N-acetylcysteine for the prevention of non-contrast media agent-induced kidney injury: From preclinical data to clinical evidence

European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 69, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1375-1390

  Hosseinjani, Hesamoddin ^a   Moghaddas, Azadeh ^a   Khalili, Hossein ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Ameliorative effects; Drug induced kidney injury; N acetylcysteine; Renoprotective mechanisms

Indexed keywords

4 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2 (4 METHYLSULFINYLPHENYL) 5 (4 PYRIDYL)IMIDAZOLE; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALCOHOL; ALCOHOL DERIVATIVE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; ASCORBIC ACID; CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER; CASPASE 3; CISPLATIN; COLISTIN; CYCLOSPORIN; DEFEROXAMINE; DICLOFENAC; DOXORUBICIN; FOLIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; GLYCEROL; IFOSFAMIDE; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; LITHIUM CHLORIDE; METHANOL; METHOTREXATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THIOCTIC ACID; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BETA 2 MICROGLOBULIN URINE LEVEL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASE; DNA FRAGMENTATION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY INJURY; KIDNEY TUBULE DISORDER; KIDNEY TUBULE NECROSIS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; LIVER DISEASE; MAGNESIUM URINE LEVEL; MONOTHERAPY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NON CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; RENAL PROTECTION; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL;

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; KIDNEY; PROTECTIVE AGENTS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY;

EID: 84879113208     PISSN: 00316970     EISSN: 14321041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00228-013-1494-8     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Grinberg L, Fibach E, Amer J, Atlas D (2005) N-acetylcysteine amide, a novel cell-permeating thiol, restores cellular glutathione and protects human red blood cells from oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 38:136-145
2. De Flora S, Izzotti A, D'Agostini F, Balansky RM (2001) Mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of DNA damage and cancer, with special reference to smoking-related end-points. Carcinogenesis 22:999-1013
3. Harrison PM, Wendon YA, Gimson AES (1991) Improvement of hemodynamics by acetylcysteine and oxygen transport in fulminant hepatic failure. N Engl J Med 324:1852-1857
4. Zachwieja J, Zaniew M, Bobkowski W, Stefaniak E, Warzywoda A, Ostalska-Nowicka D et al (2005) Beneficial in vitro effect of N-acetyl-cysteine on oxidative stress and apoptosis. Pediatr Nephrol 20:725-731
5. Zafarullah M, Li WQ, Sylvester J, Ahmad M (2003) Molecular mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine actions. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:6-20
6. Erdogan H, Fadillioglu E, Yagmurca M, Uçar M, Irmak MK (2006) Protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: protective effects of erdosteine and N-acetylcysteine. Urol Res 34:41-46
7. Kim J, Jang HS, Park KM (2010) Reactive oxygen species generated by renal ischemia and reperfusion trigger protection against subsequent renal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 298:58-66
8. Baud L, Ardaillou R (1986) Reactive oxygen species: production and role in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 251:765-776
9. Nath KA, Norby SM (2000) Reactive oxygen species and acute renal failure. Am J Med 109:665-678
10. McCullough P (2008) Radiocontrast-induced acute kidney injury. Nephron Physiol 109:61-79
11. Heyman S, Goldfarb M, Shina A, Karmeli F, Rosen S (2003) N-acetylcysteine ameliorates renal microcirculation: studies in rats. Kidney Int 63:634-641
12. Beretta S, Sala G, Mattavelli L, Ceresa C, Casciati A, Ferri A et al (2003) Mitochondrial dysfunction due to mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is reversed by N-acetylcysteine. Neurobiol Dis 13:213-221
13. Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Costantino G, Serraino I, De Sarro A, Caputi AP (2000) Effects of N-acetylcysteine in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 47:537-548
14. Fishbane S, Durham JH, Marzo K, Rudnick M (2004) N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 15:251-260
15. Hoffmann U, Banas B, Fischereder M, Krämer BK (2004) N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy: clinical trials and end points. Kidney Blood Press Res 27:161-166
16. McDavid A (2012) Should N-acetylcysteine be used for contrast-induced nephropathy? Department of Pharmacy, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio
17. Huber W, Schilling C, Wacker A, Hennig M, Greiner L, Rutz T et al (2005) Prophylaxis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with impaired renal function: double-blind comparison of acetylcysteine, theophylline, acetylcysteine + theophylline and placebo. Crit Care 9:353
18. Demir S, Inal-Erden M (1998) Pentoxifylline and N-acetylcysteine in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Chim Acta 275:127-135
19. Dhalla NS, Elmoselhi AB, Hata T, Makino N (2000) Status of myocardial antioxidants in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 47:446-456
20. Agarwal R, Vasavada N, Saches NG, Chase S (2004) Oxidative stress and renal injury with intravenous iron in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 65:2279-2289
21. Davis HL, Davis TE (1979) Daunorubicin and adriamycin in cancer treatment: an analysis of their roles and limitations. Cancer Treat Rep 63:809-815
22. Lee VW, Harris DC (2011) Adriamycin nephropathy: a model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nephrol 16:30-38
23. Sang-Woong H, Ho-Jung K, Seung Sam P, JongUn L (2005) Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on progression of adriamycin induced nephropathy. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 9:159-164
24. Schoenike SE, Dana WJ (1990) Ifosfamide and mesna. Clin Pharm 9:179-191
25. Heney D, Wheeldon J, Rushworth P, Chapman C, Lewis IJ, Bailey CC (1991) Progressive renal toxicity due to ifosfamide. Arch Dis Child 66:966-970
26. Loebstein R, Koren G (1998) Ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in children: critical review of predictive risk factors. Pediatrics 101:E8-E12
27. Berns JS, Haghighat A, Staddon A, Cohen RM, Schmidt R, Fisher S et al (1995) Severe, irreversible renal failure after ifosfamide treatment. A clinicopathologic report of two patients. Cancer 76:497-500
28. Kim SH, Nam SM, Yoon HE, Kim YK, Park EY, Kim WY et al (2008) Selective proximal tubule injury and progressive renal failure due to ifosfamide and cisplatin in a patient with ovarian cancer. Korean J Nephrol 27:513-517
29. El-Sisi AE, El-Syaad ME, El-Desoky KI, Moussa EA (2013) Protective effects of alpha lipoic acid versus N-acetylcysteine on ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Ind Health. doi: 10.1177/0748233712469649
30. Chen N, Aleksa K, Woodland C, Rieder M, Koren G (2007) The effect of N-acetylcysteine on ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity: in vitro studies in renal tubular cells. Transl Res 150(1):51-57
31. Chen N, Aleksa K, Woodland C, Rieder M, Koren G (2007) Prevention of ifosfamid nephrotoxicity by N-acetylcysteine: clinical pharmacokinetic considration. Can J Clin Pharmacol 14:e246-e250
32. Chen N, Aleksa K, Woodland C, Rieder MJ, Koren G (2008) N-acetylcysteine prevents ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Br J Pharmacol 153:1364-1372
33. Hanly LN, Chen N, Aleksa K, Cutler M, Bajcetic M, Palassery R et al (2012) N-acetylcysteine as a novel prophylactic treatment for ifosfamide-induced nephrotoxicity in children: translational pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 52:55-64
34. Choi BK, Choi CH, Oh HL, Kim YK (2004) Role of ERK activation in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in A172 human glioma cells. Neurotoxicology 25:915-924
35. McEvoy GK (ed) (2006) Antineoplastic agents cisplatin. In: AHFS drug information. American Society of Health System Pharmacists, Bethesda, pp 979-994
36. Pabla N, Dong Z (2008) Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: mechanisms and renoprotective strategies. Kidney Int 73:994-1007
