from: http://www.drugs.com/comments/fidaxomicin/dificid.html. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  • 49
    • 78049517194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin
    • Tannock GW, Munro K, Taylor C, et al. A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin. Microbiology. 2010;156(Pt 11):3354-3359.
    • (2010) Microbiology , vol.156 , Issue.PART 11 , pp. 3354-3359
    • Tannock, G.W.1    Munro, K.2    Taylor, C.3
  • 50
    • 84863705179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced acquisition and overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Candida species in patients treated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection
    • Nerandzic MM, Mullane K, Miller MA, Babakhani F, Donskey CJ. Reduced acquisition and overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and Candida species in patients treated with fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55 Suppl 2:S121-S126.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Nerandzic, M.M.1    Mullane, K.2    Miller, M.A.3    Babakhani, F.4    Donskey, C.J.5
  • 51
    • 84863644993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin preserves the intestinal microbiome during and after treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and reduces both toxin reexpression and recurrence of CDI
    • Louie TJ, Cannon K, Byrne B, et al. Fidaxomicin preserves the intestinal microbiome during and after treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and reduces both toxin reexpression and recurrence of CDI. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55 Suppl 2:S132-S142.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Louie, T.J.1    Cannon, K.2    Byrne, B.3
  • 54
    • 84879891288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DIFICID ™ oral tablets, fidaxomicin oral tablets [prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc
    • DIFICID ™ oral tablets, fidaxomicin oral tablets [prescribing information]. San Diego, CA: Optimer Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2011.
    • (2011)
  • 55
    • 85019784896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Faster time to resolution of diarrhea with fidaxomicin vs vancomycin in patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) [abstract]
    • October 29-November 1, Philadelphia, PA
    • Miller MAMK, Weiss K, Lentnek A, et al. Faster time to resolution of diarrhea with fidaxomicin vs vancomycin in patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) [abstract]. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Infectious Diseases Society of America Meeting. October 29-November 1, 2009; Philadelphia, PA.
    • (2009) Proceedings of the 47th Annual Infectious Diseases Society of America Meeting
    • Miller, M.A.M.K.1    Weiss, K.2    Lentnek, A.3
  • 56
    • 84879963044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs.com. User reviews for Dificid [webpage on the Internet]. Drugs.com; 2012. Available from, Accessed December 28, 2012
    • Drugs.com. User reviews for Dificid [webpage on the Internet]. Drugs.com; 2012. Available from: http://www.drugs.com/comments/fidaxomicin/dificid.html. Accessed December 28, 2012.
  • 57
    • 33746626011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ, et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(4):421-427.
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 421-427
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Hamill, R.J.3
  • 58
    • 58749112167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, Johnson DP, Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: A randomized, double-blind study. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(4):e41-e46.
    • (2009) Clin Infect Dis , vol.48 , Issue.4
    • Musher, D.M.1    Logan, N.2    Bressler, A.M.3    Johnson, D.P.4    Rossignol, J.F.5
  • 59
    • 62249214077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin in treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: An uncontrolled pilot study
    • Garey KW, Jiang ZD, Bellard A, Dupont HL. Rifaximin in treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an uncontrolled pilot study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(1):91-93.
    • (2009) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-93
    • Garey, K.W.1    Jiang, Z.D.2    Bellard, A.3    Dupont, H.L.4
  • 60
    • 84855254075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin is effective for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: Results of an open-label pilot study
    • 2011
    • Rubin DT, Sohi S, Glathar M, Thomas T, Yadron N, Surma BL. Rifaximin is effective for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: results of an open-label pilot study. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2011;2011:106978.
    • (2011) Gastroenterol Res Pract , pp. 106978
    • Rubin, D.T.1    Sohi, S.2    Glathar, M.3    Thomas, T.4    Yadron, N.5    Surma, B.L.6
  • 61
    • 33847630925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, Kelly CP, Gerding DN. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(6): 846-848.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.44 , Issue.6 , pp. 846-848
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Galang, M.3    Kelly, C.P.4    Gerding, D.N.5
  • 62
    • 70450228421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rifaximin Redux: Treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment
    • Johnson S, Schriever C, Patel U, Patel T, Hecht DW, Gerding DN. Rifaximin Redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment. Anaerobe. 2009;15(6):290-291.
