Licit and illicit drugs in a wastewater treatment plant in Verona, Italy

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 463-464, Issue , 2013, Pages 27-34

  Repice, Carla ^a   Grande, Mario Dal ^b   Maggi, Roberto ^a   Pedrazzani, Roberta ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

^b Acque Veronesi scarl   (Italy)

Author keywords

Activated sludge; Drug; Online SPE; Pharmaceutical; Removal efficiency; Wastewater

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; DRUG; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; ON-LINE SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; ON-LINE SPE; REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES; SAMPLE PRETREATMENT; WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

AMIDES; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; DRUG PRODUCTS; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; REMOVAL; SEWAGE PUMPING PLANTS; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT PLANTS;

EFFLUENTS;

AMPHETAMINE; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; BENZOYLECGONINE; BROMAZEPAM; CARBAMAZEPINE; CODEINE; DIAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; ILLICIT DRUG; LORAZEPAM; LORMETAZEPAM; METHAMPHETAMINE; MORPHINE; MORPHINE 6 ACETATE; MORPHINE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; DRUG; EFFLUENT; EXTRACTION METHOD; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; POLLUTANT REMOVAL; WASTE TREATMENT; WASTEWATER;

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; ARTICLE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; ITALY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIVER BASIN; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; URBAN AREA; WASTE COMPONENT REMOVAL; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT; WATER CYCLE;

ACTIVATED SLUDGE; DRUG; ONLINE SPE; PHARMACEUTICAL; REMOVAL EFFICIENCY; WASTEWATER;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; ITALY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; SEWAGE; STREET DRUGS; WASTE DISPOSAL, FLUID; WASTE WATER; WATER PURIFICATION;

ITALY; VENETO; VERONA;

