The regulation and function of micrornas in kidney diseases

IUBMB Life

Volumn 65, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 602-614

  Wei, Qingqing ^a   Mi, Qing Sheng ^b,c   Dong, Zheng ^a,c  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b HENRY FORD HEALTH SYSTEM   (United States)

^c CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

acute kidney injury; allograft rejection; biomarkers; chronic kidney disease; diabetic nephropathy; hypertensive nephropathy; kidney; microRNA; polycystic kidney disease; renal cell carcinoma

Indexed keywords

DNA DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE III; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 127; MICRORNA 141; MICRORNA 155; MICRORNA 17 5P; MICRORNA 192; MICRORNA 194; MICRORNA 200B; MICRORNA 200C; MICRORNA 205; MICRORNA 21; MICRORNA 210; MICRORNA 215; MICRORNA 216A; MICRORNA 217; MICRORNA 224; MICRORNA 23B; MICRORNA 24; MICRORNA 26A; MICRORNA 27A; MICRORNA 30; MICRORNA 365 1; MICRORNA 429; MICRORNA 562; MICRORNA 92; NUCLEOTIDE; RENIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VON HIPPEL LINDAU PROTEIN;

3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; BIOGENESIS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE MARKER; DOWN REGULATION; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; GENE REPRESSION; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; ORGANOGENESIS; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; UPREGULATION;

EID: 84879381335     PISSN: 15216543     EISSN: 15216551     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/iub.1174     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Griffiths-Jones, S., Saini, H. K., van Dongen, S., and, Enright, A. J., (2008) miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 36, D154-D158.
2. Bhatt, K., Mi, Q. S., and, Dong, Z., (2011) microRNAs in kidneys: biogenesis, regulation, and pathophysiological roles. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 300, F602-F610.
3. Miyoshi, K., Miyoshi, T., and, Siomi, H., (2010) Many ways to generate microRNA-like small RNAs: non-canonical pathways for microRNA production. Mol. Genet. Genomics 284, 95-103.
4. Yang, J. S., and, Lai, E. C., (2011) Alternative miRNA biogenesis pathways and the interpretation of core miRNA pathway mutants. Mol. Cell 43, 892-903.
5. Mandke, P., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-34a modulates MDM4 expression via a target site in the open reading frame. PloS One 7, e42034.
6. Yi, C., et al. (2011) MiR-143 enhances adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells through targeting the coding region of mouse pleiotrophin. FEBS Lett. 585, 3303-3309.
7. Elcheva, I., Goswami, S., Noubissi, F. K., and, Spiegelman, V. S., (2009) CRD-BP protects the coding region of betaTrCP1 mRNA from miR-183-mediated degradation. Mol. Cell 35, 240-246.
8. Duursma, A. M., Kedde, M., Schrier, M., le, Sage, C., and, Agami, R., (2008) miR-148 targets human DNMT3b protein coding region. RNA 14, 872-877.
9. Kim, D. H., Saetrom, P., Snove, O. Jr., and, Rossi, J. J., (2008) MicroRNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 16230-16235.
10. Orom, U. A., Nielsen, F. C., and, Lund, A. H., (2008) MicroRNA-10a binds the 5′UTR of ribosomal protein mRNAs and enhances their translation. Mol. Cell 30, 460-471.
11. Tong, L., et al. miR-10a* up-regulates coxsackievirus B3 biosynthesis by targeting the 3D-coding sequence. Nucleic Acids Res., in press.
12. Baer, C., Claus, R., and, Plass, C., (2013) Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Cancer Res. 73, 473-477.
13. Yim, R. L., Kwong, Y. L., Wong, K. Y., and, Chim, C. S., (2012) DNA methylation of tumor suppressive miRNAs in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Front. Genet. 3, 233.
14. Siomi, H., and, Siomi, M. C., (2010) Posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA biogenesis in animals. Mol. Cell 38, 323-332.
15. Krol, J., Loedige, I., and, Filipowicz, W., (2010) The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11, 597-610.
16. Ho, J., et al. (2008) Podocyte-specific loss of functional microRNAs leads to rapid glomerular and tubular injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 2069-2075.
17. Harvey, S. J., et al. (2008) Podocyte-specific deletion of dicer alters cytoskeletal dynamics and causes glomerular disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 2150-2158.