37. Yao X, Panichpisal K, Kurtzman N, Nugent K (2007) Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a review. Am J Med Sci 334:115-124
38. Amany AA, Eman ID, Naglaa IS (2008) Evaluation of chemoprotective role of N-acetylcysteine on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity: new aspect of an old drug. Int J Pharmacol 4:339-351
39. Abdelrahman AM, AlSalam S, AlMahruqi AS, Alhusseni IS, Mansourd MA, Alia BH (2010) N-acetylcysteine improves renal hemodynamics in rats with cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 30:15-21
40. Appenroth D, Winnefeld K, Schroter H, Rost M (1993) Beneficial effect of acetylcysteine on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats. J Appl Toxicol 13:189-192
41. Luo J, Tsuji T, Yasuda H, Sun Y, Fujigaki Y, Hishida A (2008) The molecular mechanisms of the attenuation of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure by N-acetylcysteine in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:2198-2205
42. Luo J, Yang Y, Yasuda H, Hishida A (2011) Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on cisplatin-induced acute Kidney injury related to p38MAPK pathway in rats. Chinese Pharmacol Bull 2011-02
43. Dickey DT, Wu YJ, Muldoon LL, Neuwelt EA (2005) Protection against cisplatin-induced toxicities by N-acetylcysteine and sodium thiosulfate as assessed at the molecular, cellular, and in vivo levels. JPET 314:1052-1058
44. Burdmann EA, Andoh TF, Yu L, Bennett WM (2003) Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Semin Nephrol 23:465-476
45. Fellstrom B (2004) Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Transplant Proc 36:220S-223S
46. Yoon HE, Yang CW (2009) Established and newly proposed mechanisms of chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Korean J Intern Med 24:81-92
47. Duru M, Nacar A, Yönden Z, Kuvandik G, Helvaci MR, Koç A (2008) Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine on cyclosporine-A-induced nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail 30:453-459
48. Haleagrahara N, Yee TM, Chakravarthi S, Lee N (2009) Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on cyclosporine A-induced changes in lipid hydroperoxide levels and renal dysfunction in rats. Arch Med Sci 1:16-22
49. Widemann BC, Adamson PC (2006) Understanding and managing methotrexate nephrotoxicity. Oncologist 11:694-703
50. Fong CM, Lee AC (2006) High-dose methotrexate-associated acute renal failure may be an avoidable complication. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23:51-57
51. Çaǧlar Y, Özgür H, Matur I, Yenilmez ED, Tuli A, Gönlüsen G et al. (in press) Ultrastractural evaluation of NAC on methotraxate nephrotoxicity in rats. Histol Histopathol
52. Karahan I, Atessahin A, Yilmaz S et al (2005) Protective effect of lycopene on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicology 215:198-204
53. Ali BH, Za'abi MA, Blunden G, Nemmar A (2011) Experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity and agents that modify it: a mini-review of recent research. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 109:225-232
54. Walker PD, Barri Y, Shah SV (1999) Oxidant mechanisms in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Ren Fail 21:433-442
55. Quiros Y, Vicente-Vicente L, Morales AI, Lopez-Novoa JM, Lopez-Hernandez FJ (2011) An integrative overview on the mechanisms underlying the renal tubular cytotoxicity of gentamicin. Toxicol Sci 119:245-256
56. Mazzon E, Britti D, De Sarro A, Caputi AP, Cuzzocrea S (2001) Effect of N-acetylcysteine on gentamicin-mediated nephropathy in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 424:75-83
57. Petronilho F, Constantino L, de Souza B, Reinke A, Martins MR, Fraga CM et al (2009) Efficacy of the combination of N-acetylcysteine and desferrioxamine in the prevention and treatment of gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in male Wistar rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:2077-2082
58. Nishino Y, Takemura S, Minamiyama Y et al (2003) Targeting superoxide dismutase to renal proximal tubule cells attenuates vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Free Radic Res 37:373-379
59. Gupta A, Biyani M, Khaira A (2011) Vancomycin nephrotoxicity: myths and facts. Neth J Med 69:379-383