    • (2009) Anaerobe , vol.15 , Issue.6 , pp. 290-291
    • Johnson, S.1    Schriever, C.2    Patel, U.3    Patel, T.4    Hecht, D.W.5    Gerding, D.N.6
  • 63
    • 80055115172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults
    • Nelson RL, Kelsey P, Leeman H, et al. Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:CD004610.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.9
    • Nelson, R.L.1    Kelsey, P.2    Leeman, H.3
  • 64
    • 0038311977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria
    • Citron DM, Merriam CV, Tyrrell KL, Warren YA, Fernandez H, Goldstein EJ. In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(7): 2334-2338.
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , Issue.7 , pp. 2334-2338
    • Citron, D.M.1    Merriam, C.V.2    Tyrrell, K.L.3    Warren, Y.A.4    Fernandez, H.5    Goldstein, E.J.6
  • 65
    • 84941818386 scopus 로고
    • Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. A randomized double-blind trial
    • Dudley MN, McLaughlin JC, Carrington G, Frick J, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Oral bacitracin vs vancomycin therapy for Clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea. A randomized double-blind trial. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146(6):1101-1104.
    • (1986) Arch Intern Med , vol.146 , Issue.6 , pp. 1101-1104
    • Dudley, M.N.1    McLaughlin, J.C.2    Carrington, G.3    Frick, J.4    Nightingale, C.H.5    Quintiliani, R.6
  • 66
    • 79960822735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection
    • Larson KC, Belliveau PP, Spooner LM. Tigecycline for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection. Ann Pharmacother. 2011; 45(7-8):1005-1010.
    • (2011) Ann Pharmacother , vol.45 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 1005-1010
    • Larson, K.C.1    Belliveau, P.P.2    Spooner, L.M.3
  • 67
    • 3543083961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
    • Wullt M, Odenholt I. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of fusidic acid and metronidazole for treatment of an initial episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54(1):211-216.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 211-216
    • Wullt, M.1    Odenholt, I.2
  • 68
    • 33748703903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequent emergence of resistance in Clostridium difficile during treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid
    • Noren T, Wullt M, Akerlund T, Bäck E, Odenholt I, Burman LG. Frequent emergence of resistance in Clostridium difficile during treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhea with fusidic acid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(9):3028-3032.
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , Issue.9 , pp. 3028-3032
    • Noren, T.1    Wullt, M.2    Akerlund, T.3    Bäck, E.4    Odenholt, I.5    Burman, L.G.6
  • 69
    • 17644384052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ramoplanin: A lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic
    • Farver DK, Hedge DD, Lee SC. Ramoplanin: a lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(5):863-868.
    • (2005) Ann Pharmacother , vol.39 , Issue.5 , pp. 863-868
    • Farver, D.K.1    Hedge, D.D.2    Lee, S.C.3
  • 70
    • 27144453578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycin-induced Clostridium difficile infection
    • Freeman J, Baines SD, Jabes D, Wilcox MH. Comparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycin-induced Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56(4):717-725.
    • (2005) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.56 , Issue.4 , pp. 717-725
    • Freeman, J.1    Baines, S.D.2    Jabes, D.3    Wilcox, M.H.4
  • 72
    • 84868576303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current and emerging management options for Clostridium difficile infection: What is the role of fidaxomicin?
    • Cornely OA. Current and emerging management options for Clostridium difficile infection: what is the role of fidaxomicin? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18 Suppl 6:28-35.
    • (2012) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.18 , Issue.SUPPL. 6 , pp. 28-35
    • Cornely, O.A.1
  • 73
    • 84863673580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current state of Clostridium difficile treatment options
    • Venugopal AA, Johnson S. Current state of Clostridium difficile treatment options. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55 Suppl 2:S71-S76.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Venugopal, A.A.1    Johnson, S.2
  • 74
    • 84861163797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of a novel cyclic lipopeptide, CB-183,315, against resistant Clostridium difficile and other Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic intestinal pathogens
    • Snydman DR, Jacobus NV, McDermott LA. Activity of a novel cyclic lipopeptide, CB-183,315, against resistant Clostridium difficile and other Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic intestinal pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(6):3448-3452.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 3448-3452
    • Snydman, D.R.1    Jacobus, N.V.2    McDermott, L.A.3
  • 75
    • 84866313208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro and in vivo characterization of CB-183,315, a novel lipopeptide antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile
    • Mascio CT, Mortin LI, Howland KT, et al. In vitro and in vivo characterization of CB-183,315, a novel lipopeptide antibiotic for treatment of Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(10): 5023-5030.
