Are recently reported biomarkers helpful for early and accurate diagnosis of acute kidney injury

Biomarkers

Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 385-393

  Barrera Chimal, Jonatan ^a,b   Bobadilla, Norma A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^b INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y NUTRICIÓN SALVADOR ZUBIRÁN   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Cystatin C; Hsp72; IL 18; Kim 1; L FABP; NAG; NGAL

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CREATININE; CYSTATIN C; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE ALPHA; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 72; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; N ACETYL BETA GLUCOSAMINIDASE; NETRIN 1; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RENAL PROTECTION; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; UPREGULATION; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL;

ACETYLGLUCOSAMINIDASE; ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY; ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CYSTATIN C; FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEINS; HSP72 HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; HUMANS; INTERLEUKIN-18; LIPOCALINS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, VIRUS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84864627821     PISSN: 1354750X     EISSN: 13665804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1354750X.2012.680070     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Alpízar-Alpízar W, Laerum OD, Illemann M, Ramírez JA, Arias A, Malespín-Bendaña W, Ramírez V, Lund LR, Borregaard N, Nielsen BS. (2009). Neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin (NGAL/Lcn2) is upregulated in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori. Virchows Arch 455:225-233.
2. Bagshaw SM, Gibney RT. (2008). Conventional markers of kidney function. Crit Care Med 36:S152-S158.
3. Barrera-Chimal J, Pérez-Villalva R, Cortés-González C, Ojeda- Cervantes M, Gamba G, Morales-Buenrostro LE, Bobadilla NA. (2011). Hsp72 is an early and sensitive biomarker to detect acute kidney injury. EMBO Mol Med 3:5-20.
4. Bazzi C, Petrini C, Rizza V, Arrigo G, D'Amico G. (2000). A modern approach to selectivity of proteinuria and tubulointerstitial damage in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 58:1732-1741.
5. Bennett M, Dent CL, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Grenier F, Workman R, Syed H, Ali S, Barasch J, Devarajan P. (2008). Urine NGAL predicts severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: A prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:665-673.
6. Coca SG, Parikh CR. (2008). Urinary biomarkers for acute kidney injury: Perspectives on translation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:481-490.
7. Cowland JB, Borregaard N. (1997). Molecular characterization and pattern of tissue expression of the gene for neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin from humans. Genomics 45:17-23.
8. Cruz DN, de Cal M, Garzotto F, Perazella MA, Lentini P, Corradi V, Piccinni P, Ronco C. (2010). Plasma neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin is an early biomarker for acute kidney injury in an adult ICU population. Intensive Care Med 36:444-451.
9. Csermely P, Söti C, Blatch GL. (2007). Chaperones as parts of cellular networks. Adv Exp Med Biol 594:55-63.
10. de Geus HR, Bakker J, Lesaffre EM, le Noble JL. (2011). Neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin at ICU admission predicts for acute kidney injury in adult patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183:907-914.
11. Dennen P, Altmann C, Kaufman J, Klein CL, Andres-Hernando A, Ahuja NH, Edelstein CL, Cadnapaphornchai MA, Keniston A, Faubel S. (2010). Urine interleukin-6 is an early biomarker of acute kidney injury in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care 14:R181.
12. Erdener D, Aksu K, Biçer I, Doganavsargil E, Kutay FZ. (2005). Urinary N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Lab Anal 19:172-176.
13. Fantuzzi G, Puren AJ, Harding MW, Livingston DJ, Dinarello CA. (1998). Interleukin-18 regulation of interferon gamma production and cell proliferation as shown in interleukin- 1beta-converting enzyme (caspase-1)-deficient mice. Blood 91:2118-2125.
14. Ferguson MA, Vaidya VS, Waikar SS, Collings FB, Sunderland KE, Gioules CJ, Bonventre JV. (2010). Urinary liver-type fatty acidbinding protein predicts adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 77:708-714.
15. Flower DR, North AC, Sansom CE. (2000). The lipocalin protein family: Structural and sequence overview. Biochim Biophys Acta 1482:9-24.