EID: 84879423717     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.045     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Backe W.J., Ort C., Brewer A.J., Field J.A. Analysis of androgenic steroids in environmental waters by large-volume injection liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011, 83(7):2622-2630.
2. Baker D.R., Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Multi-residue determination of the sorption of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals to wastewater suspended particulate matter using pressurized liquid extraction, solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011, 1218:7901-7913.
3. Baker D.R., Kasprzyk-Hordern B. Multi-residue analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011, 1218:1620-1631.
4. Bartelt-Hunt S.L., Snow D.D., Damon T., Shockley J., Hoagland K. The occurrence of illicit and therapeutic pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters in Nebraska. Environ Pollut 2009, 157:786-791.
5. Berna M.J., Ackermann B.L., Murphy A.T. High-throughput chromatographic approaches to liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric bioanalysis to support drug discovery and development. Anal Chim Acta 2004, 509:1-9.
6. Boleda M.R., Galceran M.T., Ventura F. Trace determination of cannabinoids and opiates in wastewater and surface waters by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007, 1175:38-48.
7. Boleda R., Galceran M.T., Ventura F. Monitoring of opiates, cannabinoids and their metabolites in wastewater, surface water and finished water in Catalonia, Spain. Water Res 2009, 43:1126-1136.
8. Brewer A.J., Ort C., Banta-Green C.J., Berset J.D., Field J.A. Normalized diurnal and between-day trends in illicit and legal drug loads that account for changes in population. Environ Sci Technol 2012, 46(15):8305-8314.
9. Castiglioni S., Bagnati R., Calamari D., Fanelli R., Zuccato E. A multi residue analytical method using solid-phase extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic classes in urban wastewaters. J Chromatogr A 2005, 1092:206-215.
10. Castiglioni S., Zuccato E., Crisci E., Chiabrando C., Fanelli R., Bagnati R. Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006, 78:8421-8429.
11. Castiglioni S., Bagnati R., Fanelli R., Pomati F., Calamari D., Zuccato E. Removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Italy. Environ Sci Technol 2006, 40:357-363.
12. Chiaia A.C., Banta-Green C., Field J. Eliminating solid phase extraction with large-volume injection LC/MS/MS: analysis of illicit and legal drugs and human urine indicators in US wastewaters. Environ Sci Technol 2008, 42:8841-8848.
13. Clara M., Strenn B., Kreuzinger N. Carbamazepine as a possible anthropogenic marker in the aquatic environment: investigations on the behaviour of carbamazepine in wastewater treatment and during groundwater infiltration. Water Res 2004, 38:947-954.
14. Clara M., Strenn B., Gans O., Martinez E., Kreuzinger N., Kroiss H. Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 2005, 39:4797-4807.
15. Coetsier C.M., Spinelli S., Lin L., Roig B., Touraud E. Discharge of pharmaceutical products (PPs) through a conventional biological sewage treatment plant: MECs vs PECs?. Environ Int 2009, 35:787-792.
16. da Silva B.F., Jelic A., López-Serna R., Mozeto A.A., Petrovic M., Barceló D. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro River Basin, Spain. Chemosphere 2011, 85:1331-1339.
17. de Voogt P., Janex-Habibi M.L., Sacher F., Puijker L., Mons M. Development of a common priority list of pharmaceuticals relevant for the water cycle. Environ Sci Technol 2009, 59(1):39-46.
18. EEA Technical report n.1. Pharmaceuticals in the environment - results of an EEA workshop 2010.
19. European Commission's working document - sludge and biowaste - 21 September 2010, Brussels 2010.
20. European pharmacopoeia 2010, 7th ed.
21. Fatta D., Nikolaou A., Achilleos A., Meric S. Analytical methods for tracing pharmaceutical residues in water and wastewater. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2007, 26(6):515-533.
22. Ferrer I., Zweigenbaum J.A., Thurman E.M. Analysis of 70 environmental protection agency priority pharmaceuticals in water by EPA method 1694. J Chromatogr A 2010, 1217:5674-5686.
23. Fontanals N., Marcé R.M., Borrul F. On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of polar drugs. J Chromatogr A 2011, 1218:5975-5980.
24. Gao P., Ding Y.J., Li H., Xagoraraki I. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a municipal wastewater treatment plant: Mass balance and removal processes. Chemosphere 2012, 88(1):17-24.
25. Gómez M.J., Martínez Bueno M.J., Lacorte S., Fernández-Alba A.R., Agüera A. Pilot survey monitoring pharmaceuticals and related compounds in a sewage treatment plant located on the Mediterranean coast. Chemosphere 2007, 66:993-1002.
26. Heberer T. Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data. Toxicol Lett 2002, 131:5-17.
27. Heinig K., Wirz T., Bucheli F., Monin V., Gloge A. Sensitive determination of a pharmaceutical compound and its metabolites in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with on-line solid-phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed 2011, 54:742-749.
28. Hörsing M., Ledin A., Grabic R., Fick J., Tysklind M., la Cour Jansen J., et al. Determination of sorption of seventy-five pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge. Water Res 2011, 45:4470-4482.
29. Huerta-Fontela M., Galceran M.T., Martin-Alonso J., Ventura F. Occurrence of psychoactive stimulatory drugs in wastewaters in North-Eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 2008, 397:31-40.
30. Irvine R.J., Kostakis C., Felgate P.D., Jaehne E.J., Chen C., White J.M. Population drug use in Australia: a wastewater analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2011, 210:69-73.
31. Jelic A., Gros M., Ginebreda A., Cespedes-Sanchez R., Ventura F., Petrovic M., et al. Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Res 2011, 45:1165-1176.
32. Jones O.A., Lester J.N., Voulvoulis N. Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water?. Trends Biotechnol 2005, 23(4):163-167.
33. Jones-Lepp T.L., Sanchez C., Alvarez D.A., Wilson D.C., Taniguchi-Fu R.-L. Point sources of emerging contaminants along the Colorado River Basin: source water for the arid Southwestern United States. Sci Total Environ 2012, 430:237-245.
34. Karolak S., Nefau T., Bailly E., Solgadi A., Levi Y. Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by wastewater analysis in Paris area (France). Forensic Sci Int 2010, 200:153-160.
35. Kasprzyk-Hordern B., Dinsdale R.M., Guwy A.J. The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res 2009, 43:363-380.
36. Kümmerer K. The presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment due to human use - present knowledge and future challenges. J Environ Manage 2009, 90:2354-2366.