18. Shi, S., et al. (2008) Podocyte-selective deletion of dicer induces proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 2159-2169.
19. Zhdanova, O., et al. (2011) The inducible deletion of Drosha and microRNAs in mature podocytes results in a collapsing glomerulopathy. Kidney Int. 80, 719-730.
20. Sequeira-Lopez, M. L., et al. (2010) The microRNA-processing enzyme dicer maintains juxtaglomerular cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 460-467.
21. Medrano, S., Monteagudo, M. C., Sequeira-Lopez, M. L., Pentz, E. S., and, Gomez, R. A., (2012) Two microRNAs, miR-330 and miR-125b-5p, mark the juxtaglomerular cell and balance its smooth muscle phenotype. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 302, F29-F37.
22. Ho, J., et al. (2011) The pro-apoptotic protein Bim is a microRNA target in kidney progenitors. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1053-1063.
23. Nagalakshmi, V. K., et al. (2011) Dicer regulates the development of nephrogenic and ureteric compartments in the mammalian kidney. Kidney Int. 79, 317-330.
24. Pastorelli, L. M., et al. (2009) Genetic analyses reveal a requirement for Dicer1 in the mouse urogenital tract. Mamm. Genome 20, 140-151.
25. Patel, V., et al. (2012) MicroRNAs regulate renal tubule maturation through modulation of Pkd1. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 1941-1948.
26. Wei, Q., et al. (2010) Targeted deletion of Dicer from proximal tubules protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 756-761.
27. Tran, U., et al. (2010) The RNA-binding protein bicaudal C regulates polycystin 2 in the kidney by antagonizing miR-17 activity. Development 137, 1107-1116.
28. Agrawal, R., Tran, U., and, Wessely, O., (2009) The miR-30 miRNA family regulates Xenopus pronephros development and targets the transcription factor Xlim1/Lhx1. Development 136, 3927-3936.
29. Bai, X. Y., et al. (2011) miR-335 and miR-34a promote renal senescence by suppressing mitochondrial antioxidative enzymes. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1252-1261.
30. Mladinov, D., Liu, Y., Mattson, D. L., and, Liang, M., (2013) MicroRNAs contribute to the maintenance of cell-type-specific physiological characteristics: miR-192 targets Na+/K+-ATPase beta1. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, 1273-1283
31. Elvira-Matelot, E., et al. (2010) Regulation of WNK1 expression by miR-192 and aldosterone. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 1724-1731.
32. Huang, W., et al. (2011) Tonicity-responsive microRNAs contribute to the maximal induction of osmoregulatory transcription factor OREBP in response to high-NaCl hypertonicity. Nucleic Acids Res. 39, 475-485.
33. Lin, D. H., Yue, P., Pan, C., Sun, P., and, Wang, W. H., (2011) MicroRNA 802 stimulates ROMK channels by suppressing caveolin-1. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1087-1098.
34. Gong, Y., et al. (2012) Claudin-14 regulates renal Ca(+)(+) transport in response to CaSR signalling via a novel microRNA pathway. EMBO J. 31, 1999-2012.
35. Gottardo, F., et al. (2007) Micro-RNA profiling in kidney and bladder cancers. Urol. Oncol. 25, 387-392.
36. Nakada, C., et al. (2008) Genome-wide microRNA expression profiling in renal cell carcinoma: significant down-regulation of miR-141 and miR-200c. J. Pathol. 216, 418-427.
37. Huang, Y., et al. (2009) Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in renal clear cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 35, 1119-1123.
38. Weng, L., et al. (2010) MicroRNA profiling of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by whole-genome small RNA deep sequencing of paired frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. J. Pathol. 222, 41-51.
39. Yi, Z., Fu, Y., Zhao, S., Zhang, X., and, Ma, C., (2010) Differential expression of miRNA patterns in renal cell carcinoma and nontumorous tissues. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 136, 855-862.
40. White, N. M., et al. (2011) miRNA profiling in metastatic renal cell carcinoma reveals a tumour-suppressor effect for miR-215. Br. J. Cancer 105, 1741-1749.
41. Osanto, S., et al. (2012) Genome-wide microRNA expression analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by next generation deep sequencing. PLoS One 7, e38298.
42. Zhou, L., et al. (2011) Integrated profiling of microRNAs and mRNAs: microRNAs located on Xq27.3 associate with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 5, e15224.