16. Friedewald JJ, Rabb H. (2004). Inflammatory cells in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 66:486-491.
17. Gautier JC, Riefke B, Walter J, Kurth P, Mylecraine L, Guilpin V, Barlow N, Gury T, Hoffman D, Ennulat D, Schuster K, Harpur E, Pettit S. (2010). Evaluation of novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in two strains of rat treated with Cisplatin. Toxicol Pathol 38:943-956.
18. Haase M, Bellomo R, Story D, Davenport P, Haase-Fielitz A. (2008). Urinary interleukin-18 does not predict acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery: A prospective observational cohort study. Crit Care 12:R96.
19. Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, Ma Q, Bennett MR, Möckel M, Matalanis G, Dragun D, Haase-Fielitz A. (2009). Novel biomarkers early predict the severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in adults. Ann Thorac Surg 88:124-130.
20. Haase M, Devarajan P, Haase-Fielitz A, Bellomo R, Cruz DN, Wagener G, Krawczeski CD, Koyner JL, Murray P, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Makris K, Ronco C, Martensson J, Martling CR, Venge P, Siew E, Ware LB, Ikizler TA, Mertens PR. (2011). The outcome of neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin-positive subclinical acute kidney injury: A multicenter pooled analysis of prospective studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:1752-1761.
21. Hall IE, Doshi MD, Poggio ED, Parikh CR. (2011a). A comparison of alternative serum biomarkers with creatinine for predicting allograft function after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 91:48-56.
22. Hall IE, Koyner JL, Doshi MD, Marcus RJ, Parikh CR. (2011b). Urine cystatin C as a biomarker of proximal tubular function immediately after kidney transplantation. Am J Nephrol 33:407-413.
23. Han WK, Alinani A, Wu CL, Michaelson D, Loda M, McGovern FJ, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. (2005). Human kidney injury molecule-1 is a tissue and urinary tumor marker of renal cell carcinoma. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:1126-1134.
24. Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, Thadhani R, Bonventre JV. (2002). Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 62:237-244.
25. Han WK, Waikar SS, Johnson A, Betensky RA, Dent CL, Devarajan P, Bonventre JV. (2008). Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 73:863-869.
26. Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Hüsing J, Göring F, Pietruck F, Janssen O, Philipp T, Kribben A. (2004). Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 66:1115-1122.
27. Hernádez-Pando R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Orozco-Estévez H, Silva- Serna P, Moreno I, Rondán-Zárate A, Elinos M, Correa-Rotter R, Larriva-Sahd J. (1995). Histological and subcellular distribution of 65 and 70 kD heat shock proteins in experimental nephrotoxic injury. Exp Toxicol Pathol 47:501-508.
28. Herrera J, Rodríguez-Iturbe B. (1998). Stimulation of tubular secretion of creatinine in health and in conditions associated with reduced nephron mass. Evidence for a tubular functional reserve. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:623-629.
29. Hirsch R, Dent C, Pfriem H, Allen J, Beekman RH 3rd, Ma Q, Dastrala S, Bennett M, Mitsnefes M, Devarajan P. (2007). NGAL is an early predictive biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 22:2089-2095.
30. Huang Y, Don-Wauchope AC. (2011). The clinical utility of kidney injury molecule 1 in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of acute kidney injury: A systematic review. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 10:260-271.
31. Ichimura T, Asseldonk EJ, Humphreys BD, Gunaratnam L, Duffield JS, Bonventre JV. (2008). Kidney injury molecule-1 is a phosphatidylserine receptor that confers a phagocytic phenotype on epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 118:1657-1668.
32. Jochmans I, Lerut E, Van Pelt J, Monbaliu D, Pirenne J. (2011). Circulating AST, H-FABP, and NGAL are early and accurate biomarkers of graft injury and dysfunction in a preclinical model of kidney transplantation. Ann Surg 254:784-91; discussion 791.