60. Elyasi S, Khalili H, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Mohammadpour A (2012) Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity: mechanism, incidence, risk factors and special populations. A literature review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 68:1243-1255
61. Ocak S, Gorur S, Hakverdi S, Celik S, Erdogan S (2007) Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, vitamin C, vitamin E and N-acetylcysteine on vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 100:328-333
62. Ozyilmaz E, Ebinc FA, Derici U, Gulbahar O, Goktas G, Elmas C et al (2011) Could nephrotoxicity due to colistin be ameliorated with the use of N-acetylcysteine? Intensive Care Med 37:141-146
63. Kwon JA, Lee JE, Huh W, Peck KR, Kim YG, Kim DJ et al (2010) Predictors of acute kidney injury associated with intravenous colistin treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 35:473-477
64. Turkoglu M, Dizbay M, Ciftci A, Aksakal FN, Aygencel G (2012) Colistin therapy in critically ill patients with chronic renal failure and its effect on development of renal dysfunction. Int J Antimicrob Agents 39:142-145
65. Feldman L, Efrati S, Dishy V, Katchko L, Berman S, Averbukh M (2005) N-acetylcysteine ameliorates amphotericin-induced nephropathy in rats. Nephron Physiol 99:23-27
66. Sawaya BP, Briggs JP, Schnermann J (1995) Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity: the adverse consequences of altered membrane properties. J Am Soc Nephrol 6:154-164
67. Odabasi Z, Karaalp A, Cermik H, Mohr J, Tigen ET, Koc M et al (2009) Reduction of amphotericin B-induced renal tubular apoptosis by N-acetylcysteine. Antimicrob Ag Chemother 53:3100-3102
68. Costa S, Nucci M (2001) Can we decrease amphotericin nephrotoxicity? Curr Opin Crit Care 7:379-383
69. Kleinknecht D, Landais P, Goldfarb B (1986) Analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated acute renal failure: a prospective collaborative study. Clin Nephrol 25:275-281
70. Eras J, Perazella MA (2001) NSAIDs and the kidney revisited: are selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors safe? Am J Med Sci 321:181-190
71. Musu M, Finco G, Antonucci R, Polati E, Sanna D, Evangelista M et al (2011) Acute nephrotoxicity of NSAID from the foetus to the adult. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 15:1461-1472
72. Ejaz P, Bhojani K, Joshi VR (2004) NSAIDs and kidney. J Assoc Physicians India 52:632-640
73. Weir MR (2002) Renal effects of nonselective NSAIDs and coxibs. Cleve Clin J Med 69:SI53-SI58
74. Efrati S, Berman S, Siman-Tov Y, Lotan R, Averbukh Z, Weissgarten J (2007) N-acetylcysteine attenuates NSAID-induced rat renal failure by restoring intrarenal prostaglandin synthesis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:1873-1881
75. McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR (2012) Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 379:721-728
76. Oliveira JL, Silva Júnior GB, Abreu KL, Rocha Nde A, Franco LF, Araújo SM et al (2010) Lithium nephrotoxicity. Rev Assoc Med Bras 56:600-606
77. Trepiccione F, Christensen BM (2010) Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: new clinical and experimental findings. J Nephrol 23:S43-S48
78. Efrati S, Averbukh M, Berman S, Feldman L, Dishy V, Kachko L et al (2005) N-acetylcysteine ameliorates lithium-induced renal failure in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 20:65-70
79. Zoungas S, McGrath BP, Branley P, Kerr PG, Muske C, Wolfe R (2006) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the atherosclerosis and folic Acid Supplementation Trial (ASFAST) in chronic renal failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1108-1116
80. Bennett-Richards K, Kattenhorn M, Donald A, Oakley G, Varghese Z, Rees L (2002) Does oral folic acid lower total homocysteine levels and improve endothelial function in children with chronic renal failure? Circulation 105:1810-1815
81. Kang HG, Lee BS, Hahn H, Lee JH, Ha IS, Cheong HI (2002) Reduction of plasma homocysteine by folic acid in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 17:511-514