43. Neal, C. S., Michael, M. Z., Rawlings, L. H., Van der Hoek, M. B., and, Gleadle, J. M., (2010) The VHL-dependent regulation of microRNAs in renal cancer. BMC Med. 8, 64.
44. Valera, V. A., Walter, B. A., Linehan, W. M., and, Merino, M. J., (2011) Regulatory effects of microRNA-92 (miR-92) on VHL gene expression and the hypoxic activation of miR-210 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J. Cancer 2, 515-526.
45. Lichner, Z., et al. (2012) Pleiotropic action of renal cell carcinoma-dysregulated miRNAs on hypoxia-related signaling pathways. Am. J. Pathol. 180, 1675-1687.
46. Redova, M., et al. (2013) MiR-210 expression in tumor tissue and in vitro effects of its silencing in renal cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 34, 481-491.
47. Nakada, C., et al. (2011) Overexpression of miR-210, a downstream target of HIF1alpha, causes centrosome amplification in renal carcinoma cells. J. Pathol. 224, 280-288.
48. Mikhaylova, O., et al. (2012) VHL-regulated MiR-204 suppresses tumor growth through inhibition of LC3B-mediated autophagy in renal clear cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 21, 532-546.
49. Zhai, Q., et al. (2012) Identification of miR-508-3p and miR-509-3p that are associated with cell invasion and migration and involved in the apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 419, 621-626.
50. Yamamura, S., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-34a suppresses malignant transformation by targeting c-Myc transcriptional complexes in human renal cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 33, 294-300.
51. Sakurai, T., et al. (2012) The enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a potential therapeutic target, is regulated by miR-101 in renal cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 422, 607-614.
52. Liu, Y., Yin, B., Zhang, C., Zhou, L., and, Fan, J., (2012) Hsa-let-7a functions as a tumor suppressor in renal cell carcinoma cell lines by targeting c-myc. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 417, 371-375.
53. Kawakami, K., et al. (2012) The functional significance of miR-1 and miR-133a in renal cell carcinoma. Eur. J. Cancer 48, 827-836.
54. Hirata, H., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-1826 directly targets beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and MEK1 (MAP2K1) in VHL-inactivated renal cancer. Carcinogenesis 33, 501-508.
55. Hidaka, H., et al. (2012) Tumor suppressive microRNA-1285 regulates novel molecular targets: aberrant expression and functional significance in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 3, 44-57.
56. Dey, N., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-21 governs TORC1 activation in renal cancer cell proliferation and invasion. PLoS One 7, e37366.
57. Ueno, K., et al. (2011) Tumour suppressor microRNA-584 directly targets oncogene Rock-1 and decreases invasion ability in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer 104, 308-315.
58. Saini, S., et al. (2011) MicroRNA-708 induces apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenicity in renal cancer cells. Cancer Res 71, 6208-6219.
59. Perske, C., et al. (2010) Loss of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the mouse renal cell carcinoma cell line RENCA is mediated by microRNA miR-146a. Am. J. Pathol. 177, 2046-2054.
60. Gan, B., et al. (2010) FoxOs enforce a progression checkpoint to constrain mTORC1-activated renal tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 18, 472-484.
61. Liu, W., et al. (2010) miR-23b targets proline oxidase, a novel tumor suppressor protein in renal cancer. Oncogene 29, 4914-4924.
62. Chow, T. F., et al. (2010) The miR-17-92 cluster is over expressed in and has an oncogenic effect on renal cell carcinoma. J. Urol. 183, 743-751.
63. Drake, K. M., et al. (2009) Loss of heterozygosity at 2q37 in sporadic Wilms' tumor: putative role for miR-562. Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 5985-5992.
64. Senanayake, U., et al. (2012) miR-192, miR-194, miR-215, miR-200c and miR-141 are downregulated and their common target ACVR2B is strongly expressed in renal childhood neoplasms. Carcinogenesis 33, 1014-1021.
65. Kato, M., and, Natarajan, R., (2012) MicroRNA circuits in transforming growth factor-beta actions and diabetic nephropathy. Semin. Nephrol. 32, 253-260.
66. Putta, S., et al. (2012) Inhibiting microRNA-192 ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 458-469.
67. Kato, M., et al. (2011) A microRNA circuit mediates transforming growth factor-beta1 autoregulation in renal glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 80, 358-368.