33. Katagiri D, Doi K, Honda K, Negishi K, Fujita T, Hisagi M, Ono M, Matsubara T, Yahagi N, Iwagami M, Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Sugaya T, Noiri E. (2012). Combination of two urinary biomarkers predicts acute kidney injury after adult cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 93:577-583.
34. Kelly KJ. (2002). Stress response proteins and renal ischemia. Minerva Urol Nefrol 54:81-91.
35. Kelly KJ. (2006). Acute renal failure: Much more than a kidney disease. Semin Nephrol 26:105-113.
36. Kelly KJ, Baird NR, Greene AL. (2001). Induction of stress response proteins and experimental renal ischemia/reperfusion. Kidney Int 59:1798-1802.
37. Koyner JL, Vaidya VS, Bennett MR, Ma Q, Worcester E, Akhter SA, Raman J, Jeevanandam V, O'Connor MF, Devarajan P, Bonventre JV, Murray PT. (2010). Urinary biomarkers in the clinical prognosis and early detection of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:2154-2165.
38. Liangos O, Perianayagam MC, Vaidya VS, Han WK, Wald R, Tighiouart H, MacKinnon RW, Li L, Balakrishnan VS, Pereira BJ, Bonventre JV, Jaber BL. (2007). Urinary N-Acetyl-beta-(D)-glucosaminidase activity and kidney injury molecule-1 level are associated with adverse outcomes in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:904-912.
39. Liangos O, Tighiouart H, Perianayagam MC, Kolyada A, Han WK, Wald R, Bonventre JV, Jaber BL. (2009). Comparative analysis of urinary biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. Biomarkers 14:423-431.
40. Ling W, Zhaohui N, Ben H, Leyi G, Jianping L, Huili D, Jiaqi Q. (2008). Urinary IL-18 and NGAL as early predictive biomarkers in contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography. Nephron Clin Pract 108:c176-c181.
41. Liu KD, Altmann C, Smits G, Krawczeski CD, Edelstein CL, Devarajan P, Faubel S. (2009). Serum interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 are early biomarkers of acute kidney injury and predict prolonged mechanical ventilation in children undergoing cardiac surgery: A case-control study. Crit Care 13:R104.
42. Maatman RG, Van de Westerlo EM, Van Kuppevelt TH, Veerkamp JH. (1992). Molecular identification of the liver- and the heart-type fatty acid-binding proteins in human and rat kidney. Use of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Biochem J 288 (Pt 1):285-290.
43. Makris K, Markou N, Evodia E, Dimopoulou E, Drakopoulos I, Ntetsika K, Rizos D, Baltopoulos G, Haliassos A. (2009). Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin (NGAL) as an early marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill multiple trauma patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 47:79-82.
44. Malyszko J, Koc-Zorawska E, Malyszko JS, Mysliwiec M. (2010). Kidney injury molecule-1 correlates with kidney function in renal allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 42:3957-3959.
45. Matsui K, Kamijo-Ikemori A, Sugaya T, Yasuda T, Kimura K. (2012). Usefulness of urinary biomarkers in early detection of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in adults. Circ J 76:213-220.
46. Mehta RL, Chertow GM. (2003). Acute renal failure definitions and classification: Time for change J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2178-2187.
47. Melnikov VY, Ecder T, Fantuzzi G, Siegmund B, Lucia MS, Dinarello CA, Schrier RW, Edelstein CL. (2001). Impaired IL-18 processing protects caspase-1-deficient mice from schemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 107:1145-1152.
48. Mishra J, Ma Q, Prada A, Mitsnefes M, Zahedi K, Yang J, Barasch J, Devarajan P. (2003). Identification of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 14:2534-2543.
49. Mishra J, Mori K, Ma Q, Kelly C, Barasch J, Devarajan P. (2004). Neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin: A novel early urinary biomarker for cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Am J Nephrol 24:307-315.
50. Mishra J, Dent C, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, Ma Q, Kelly C, Ruff SM, Zahedi K, Shao M, Bean J, Mori K, Barasch J, Devarajan P. (2005). Neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 365: 1231-1238.