82. Bernasconi AR, Liste A, Del Pino N, Rosa Diez GJ, Heguilén RM (2006) Folic acid 5 or 15 mg/day similarly reduces plasma homocysteine in patients with moderate-advanced chronic renal failure. Nephrology 11:137-141
83. Thambyrajah J, Landray MJ, McGlynn FJ, Jones HJ, Wheeler DC, Townend JN (2000) Does folic acid decrease plasma homocysteine and improve endothelial function in patients with predialysis renal failure? Circulation 102:871-875
84. Naruszewicz M, Klinke M, Dziewanowski K, Staniewicz A, Bukowska H (2001) Homocysteine, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein(a) levels are simultaneously reduced in patients with chronic renal failure treated with folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. Metabolism 50:131-134
85. Wang HZ, Peng ZY, Wen XY, Rimmelé T, Bishop JV, Kellum JA (2011) N-acetylcysteine is effective for prevention but not for treatment of folic acid-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Crit Care Med 39:2487-2494
86. Chander V, Chopra K (2006) Protective effect of resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin on glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rat kidney. Ren Fail 28:161-169
87. Rieger E, Rech VC, Feksa LR, Wannmacher CM (2008) intraperitoneal glycerol induces oxidative stress in rat kidney. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 35:928-933
88. Singh D, Chander V, Chopra K (2004) Protective effect of naringin, a bioflavonoid on glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rat kidney. Toxicology 201:143-151
89. Kim JH, Lee SS, Jung MH, Yeo HD, Kim HJ, Yang JI et al (2010) N-acetylcysteine attenuates glycerol-induced acute kidney injury by regulating MAPKs and Bcl-2 family proteins. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:1435-1443
90. Polo-Romero FJ, Fernández-Fúnez A, BrosetaViana L, Atienza MP, Sánchez Gascón F (2004) Effect of N-acetylcysteine on antioxidant status in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. Ren Fail 26:613-618
91. Liu CF, Lin MH, Lin CC, Chang HW, Lin SC (2002) Protective effect of tetramethylpyrazine on absolute ethanol-induced renal toxicity in mice. J Biomed Sci 9:299-302
92. Das SK, Varadhan S, Dhanya L, Mukherjee S, Vasudevan DM (2008) Effects of chronic ethanol exposure on renal function tests and oxidative stress in kidney. Indian J Clin Biochem 23:341-344
93. Saravanan N, Nalini N (2007) Impact of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. extract on ethanol-mediated oxidative damage in rat kidney. Redox Rep 12:229-235
94. Yuan Q, Hong S, Han S, Zeng L, Liu F, Ding G et al (2011) Preconditioning with physiological levels of ethanol protect kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating oxidative stress. PLoS One 6:e25811
95. Aydin S, Ozaras R, Uzun H, Belce A, Uslu E, Tahan V et al (2002) N-acetylcysteine reduced the effect of ethanol on antioxidant system in rat plasma and brain tissue. Tohoku J Exp Med 198:71-77
96. Skrzydlewska E, Farbiszewski R (1999) Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on reduced glutathione, reduced glutathione-related enzymes and lipid peroxidation in methanol intoxication. Drug Alcohol Depend 57:61-67
97. Verhelst D, Moulin P, Haufroid V, Wittebole X, Jadoul M, Hantson P (2004) Acute renal injury following methanol poisoning: analysis of a case series. Int J Toxicol 23:267-273
98. Obal D, Rascher K, Favoccia C, Dettwiler S, Schlack W (2006) Post-conditioning by a short administration of desflurane reduced renal reperfusion injury after differing of ischaemia times in rats. Br J Anaesth 97:783-791
99. Halpren BA, Kempson RL, Coplon NS (1973) Interstitial fibrosis and chronic renal failure following methoxyflurane anesthesia. JAMA 223:1239-1242
100. Lee HT, Kim M, Kim M, Kim N, Billings FT (2007) Isoflurane protects against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury and modulates leukocyte infiltration in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293:F713-F722
101. Lee HT, Emala CW, Joo JD, Kim M (2007) Isoflurane improves survival and protects against renal and hepatic injury in murine septic peritonitis. Shock 23:373-379
102. Zhang L, Huang H, Cheng J, Liu J, Zhao H, Vizcaychipi MP et al (2011) Pre-treatment with isoflurane ameliorates renal ischemic-reperfusion injury in mice. Life Sci 88:1102-1107