68. Kato, M., et al. (2010) Post-transcriptional up-regulation of Tsc-22 by Ybx1, a target of miR-216a, mediates TGF-{beta}-induced collagen expression in kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 34004-34015.
69. Kato, M., et al. (2009) TGF-beta activates Akt kinase through a microRNA-dependent amplifying circuit targeting PTEN. Nat. Cell Biol. 11, 881-889.
70. Kato, M., et al. (2007) MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-beta-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 3432-3437.
71. Zhong, X., et al. (2013) miR-21 is a key therapeutic target for renal injury in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 56, 663-674.
72. Wang, Q., et al. (2008) MicroRNA-377 is up-regulated and can lead to increased fibronectin production in diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J. 22, 4126-4135.
73. Wang, B., et al. (2012) Suppression of microRNA-29 expression by TGF-beta1 promotes collagen expression and renal fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 252-265.
74. Wang, B., et al. (2011) miR-200a prevents renal fibrogenesis through repression of TGF-beta2 expression. Diabetes 60, 280-287.
75. Du, B., et al. (2010) High glucose down-regulates miR-29a to increase collagen IV production in HK-2 cells. FEBS Lett. 584, 811-816.
76. Krupa, A., et al. (2010) Loss of microRNA-192 promotes fibrogenesis in diabetic nephropathy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 438-447.
77. Wang, B., et al. (2010) E-cadherin expression is regulated by miR-192/215 by a mechanism that is independent of the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-beta. Diabetes 59, 1794-1802.
78. Long, J., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Chang, B. H., and, Danesh, F. R., (2011) MicroRNA-29c is a signature microRNA under high glucose conditions that targets Sprouty homolog 1, and its in vivo knockdown prevents progression of diabetic nephropathy. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 11837-11848.
79. Dey, N., et al. (2011) MicroRNA-21 orchestrates high glucose-induced signals to TOR complex 1, resulting in renal cell pathology in diabetes. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 25586-25603.
80. Long, J., Wang, Y., Wang, W., Chang, B. H., and, Danesh, F. R., (2010) Identification of microRNA-93 as a novel regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor in hyperglycemic conditions. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 23457-23465.
81. Wang, G., et al. (2010) Intrarenal expression of miRNAs in patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Am. J. Hypertens. 23, 78-84.
82. Naraba, H., and, Iwai, N., (2005) Assessment of the microRNA system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertens. Res. 28, 819-826.
83. Liu, Y., et al. (2010) Renal medullary microRNAs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: miR-29b regulates several collagens and related genes. Hypertension 55, 974-982.
84. Sun, L., et al. (2011) Low-dose paclitaxel ameliorates fibrosis in the remnant kidney model by down-regulating miR-192. J. Pathol. 225, 364-377.
85. Macconi, D., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-324-3p promotes renal fibrosis and is a target of ACE inhibition. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 1496-1505.
86. Tan, Y. C., Blumenfeld, J., and, Rennert, H., (2011) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: genetics, mutations and microRNAs. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1812, 1202-1212.
87. Pandey, P., et al. (2008) Microarray-based approach identifies microRNAs and their target functional patterns in polycystic kidney disease. BMC Genomics 9, 624.
88. Pandey, P., Qin, S., Ho, J., Zhou, J., and, Kreidberg, J. A., (2011) Systems biology approach to identify transcriptome reprogramming and candidate microRNA targets during the progression of polycystic kidney disease. BMC Syst. Biol. 5, 56.
89. Sun, H., et al. (2010) MicroRNA-17 post-transcriptionally regulates polycystic kidney disease-2 gene and promotes cell proliferation. Mol. Biol. Rep. 37, 2951-2958.
90. Piazzon, N., Maisonneuve, C., Guilleret, I., Rotman, S., and, Constam, D. B., (2012) Bicc1 links the regulation of cAMP signaling in polycystic kidneys to microRNA-induced gene silencing. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 398-408.
91. Duan, J., et al. (2012) PKHD1 post-transcriptionally modulated by miR-365-1 inhibits cell-cell adhesion. Cell Biochem. Funct. 30, 382-389.
92. Lee, S. O., et al. (2008) MicroRNA15a modulates expression of the cell-cycle regulator Cdc25A and affects hepatic cystogenesis in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease. J. Clin. Invest. 118, 3714-3724.
