Future perspectives on the treatment of cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in schizophrenia

World Psychiatry

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 99-107

  Goff, Donald C ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

cognition; drug development; negative symptoms; neurodevelopment; neuroplasticity; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMPHETAMINE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; BITOPERTIN; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CLOZAPINE; CYANOCOBALAMIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYCLOSERINE; DEXTRO AMINO ACID OXIDASE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; FISH OIL; FOLIC ACID; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 67; INTERLEUKIN 6; MINOCYCLINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLACEBO; PSYCHEDELIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TOLCAPONE;

ANXIETY DISORDER; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DOWN REGULATION; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS; EXCITOTOXICITY; EXERCISE; FRONTAL CORTEX; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 84878546029     PISSN: 17238617     EISSN: 20515545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/wps.20026     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Goff DC, Hill M, Barch D,. The treatment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 2011; 99: 245-53.
2. Murphy BP, Chung YC, Park TW, et al. Pharmacological treatment of primary negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Schizophr Res 2006; 88: 5-25.
3. International Schizophrenia Consortium, Purcell SM, Wray NR, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 2009; 460: 748-52.
4. Bertram L,. Genetic research in schizophrenia: new tools and future perspectives. Schizophr Bull 2008; 34: 806-12.
5. Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Sallis H, et al. Confirmation that the AKT1 (rs2494732) genotype influences the risk of psychosis in cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72: 811-6.
6. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME,. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 273-9.
7. Mondelli V, Cattaneo A, Belvederi Murri M, et al. Stress and inflammation reduce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in first-episode psychosis: a pathway to smaller hippocampal volume. J Clin Psychiatry 2011; 72: 1677-84.
8. Zhang XY, Chen da C, Xiu MH, et al. The novel oxidative stress marker thioredoxin is increased in first-episode schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 2009; 113: 151-7.
9. Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Mac-Dowell KS, Leza JC, et al. Cognitive impairment is related to oxidative stress and chemokine levels in first psychotic episodes. Schizophr Res 2012; 137: 66-72.
10. Chan RC, Di X, McAlonan GM, et al. Brain anatomical abnormalities in high-risk individuals, first-episode, and chronic schizophrenia: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of illness progression. Schizophr Bull 2011; 37: 177-88.
11. Lewis DA, Hashimoto T, Volk DW,. Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia. Nature Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 312-24.
12. Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A,. Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies. J Psychopharmacol 1999; 13: 358-71.
13. Goff DC, Coyle JT,. The emerging role of glutamate in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1367-77.
14. Bartos M, Vida I, Jonas P,. Synaptic mechanisms of synchronized gamma oscillations in inhibitory interneuron networks. Nature Rev Neurosci 2007; 8: 45-56.
15. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, et al. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 975-83.
16. Dorph-Petersen KA, Caric D, Saghafi R, et al. Volume and neuron number of the lateral geniculate nucleus in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117: 369-84.
17. Dorph-Petersen KA, Pierri JN, Perel JM, et al. The influence of chronic exposure to antipsychotic medications on brain size before and after tissue fixation: a comparison of haloperidol and olanzapine in macaque monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30: 1649-61.
18. Vernon AC, Natesan S, Modo M, et al. Effect of chronic antipsychotic treatment on brain structure: a serial magnetic resonance imaging study with ex vivo and postmortem confirmation. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 69: 936-44.
19. Castner SA, Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS,. Reversal of working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation. Science 2000; 287: 2020-2.
20. Brown AS, Begg MD, Gravenstein S, et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 774-80.
21. Byrne M, Agerbo E, Bennedsen B, et al. Obstetric conditions and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: a Danish national register based study. Schizophr Res 2007; 97: 51-9.
22. Brown AS, Hooton J, Schaefer CA, et al. Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 889-95.
23. Carter CJ,. Schizophrenia susceptibility genes directly implicated in the life cycles of pathogens: cytomegalovirus, influenza, herpes simplex, rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35: 1163-82.