103. Kim M, Kim M, Kim N, D'Agati VD, Emala CW Sr, Lee HT (2007) Isoflurane mediates protection from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate-dependent pathways. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 293:F1827-F1835
104. Obal D, Dettwiler S, Favoccia C, Rascher K, Preckel B, Schlack W (2006) Effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the rat kidney in vivo. Eur J Anaesthesiol 23:319-326
105. Goldberg ME, Cantillo J, Gratz I, Deal E, Vekeman D, McDougall R et al (1999) Dose of compound A, not sevoflurane, determines changes in the biochemical markers of renal injury in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 88:438-445
106. Mansano AM, Vianna PT, Fabris VE, Silva LM, Braz LG, Castiglia YM et al (2012) Prevention of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats using acetylcysteine after anesthesia with isoflurane. Acta Cir Bras 27:340-345
107. Waring WS, Moonie A (2011) Earlier recognition of nephrotoxicity using novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Clin Toxicol 49:720-728
108. Devarajan P (2011) Biomarkers for the early detection of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Pediatr 23:194-200
109. Schiffl H, Lang SM (2012) Update on biomarkers of acute kidney injury: moving closer to clinical impact? Mol Diagn Ther 16:199-207
110. Barrera-Chimal J, Bobadilla NA (2012) Are recently reported biomarkers helpful for early and accurate diagnosis of acute kidney injury? Biomarkers 17:385-393
111. Mårtensson J, Martling CR, Bell M (2012) Novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury and failure: clinical applicability. Br J Anaesth 109:843-850
112. Soni SS, Pophale R, Ronco C (2011) New biomarkers for acute renal injury. Clin Chem Lab Med 49:1257-1263
113. Kimmel M, Butscheid M, Brenner S, Kuhlmann U, Klotz U, Alscher DM (2008) Improved estimation of glomerular filtration rate by serum cystatin C in preventing contrast induced nephropathy by N-acetylcysteine or zinc - preliminary results. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:1241-1245
114. Roos JF, Doust J, Tett SE, Kirkpatrick CM (2007) Diagnostic accuracy of cystatin C compared to serum creatinine for the estimation of renal dysfunction in adults and children - A meta-analysis. Clin Biochem 40:383-391
115. Zhang Z, Lu B, Sheng X, Jin N (2011) Cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 58:356-365
116. Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R (2010) Cystatin C in acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:533-539
117. Zahran A, El-Husseini A, Shoker A (2007) Can cystatin C replace creatinine to estimate glomerular filtration rate? A literature review. Am J Nephrol 27:197-205
118. Ahola T, Fellman V, Laaksonen R, Laitila J, Lapatto R, Neuvonen PJ et al (1999) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in pre-term new-born infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 45:645-650
119. Olsson B, Johansson M, Gabrielsson J, Bolme P et al (1988) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of reduced and oxidized N-acetylcysteine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 34:77-82
120. Brown M, Bjorksten A, Medved I (2004) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in men at rest and during exercise. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60:717-723
121. Anderson SM, Park ZH, Patel RV (2011) Intravenous N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of contrast media-induced nephropathy. Ann Pharmacother 45:101-107
122. Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, Lauri G, Campodonico J, Grazi M et al (2006) N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 354:2773-2784
123. Tepel M, Aspelin P, Lameire N (2006) Contrast-induced nephropathy a clinical and evidence-based approach. Circulation 113:1799-1806
124. Sandilands EA, Cameron S, Paterson F, Donaldson S, Briody L, Crowe J et al (2012) Graphic contrast material: study protocol. BMC Clin Pharmacol 12:3
125. Szakmany T, Hauser B, Radermacher P (2012) N-acetylcysteine for sepsis and systemic inflammatory response in adults (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9:CD006616