93. Godwin, J. G., et al. (2010) Identification of a microRNA signature of renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107, 14339-14344.
94. Cantaluppi, V., et al. (2012) Microvesicles derived from endothelial progenitor cells protect the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury by microRNA-dependent reprogramming of resident renal cells. Kidney Int. 82, 412-427.
95. Xu, X., et al. (2012) Delayed ischemic preconditioning contributes to renal protection by upregulation of miR-21. Kidney Int. 82, 1167-1175.
96. Muratsu-Ikeda, S., et al. (2012) Downregulation of miR-205 modulates cell susceptibility to oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses in renal tubular cells. PLoS One 7, e41462.
97. Lan, Y. F., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-494 reduces ATF3 expression and promotes AKI. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 2012-2023.
98. Aguado-Fraile, E., et al. (2012) miR-127 protects proximal tubule cells against ischemia/reperfusion: identification of kinesin family member 3B as miR-127 target. PLoS One 7, e44305.
99. Bhatt, K., et al. (2010) MicroRNA-34a is induced via p53 during cisplatin nephrotoxicity and contributes to cell survival. Mol. Med. 16, 409-416.
100. Zhu, H. Y., et al. (2012) Role of microRNA-181a in the apoptosis of tubular epithelial cell induced by cisplatin. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 125, 523-526.
101. Kriegel, A. J., et al. (2010) MicroRNA-target pairs in human renal epithelial cells treated with transforming growth factor beta 1: a novel role of miR-382. Nucleic Acids Res. 38, 8338-8347.
102. Kriegel, A. J., et al. (2012) MiR-382 targeting of kallikrein 5 contributes to renal inner medullary interstitial fibrosis. Physiol. Genomics 44, 259-267.
103. Chung, A. C., et al. (2013) Smad7 suppresses renal fibrosis via altering expression of TGF-beta/Smad3-regulated microRNAs. Mol. Ther. 21, 388-398.
104. Chau, B. N., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-21 promotes fibrosis of the kidney by silencing metabolic pathways. Sci. Transl. Med. 4, 121ra118.
105. Zarjou, A., Yang, S., Abraham, E., Agarwal, A., and, Liu, G., (2011) Identification of a microRNA signature in renal fibrosis: role of miR-21. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 301, F793-F801.
106. Chung, A. C., Huang, X. R., Meng, X., and, Lan, H. Y., (2010) miR-192 mediates TGF-beta/Smad3-driven renal fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 1317-1325.
107. Qin, W., et al. (2011) TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling promotes renal fibrosis by inhibiting miR-29. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 22, 1462-1474.
108. Zhou, Q., et al. (2010) TGF-{beta}-induced MiR-491-5p expression promotes Par-3 degradation in rat proximal tubular epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 40019-40027.
109. Xiong, M., et al. (2012) The miR-200 family regulates TGF-beta1-induced renal tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition through Smad pathway by targeting ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 302, F369-F379.
110. Sui, W., et al. (2008) Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in acute rejection after renal transplantation. Transpl. Immunol. 19, 81-85.
111. Anglicheau, D., et al. (2009) MicroRNA expression profiles predictive of human renal allograft status. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5330-5335.
112. Ben-Dov, I. Z., et al. (2012) MicroRNA sequence profiles of human kidney allografts with or without tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Transplantation 94, 1086-1094.
113. Scian, M. J., et al. (2011) MicroRNA profiles in allograft tissues and paired urines associate with chronic allograft dysfunction with IF/TA. Am. J. Transplant. 11, 2110-2122.
114. Danger, R., et al. (2012) Upregulation of miR-142-3p in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of operationally tolerant patients with a renal transplant. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 23, 597-606.
115. Neal, C. S., et al. (2011) Circulating microRNA expression is reduced in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 26, 3794-3802.
116. Ichii, O., et al. (2012) Altered expression of microRNA miR-146a correlates with the development of chronic renal inflammation. Kidney Int. 81, 280-292.
117. Dai, Y., et al. (2009) Comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression patterns in renal biopsies of lupus nephritis patients. Rheumatol. Int. 29, 749-754.
118. Lu, J., et al. (2012) Glomerular and tubulointerstitial miR-638, miR-198 and miR-146a expression in lupus nephritis. Nephrology (Carlton) 17, 346-351.