24. Bayer TA, Buslei R, Havas L, et al. Evidence for activation of microglia in patients with psychiatric illnesses. Neurosci Lett 1999; 271: 126-8.
25. Radewicz K, Garey LJ, Gentleman SM, et al. Increase in HLA-DR immunoreactive microglia in frontal and temporal cortex of chronic schizophrenics. J Neuropathol Exper Neurol 2000; 59: 137-50.
26. van Berckel BN, Bossong MG, Boellaard R, et al. Microglia activation in recent-onset schizophrenia: a quantitative (R)-[11C]PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 820-2.
27. Doorduin J, de Vries EF, Willemsen AT, et al. Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia-related psychosis: a PET study. J Nucl Med 2009; 50: 1801-7.
28. Banati R, Hickie IB,. Therapeutic signposts: using biomarkers to guide better treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Med J Aust 2009; 190 (Suppl. 4): S26-32.
29. Miller BJ, Buckley P, Seabolt W, et al. Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70: 663-71.
30. Patterson PH,. Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204: 313-21.
31. Makinodan M, Tatsumi K, Manabe T, et al. Maternal immune activation in mice delays myelination and axonal development in the hippocampus of the offspring. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86: 2190-200.
32. Forrest CM, Khalil OS, Pisar M, et al. Prenatal activation of Toll-like receptors-3 by administration of the viral mimetic poly(I:C) changes synaptic proteins, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and neurogenesis markers in offspring. Mol Brain 2012; 5: 22.
33. Juckel G, Manitz MP, Brune M, et al. Microglial activation in a neuroinflammational animal model of schizophrenia-a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2011; 131: 96-100.
34. Piontkewitz Y, Assaf Y, Weiner I,. Clozapine administration in adolescence prevents postpubertal emergence of brain structural pathology in an animal model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66: 1038-46.
35. Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with the severity of cognitive impairment but not of psychiatric symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 93: 261-5.
36. Fan X, Pristach C, Liu EY, et al. Elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with more severe psychopathology in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2007; 149: 267-71.
37. Fawzi MH, Fawzi MM, Fawzi MM, et al. C-reactive protein serum level in drug-free male Egyptian patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2011; 190: 91-7.
38. Prasad KM, Eack SM, Goradia D, et al. Progressive gray matter loss and changes in cognitive functioning associated with exposure to herpes simplex virus 1 in schizophrenia: a longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 822-30.
39. Yolken RH, Torrey EF, Lieberman JA, et al. Serological evidence of exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in the CATIE schizophrenia sample. Schizophr Res 2011; 128: 61-5.
40. Behrens MM, Sejnowski TJ,. Does schizophrenia arise from oxidative dysregulation of parvalbumin-interneurons in the developing cortex? Neuropharmacology 2009; 57: 193-200.
41. Uhlhaas PJ, Roux F, Singer W, et al. The development of neural synchrony reflects late maturation and restructuring of functional networks in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 9866-71.
42. Sirota P, Gavrieli R, Wolach B,. Overproduction of neutrophil radical oxygen species correlates with negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients: parallel studies on neutrophil chemotaxis, superoxide production and bactericidal activity. Psychiatry Res 2003; 121: 123-32.
43. Weiss TW, Samson AL, Niego B, et al. Oncostatin M is a neuroprotective cytokine that inhibits excitotoxic injury in vitro and in vivo. FASEB Journal 2006; 20: 2369-71.
44. Beneyto M, Meador-Woodruff JH,. Lamina-specific abnormalities of NMDA receptor-associated postsynaptic protein transcripts in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 2175-86.
45. Galic MA, Riazi K, Henderson AK, et al. Viral-like brain inflammation during development causes increased seizure susceptibility in adult rats. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36: 343-51.
46. Angelucci F, Brene S, Mathe AA,. BDNF in schizophrenia, depression and corresponding animal models. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10: 345-52.
47. Ninan I, Bath KG, Dagar K, et al. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impairs NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 8866-70.
48. Kanellopoulos D, Gunning FM, Morimoto SS, et al. Hippocampal volumes and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor val66met polymorphism in geriatric major depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 19: 13-22.
49. Couillard-Despres S, Wuertinger C, Kandasamy M, et al. Ageing abolishes the effects of fluoxetine on neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14: 856-64.
50. Ho BC, Andreasen NC, Dawson JD, et al. Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met gene polymorphism and progressive brain volume changes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1890-9.
51. Freyberg Z, Ferrando SJ, Javitch JA,. Roles of the Akt/GSK-3 and Wnt signaling pathways in schizophrenia and antipsychotic drug action. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167: 388-96.