51. Moers C, Varnav OC, Van Heurn E, Jochmans I, Kirste GR, Rahmel A, Leuvenink HG, Squifflet JP, Paul A, Pirenne J, Van Oeveren W, Rakhorst G, Ploeg RJ. (2010). The value of machine perfusion perfusate biomarkers for predicting kidney transplant outcome. Transplantation 90:966-973.
52. Molinas SM, Rosso M, Wayllace NZ, Pagotto MA, Pisani GB, Monasterolo LA, Trumper L. (2010). Heat shock protein 70 induction and its urinary excretion in a model of acetaminophen nephrotoxicity. Pediatr Nephrol 25:1245-1253.
53. Mori K, Lee HT, Rapoport D, Drexler IR, Foster K, Yang J, Schmidt-Ott KM, Chen X, Li JY, Weiss S, Mishra J, Cheema FH, Markowitz G, Suganami T, Sawai K, Mukoyama M, Kunis C, D'Agati V, Devarajan P, Barasch J. (2005). Endocytic delivery of lipocalin-siderophoreiron complex rescues the kidney from schemia-reperfusion injury. J Clin Invest 115:610-621.
54. Munshi R, Johnson A, Siew ED, Ikizler TA, Ware LB, Wurfel MM, Himmelfarb J, Zager RA. (2011). MCP-1 gene activation marks acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:165-175.
55. Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Node K, Ueda Y, Koide H. (2006). Urinary excretion of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein in contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 47:439-444.
56. Nauta FL, Bakker SJ, Van Oeveren W, Navis G, Van der Heide JJ, Van Goor H, de Jong PE, Gansevoort RT. (2011). Albuminuria, proteinuria, and novel urine biomarkers as predictors of longterm allograft outcomes in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Kidney Dis 57:733-743.
57. Negishi K, Noiri E, Doi K, Maeda-Mamiya R, Sugaya T, Portilla D, Fujita T. (2009). Monitoring of urinary L-type fatty acid-binding protein predicts histological severity of acute kidney injury. Am J Pathol 174:1154-1159.
58. Nejat M, Pickering JW, Walker RJ, Westhuyzen J, Shaw GM, Frampton CM, Endre ZH. (2010). Urinary cystatin C is diagnostic of acute kidney injury and sepsis, and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 14:R85.
59. Oyama Y, Takeda T, Hama H, Tanuma A, Iino N, Sato K, Kaseda R, Ma M, Yamamoto T, Fujii H, Kazama JJ, Odani S, Terada Y, Mizuta K, Gejyo F, Saito A. (2005). Evidence for megalin-mediated proximal tubular uptake of L-FABP, a carrier of potentially nephrotoxic molecules. Lab Invest 85:522-531.
60. Parikh CR, Jani A, Melnikov VY, Faubel S, Edelstein CL. (2004). Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker of human acute tubular necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis 43:405-414.
61. Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL. (2005). Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 16:3046-3052.
62. Parikh CR, Jani A, Mishra J, Ma Q, Kelly C, Barasch J, Edelstein CL, Devarajan P. (2006). Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:1639-1645.
63. Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Dursun B, Ma Q, Kelly C, Dent C, Devarajan P, Edelstein CL. (2006). Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 70:199-203.
64. Parikh CR, Devarajan P, Zappitelli M, Sint K, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Li S, Kim RW, Koyner JL, Coca SG, Edelstein CL, Shlipak MG, Garg AX, Krawczeski CD. (2011a). Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after adult cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:1748-1757.
65. Parikh CR, Devarajan P, Zappitelli M, Sint K, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Li S, Kim RW, Koyner JL, Coca SG, Edelstein CL, Shlipak MG, Garg AX, Krawczeski CD. (2011b). Postoperative biomarkers predict acute kidney injury and poor outcomes after pediatric cardiac surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:1737-1747.
66. Pechman KR, De Miguel C, Lund H, Leonard EC, Basile DP, Mattson DL. (2009). Recovery from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury is associated with altered renal hemodynamics, blunted pressure natriuresis, and sodium-sensitive ypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R1358-R1363.