    • (2012) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.56 , Issue.10 , pp. 5023-5030
    • Mascio, C.T.1    Mortin, L.I.2    Howland, K.T.3
  • 76
    • 79954582154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of intravenous immunoglobulin as a critical supportive therapy against Clostridium difficile toxin-mediated lethality in mice
    • Saito T, Kimura S, Tateda K, et al. Evidence of intravenous immunoglobulin as a critical supportive therapy against Clostridium difficile toxin-mediated lethality in mice. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(5): 1096-1099.
    • (2011) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.66 , Issue.5 , pp. 1096-1099
    • Saito, T.1    Kimura, S.2    Tateda, K.3
  • 77
    • 2442705389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • Wilcox MH. Descriptive study of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53(5):882-884.
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 882-884
    • Wilcox, M.H.1
  • 78
    • 33847150865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • Juang P, Skledar SJ, Zgheib NK, et al. Clinical outcomes of intravenous immune globulin in severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35(2):131-137.
    • (2007) Am J Infect Control , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-137
    • Juang, P.1    Skledar, S.J.2    Zgheib, N.K.3
  • 79
    • 0025727765 scopus 로고
    • Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin
    • Leung DY, Kelly CP, Boguniewicz M, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT, Flores A. Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin. J Pediatr. 1991;118(4 Pt 1):633-637.
    • (1991) J Pediatr , vol.118 , Issue.4 PART 1 , pp. 633-637
    • Leung, D.Y.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Boguniewicz, M.3    Pothoulakis, C.4    Lamont, J.T.5    Flores, A.6
  • 80
    • 79151476267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: A review
    • Abougergi MS, Kwon JH. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review. Dig Dise Sci. 2011; 56(1):19-26.
    • (2011) Dig Dise Sci , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 19-26
    • Abougergi, M.S.1    Kwon, J.H.2
  • 81
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. New Engl J Med. 2010;362(3):197-205.
    • (2010) New Engl J Med , vol.362 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 82
    • 84879952042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of MK-3415, MK-6072, and MK-3415A in participants receiving antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (MK-3415A-001 AM2) (MODIFY I). ClinicalTrials.gov; 2013. Available from, Accessed April 29, 2013
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of MK-3415, MK-6072, and MK-3415A in participants receiving antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (MK-3415A-001 AM2) (MODIFY I). ClinicalTrials.gov; 2013. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01241552. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  • 83
    • 84879907361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of MK-6072 and MK-3415A in participants receiving antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (MK-3415A-002) (MODIFY II). ClinicalTrials.gov; 2013. Available from, Accessed April 29, 2013
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of MK-6072 and MK-3415A in participants receiving antibiotic therapy for Clostridium difficile infection (MK-3415A-002) (MODIFY II). ClinicalTrials.gov; 2013. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01513239. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  • 84
    • 79953206941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin A with single-domain antibodies targeting the cell receptor binding domain
    • Hussack G, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M, van Faassen H, et al. Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin A with single-domain antibodies targeting the cell receptor binding domain. J Biol Chem. 2011;286(11): 8961-8976.
    • (2011) J Biol Chem , vol.286 , Issue.11 , pp. 8961-8976
    • Hussack, G.1    Arbabi-Ghahroudi, M.2    van Faassen, H.3
  • 86
    • 84872236149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: New insights into management
    • Khanna S, Pardi DS. Clostridium difficile infection: new insights into management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(11):1106-1117.
    • (2012) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.87 , Issue.11 , pp. 1106-1117
    • Khanna, S.1    Pardi, D.S.2
  • 87
    • 82955233474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Workgroup. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation
    • Bakken JS, Borody T, Brandt LJ, et al; For Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Workgroup. Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(12): 1044-1049.