119. Weber, J. A., et al. (2010) The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids. Clin. Chem. 56, 1733-1741.
120. Jackson, D. B., (2009) Serum-based microRNAs: are we blinded by potential? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, E5.
121. Ajit, S. K., (2012) Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and signaling molecules. Sensors 12, 3359-3369.
122. Etheridge, A., Lee, I., Hood, L., Galas, D., and, Wang, K., (2011) Extracellular microRNA: a new source of biomarkers. Mutat. Res. 717, 85-90.
123. de Planell-Saguer, M., and, Rodicio, M. C., (2011) Analytical aspects of microRNA in diagnostics: a review. Anal. Chim. Acta 699, 134-152.
124. von Brandenstein, M., et al. (2012) MicroRNA 15a, inversely correlated to PKCalpha, is a potential marker to differentiate between benign and malignant renal tumors in biopsy and urine samples. Am. J. Pathol. 180, 1787-1797.
125. Redova, M., et al. (2012) Circulating miR-378 and miR-451 in serum are potential biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma. J. Transl. Med. 10, 55.
126. Faragalla, H., et al. (2012) The clinical utility of miR-21 as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for renal cell carcinoma. J. Mol. Diagn. 14, 385-392.
127. Juan, D., et al. (2010) Identification of a microRNA panel for clear-cell kidney cancer. Urology 75, 835-841.
128. Wang, N., et al. (2012) Urinary microRNA-10a and microRNA-30d serve as novel, sensitive and specific biomarkers for kidney injury. PLoS One 7, e51140.
129. Saikumar, J., et al. (2012) Expression, circulation, and excretion profile of microRNA-21, -155, and -18a following acute kidney injury. Toxicol. Sci. 129, 256-267.
130. Wang, H., Peng, W., Ouyang, X., and, Dai, Y., (2012) Reduced circulating miR-15b is correlated with phosphate metabolism in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis. Ren. Fail. 34, 685-690.
131. Wang, G., et al. (2010) Intrarenal expression of microRNAs in patients with IgA nephropathy. Lab. Invest. 90, 98-103.
132. Zaman, M. S., et al. (2012) Up-regulation of microRNA-21 correlates with lower kidney cancer survival. PLoS One 7, e31060.
133. Petillo, D., et al. (2009) MicroRNA profiling of human kidney cancer subtypes. Int. J. Oncol. 35, 109-114.
134. Wu, X., et al. (2012) Identification of a 4-microRNA signature for clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis and prognosis. PLoS One 7, e35661.
135. Slaby, O., et al. (2012) Identification of microRNAs associated with early relapse after nephrectomy in renal cell carcinoma patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 51, 707-716.
136. Slaby, O., et al. (2010) Expression of miRNA-106b in conventional renal cell carcinoma is a potential marker for prediction of early metastasis after nephrectomy. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res 29, 90.
137. Shinmei, S., et al. (2012) MicroRNA-155 is a predictive marker for survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int. J. Urol.
138. Heinzelmann, J., et al. (2011) Specific miRNA signatures are associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. World J. Urol. 29, 367-373.
139. Hildebrandt, M. A., et al. (2010) Hsa-miR-9 methylation status is associated with cancer development and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 29, 5724-5728.
140. Szeto, C. C., et al. (2012) Micro-RNA expression in the urinary sediment of patients with chronic kidney diseases. Dis. Markers 33, 137-144.
141. Lorenzen, J. M., et al. (2011) Circulating miR-210 predicts survival in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6, 1540-1546.
142. Lorenzen, J. M., et al. (2011) Urinary miR-210 as a mediator of acute T-cell mediated rejection in renal allograft recipients. Am. J. Transplant. 11, 2221-2227.
143. Youssef, Y. M., et al. (2011) Accurate molecular classification of kidney cancer subtypes using microRNA signature. Eur. Urol. 59, 721-730.
144. Powers, M. P., Alvarez, K., Kim, H. J., and, Monzon, F. A., (2011) Molecular classification of adult renal epithelial neoplasms using microRNA expression and virtual karyotyping. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 20, 63-70.
145. Fridman, E., et al. (2010) Accurate molecular classification of renal tumors using microRNA expression. J. Mol. Diagn. 12, 687-696.