67. Pérez-Rojas J, Blanco JA, Cruz C, Trujillo J, Vaidya VS, Uribe N, Bonventre JV, Gamba G, Bobadilla NA. (2007). Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade confers renoprotection in preexisting chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 292:F131-F139.
68. Portilla D, Dent C, Sugaya T, Nagothu KK, Kundi I, Moore P, Noiri E, Devarajan P. (2008). Liver fatty acid-binding protein as a biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 73:465-472.
69. Prabhu A, Sujatha DI, Ninan B, Vijayalakshmi MA. (2010). Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin as a biomarker for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Vasc Surg 24:525-531.
70. Prozialeck WC, Edwards JR, Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV. (2009). Preclinical evaluation of novel urinary biomarkers of cadmium nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238:301-305.
71. Ramesh G, Krawczeski CD, Woo JG, Wang Y, Devarajan P. (2010). Urinary netrin-1 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:395-401.
72. Reeves WB, Kwon O, Ramesh G. (2008). Netrin-1 and kidney injury. II. Netrin-1 is an early biomarker of acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294:F731-F738.
73. Ren L, Ji J, Fang Y, Jiang SH, Lin YM, Bo J, Qian JY, Xu XH, Ding XQ. (2011). Assessment of urinary N-Acetyl-β-glucosaminidase as an early marker of contrast-induced nephropathy. J Int Med Res 39:647-653.
74. Ribichini F, Gambaro G, Graziani MS, Pighi M, Pesarini G, Pasoli P, Anselmi M, Ferrero V, Yabarek T, Sorio A, Rizzotti P, Lupo A, Vassanelli C. (2012). Comparison of serum creatinine and cystatin C for early diagnosis of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary angiography and interventions. Clin Chem 58:458-464.
75. Ronco C, Grammaticopoulos S, Rosner M, de Cal M, Soni S, Lentini P, Piccinni P. (2010). Oliguria, creatinine and other biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol 164:118-127.
76. Royakkers AA, Korevaar JC, Van Suijlen JD, Hofstra LS, Kuiper MA, Spronk PE, Schultz MJ, Bouman CS. (2011). Serum and urine cystatin C are poor biomarkers for acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 37:493-501.
77. Schröppel B, Krüger B, Walsh L, Yeung M, Harris S, Garrison K, Himmelfarb J, Lerner SM, Bromberg JS, Zhang PL, Bonventre JV, Wang Z, Farris AB, Colvin RB, Murphy BT, Vella JP. (2010). Tubular expression of KIM-1 does not predict delayed function after transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:536-542.
78. Sharfuddin AA, Molitoris BA. (2011). Pathophysiology of ischemic acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol 7:189-200.
79. Siew ED, Ikizler TA, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Wickersham N, Bossert F, Peterson JF, Parikh CR, May AK, Ware LB. (2010). Elevated urinary IL-18 levels at the time of ICU admission predict adverse clinical outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1497-1505.
80. Siew ED, Peterson JF, Eden SK, Hung AM, Speroff T, Ikizler TA, Matheny ME. (2012). Outpatient nephrology referral rates after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 23:305-312.
81. Siew ED, Ware LB, Ikizler TA. (2011). Biological markers of acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 22:810-820.
82. Slort PR, Ozden N, Pape L, Offner G, Tromp WF, Wilhelm AJ, Bokenkamp A. (2012). Comparing cystatin C and creatinine in the diagnosis of pediatric acute renal allograft dysfunction. Pediatr Nephrol 27:843-849.
83. Soni SS, Cruz D, Bobek I, Chionh CY, Nalesso F, Lentini P, de Cal M, Corradi V, Virzi G, Ronco C. (2010). NGAL: A biomarker of acute kidney injury and other systemic conditions. Int Urol Nephrol 42:141-150.