    • (2011) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.9 , Issue.12 , pp. 1044-1049
    • Bakken, J.S.1    Borody, T.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 88
    • 80054736926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • Gough E, Shaikh H, Manges AR. Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(10):994-1002.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.10 , pp. 994-1002
    • Gough, E.1    Shaikh, H.2    Manges, A.R.3
  • 89
    • 84873019302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile
    • van Nood E, Vrieze A, Nieuwdorp M, et al. Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(5): 407-415.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , Issue.5 , pp. 407-415
    • van Nood, E.1    Vrieze, A.2    Nieuwdorp, M.3
  • 90
    • 84861201441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: Probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
    • Videlock EJ, Cremonini F. Meta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(12): 1355-1369.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.35 , Issue.12 , pp. 1355-1369
    • Videlock, E.J.1    Cremonini, F.2
  • 91
    • 84867949871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis
    • Friedman G. The role of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile colitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2012;41(4):763-779.
    • (2012) Gastroenterol Clin North Am , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 763-779
    • Friedman, G.1
  • 92
    • 84871349683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Johnston BC, Ma SS, Goldenberg JZ, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(12):878-888.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.157 , Issue.12 , pp. 878-888
    • Johnston, B.C.1    Ma, S.S.2    Goldenberg, J.Z.3
  • 93
    • 84860708876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1959-1969.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.307 , Issue.18 , pp. 1959-1969
    • Hempel, S.1    Newberry, S.J.2    Maher, A.R.3
  • 94
    • 84861975931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile: Development of a novel candidate vaccine
    • Foglia G, Shah S, Luxemburger C, Pietrobon PJ. Clostridium difficile: development of a novel candidate vaccine. Vaccine. 2012;30(29): 4307-4309.
    • (2012) Vaccine , vol.30 , Issue.29 , pp. 4307-4309
    • Foglia, G.1    Shah, S.2    Luxemburger, C.3    Pietrobon, P.J.4
  • 96
    • 84879941673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine (ACAM-CDIFFTM) in subjects with Clostridium difficile infection [webpage on the Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2012. Available from, Accessed April 29, 2013
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of a Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine (ACAM-CDIFFTM) in subjects with Clostridium difficile infection [webpage on the Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2012. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00772343. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  • 98
    • 79851474622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First synthesis of C. difficile PS-II cell wall polysaccharide repeating unit
    • Danieli E, Lay L, Proietti D, Berti F, Costantino P, Adamo R. First synthesis of C. difficile PS-II cell wall polysaccharide repeating unit. Org Lett. 2011;13(3):378-381.
    • (2011) Org Lett , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 378-381
    • Danieli, E.1    Lay, L.2    Proietti, D.3    Berti, F.4    Costantino, P.5    Adamo, R.6
  • 99
    • 79957532830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A possible oligosaccharide-conjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic
    • Oberli MA, Hecht ML, Bindschädler P, Adibekian A, Adam T, Seeberger PH. A possible oligosaccharide-conjugate vaccine candidate for Clostridium difficile is antigenic and immunogenic. Chem Biol. 2011;18(5):580-588.
    • (2011) Chem Biol , vol.18 , Issue.5 , pp. 580-588
    • Oberli, M.A.1    Hecht, M.L.2    Bindschädler, P.3    Adibekian, A.4    Adam, T.5    Seeberger, P.H.6
  • 100
    • 62249140918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: Colonisation with non-toxigenic C. difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration
    • Merrigan MM, Sambol SP, Johnson S, Gerding DN. New approach to the management of Clostridium difficile infection: colonisation with non-toxigenic C. difficile during daily ampicillin or ceftriaxone administration. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33 Suppl 1:S46-S50.
    • Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33 Suppl , vol.1
    • Merrigan, M.M.1    Sambol, S.P.2    Johnson, S.3    Gerding, D.N.4
  • 101
    • 84879982940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of VP20621 for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection [webpage on the Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2012. Available from, Accessed April 29, 2013
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of VP20621 for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection [webpage on the Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2012. Available from: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01259726. Accessed April 29, 2013.
  • 102
    • 84863676557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Clinical infectious diseases: An official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • Cornely OA, Miller MA, Louie TJ, et al. Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Aug 2012;55 Suppl 2:S154-161.
    • (2012) Aug , vol.55 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Miller, M.A.2    Louie, T.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.