37. Lai F.Y., Ort C., Gartner C., Carter S., Prichard J., Kirkbride P., et al. Refining the estimation of illicit drug consumptions from wastewater analysis: co-analysis of prescription pharmaceuticals and uncertainty assessment. Water Res 2011, 45:4437-4448.
38. Levi M., Wuerzner G., Ezan E., Pruvost A. Direct analysis of valsartan or candesartan in human plasma and urines by on-line solid phase extraction coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 2009, 877:919-926.
39. Loganathan B., Phillips M., Mowery H., Jones-Lepp T.L. Contamination profiles and mass loadings of macrolide antibiotics and illicit drugs from a small urban wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere 2009, 75:70-77.
40. López-Serna R., Pérez S., Ginebreda A., Petrović M., Barceló D. Fully automated determination of 74 pharmaceuticals in environmental and waste waters by online solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010, 83:410-424.
41. Lopez-Serna R., Petrovic M., Barceló D. Development of a fast instrumental method for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in environment and wastewaters based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Chemosphere 2011, 85:1390-1399.
42. Majewsky M., Gallé T., Bayerle M., Goel R., Fischer K., Vanrolleghem P.A. Xenobiotic removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants: residence time distributions as a guiding principle for sampling strategies. Water Res 2011, 45:6152-6162.
43. Mari F., Politi L., Biggeri A., Accetta G., Trignano C., Di Padua M., et al. Cocaine and heroin in waste water plants: a 1-year study in the city of Florence, Italy. Forensic Sci Int 2009, 189:88-92.
44. Martín J., Camacho-Muñoz D., Santos J.L., Aparicio I., Alonso E. Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and sludge from wastewater treatment plants: removal and ecotoxicological impact of wastewater discharges and sludge disposal. J Hazard Mater 2012, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.068.
45. Nikolaou A., Meric S., Fatta D. Occurrence patterns of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater environments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007, 387:1225-1234.
46. Ort C., Lawrence M.G., Rieckermann J., Joss A. Sampling for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and illicit drugs in wastewater systems: are your conclusions valid? A critical review. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44:6024-6035.
47. Ort C., Lawrence M.G., Reungoat J., Mueller J.F. Sampling for PPCPs in wastewater systems: comparison of different sampling modes and optimization strategies. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44:6289-6296.
48. Pomati F., Cotsapas C.J., Castiglioni S., Zuccato E., Calamari D. Gene expression profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver cells exposed to a mixture of pharmaceuticals at environmentally relevant concentrations. Chemosphere 2008, 70:65-73.
49. Postigo C., de Alda MJ López, Barceló D. Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro River Basin: occurrence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation. Environ Int 2010, 36:75-84.
50. Ratola N., Cincinelli A., Alves A., Katsoyannis A. Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review. J Hazard Mater 2012, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.040.
51. Rosal R., Rodríguez A., Perdigón-Melón J.A., Petre A., García-Calvo E., Gómez M.J., et al. Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation. Water Res 2010, 44:578-588.
52. Salgado R., Marques R., Noronha J.P., Mexia J.T., Carvalho G., Oehmen A., et al. Assessing diurnal variability of pharmaceutical and personal care products in a full-scale activated sludge plant. Environ Pollut 2011, 159:2359-2367.
53. Schröder H.F., Gebhardt W., Thevis M. Anabolic, doping, and lifestyle drugs, and selected metabolites in wastewater - detection, quantification, and behaviour monitored by high-resolution MS and MSn before and after sewage treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 398:1207-1229.
54. Terzic S., Senta I., Ahel M. Illicit drugs in wastewater of the city of Zagreb (Croatia) - estimation of drug abuse in a transition country. Environ Pollut 2010, 158:2686-2693.
55. Unceta N., Sampedro M.C., Abu Bakar N.K., Gómez-Caballero A., Goicolea M.A., Barrio R.J. Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewaters by dual solid-phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010, 1217:3392-3399.
56. Van Nuijs A.L.N., Tarcomnicu I., Bervoets L., Blust R., Jorens P.G., Neels H., et al. Analysis of drugs of abuse in wastewater by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009, 395:819-828.
57. van Nuijs A.L.N., Tarcomnicu I., Simons W., Bervoets L., Blust R., Jorens P.G., et al. Optimization and validation of a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of 13 top-prescribed pharmaceuticals in influent wastewater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 398:2211-2222.
58. Van Nuijs A.L.N., Abdellati K., Bervoets L., Blust R., Jorens P.G., Neels H., et al. The stability of illicit drugs and metabolites in wastewater, an important issue for sewage epidemiology?. J Hazard Mater 2012, 239-240:19-23.
59. Verlicchi P., Al Aukidy M., Zambello E. Occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in urban wastewater: removal, mass load and environmental risk after a secondary treatment - a review. Sci Total Environ 2012, 429:123-155.
60. Webb S., Ternes T., Gibert M., Olejniczak K. Indirect human exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water. Toxicol Lett 2005, 142:157-167.
61. Wick A., Fink G., Joss A., Siegrist H., Ternes T.A. Fate of beta blockers and psycho-active drugs in conventional wastewater treatment. Water Res 2009, 43:1060-1074.
62. Zhang Y., Geißen S., Gal C. Carbamazepine and diclofenac: removal in wastewater treatment plants and occurrence in water bodies. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1151-1161.
63. Zuccato E., Castiglioni S. Illicit drugs in the environment. Philos Trans R Soc A 2009, 367:3965-3978.
64. Zuccato E., Chiarabrando C., Castiglioni S., Calamari D., Bagnati R., Schiarea S., et al. Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse. Environ Health-Glob 2005, 4-14.
65. Zuccato E., Castiglioni S., Fanelli R., Reitano G., Bagnati R., Chiabrando C., et al. Pharmaceuticals in the environment in Italy: causes, occurrence, effects and control. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2006, 13(1):15-21.
66. Zuccato E., Castiglioni S., Tettamanti M., Olandese R., Bagnati R., Melisa M., et al. Changes in illicit drug consumption patterns in 2009 detected by wastewater analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011, 118:464-469.