84. Srisawat N, Wen X, Lee M, Kong L, Elder M, Carter M, Unruh M, Finkel K, Vijayan A, Ramkumar M, Paganini E, Singbartl K, Palevsky PM, Kellum JA. (2011). Urinary biomarkers and renal recovery in critically ill patients with renal support. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6:1815-1823.
85. Tominaga M, Fujiyama K, Hoshino T, Tanaka Y, Takeuchi T, Honda M, Mokuda O, Ikeda T, Mashiba H. (1989). Urinary N-Acetyl-beta- D-glucosaminidase in the patients with hyperthyroidism. Horm Metab Res 21:438-440.
86. Torregrosa I, Montoliu C, Urios A, Elmlili N, Puchades MJ, Solís MA, Sanjuán R, Blasco ML, Ramos C, Tomás P, Ribes J, Carratalá A, Juan I, Miguel A. (2012). Early biomarkers of acute kidney failure after heart angiography or heart surgery in patients with acute coronary syndrome or acute heart failure. Nefrologia 32:44-52.
87. Tuladhar SM, Püntmann VO, Soni M, Punjabi PP, Bogle RG. (2009). Rapid detection of acute kidney injury by plasma and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 53:261-266.
88. Vaidya VS, Ozer JS, Dieterle F, Collings FB, Ramirez V, Troth S, Muniappa N, Thudium D, Gerhold D, Holder DJ, Bobadilla NA, Marrer E, Perentes E, Cordier A, Vonderscher J, Maurer G, Goering PL, Sistare FD, Bonventre JV. (2010). Kidney injury molecule-1 outperforms traditional biomarkers of kidney injury in preclinical biomarker qualification studies. Nat Biotechnol 28:478-485.
89. Vaidya, VS, Ramirez, V, Ichimura, T, Bobadilla, NA, Bonventre, JV. (2006). Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: A sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290:F517-F529.
90. Veerkamp JH, Peeters RA, Maatman RG. (1991). Structural and functional features of different types of cytoplasmic fatty acidbinding proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1081:1-24.
91. Wagener G, Gubitosa G, Wang S, Borregaard N, Kim M, Lee HT. (2008). Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-Associated lipocalin and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Am J Kidney Dis 52:425-433.
92. Wagener G, Gubitosa G, Wang S, Borregaard N, Kim M, Lee HT. (2009). A comparison of urinary neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin in patients undergoing on- versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 23:195-199.
93. Wu I, Parikh CR. (2008). Screening for kidney diseases: Older measures versus novel biomarkers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1895-1901.
94. Yamamoto T, Noiri E, Ono Y, Doi K, Negishi K, Kamijo A, Kimura K, Fujita T, Kinukawa T, Taniguchi H, Nakamura K, Goto M, Shinozaki N, Ohshima S, Sugaya T. (2007). enal L-type fatty acid-binding protein in acute ischemic injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2894-2902.
95. Zappitelli M, Krawczeski CD, Devarajan P, Wang Z, Snt K, Thiessen-Philbrook H, Li S, Bennett MR, Ma Q, Shlipak MG, Garg AX, Parikh CR; TRIBE-AKI consortium. (2011). Early postoperative serum cystatin C predicts severe acute kidney injury following pediatric cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 80:655-662.
96. Zhang Z, Humphreys BD, Bonventre JV. (2007). Shedding of the urinary biomarker kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is regulated by MAP kinases and juxtamembrane region. J Am Soc Nephrol 18:2704-2714.
97. Zhang PL, Lun M, Schworer CM, Blasick TM, Masker KK, Jones JB, Carey DJ. (2008a). Heat shock protein expression is highly sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidneys. Ann Clin Lab Sci 38:57-64.
98. Zhang PL, Rothblum LI, Han WK, Blasick TM, Potdar S, Bonventre JV. (2008b). Kidney injury molecule-1 expression in transplant biopsies is a sensitive measure of cell injury. Kidney Int 73:608-614.
99. Zhang Z, Lu B, Sheng X, Jin N. (2011). Cystatin C in prediction of acute kidney injury: A systemic review and meta-Analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 58:356-365.