52. Balu DT, Coyle JT,. Neuroplasticity signaling pathways linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 35: 848-70.
53. Daskalakis ZJ, Christensen BK, Fitzgerald PB, et al. Dysfunctional neural plasticity in patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 378-85.
54. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Belury MA, Andridge R, et al. Omega-3 supplementation lowers inflammation in healthy middle-aged and older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior and Immunity 2012; 26: 988-95.
55. Amminger GP, Schafer MR, Papageorgiou K, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 146-54.
56. Fusar-Poli P, Berger G,. Eicosapentaenoic acid interventions in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32: 179-85.
57. Akhondzadeh S, Tabatabaee M, Amini H, et al. Celecoxib as adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res 2007; 90: 179-85.
58. Muller N, Krause D, Dehning S, et al. Celecoxib treatment in an early stage of schizophrenia: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib augmentation of amisulpride treatment. Schizophr Res 2010; 121: 118-24.
59. Laan W, Grobbee DE, Selten JP, et al. Adjuvant aspirin therapy reduces symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 520-7.
60. Sommer IE, de Witte L, Begemann M, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in schizophrenia: ready for practice or a good start? A meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73: 414-9.
61. Chaudhry IB, Hallak J, Husain N, et al. Minocycline benefits negative symptoms in early schizophrenia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients on standard treatment. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26: 1185-93.
62. Converse AK, Larsen EC, Engle JW, et al. 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET imaging of microglial activation and response to minocycline in zymosan-treated rats. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 257-62.
63. Tikka T, Fiebich BL, Goldsteins G, et al. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, is neuroprotective against excitotoxicity by inhibiting activation and proliferation of microglia. J Neurosci 2001; 21: 2580-8.
64. Chaudhry IB, Hallak J, Husain N, et al. Minocycline benefits negative symptoms in early schizophrenia: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients on standard treatment. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26: 1185-93.
65. Levkovitz Y, Mendlovich S, Riwkes S, et al. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 138-49.
66. Do KQ, Cabungcal JH, Frank A, et al. Redox dysregulation, neurodevelopment, and schizophrenia. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 19: 220-30.
67. Baker DA, Madayag A, Kristiansen LV, et al. Contribution of cystine-glutamate antiporters to the psychotomimetic effects of phencyclidine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 1760-72.
68. Berk M, Copolov D, Dean O, et al. N-acetyl cysteine as a glutathione precursor for schizophrenia - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 361-8.
69. Lavoie S, Murray MM, Deppen P, et al. Glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, improves mismatch negativity in schizophrenia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 2187-99.
70. Carmeli C, Knyazeva MG, Cuenod M, et al. Glutathione precursor N-acetyl-cysteine modulates EEG synchronization in schizophrenia patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PloS One 2012; 7: e29341.
71. Malberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, et al. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 9104-10.
72. Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 2003; 301: 805-9.
73. Groves JO,. Is it time to reassess the BDNF hypothesis of depression? Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 1079-88.
74. Boldrini M, Underwood MD, Hen R, et al. Antidepressants increase neural progenitor cells in the human hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34: 2376-89.
75. David DJ, Samuels BA, Rainer Q, et al. Neurogenesis-dependent and independent effects of fluoxetine in an animal model of anxiety/depression. Neuron 2009; 62: 479-93.
76. Lipska BK, Khaing ZZ, Weickert CS, et al. BDNF mRNA expression in rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex: effects of neonatal ventral hippocampal damage and antipsychotic drugs. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14: 135-44.
77. Pillai A, Terry A, Mahadik S,. Differential effects of long-term treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics on NGF and BDNF levels in rat striatum and hippocampus. Schizophr Res 2006; 82: 95-106.
78. Chlan-Fourney J, Ashe P, Nylen K, et al. Differential regulation of hippocampal BDNF mRNA by typical and atypical antipsychotic administration. Brain Res 2002; 954: 11-20.
79. Bath KG, Jing DQ, Dincheva I, et al. BDNF Val66Met impairs fluoxetine-induced enhancement of adult hippocampus plasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37: 1297-304.
80. Singh SP, Singh V, Kar N, et al. Efficacy of antidepressants in treating the negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197: 174-9.
81. Goff D, Midha K, Sarid-Segal O, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine added to neuroleptic in patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1995; 117: 417-23.
82. Cornblatt BA, Lencz T, Smith CW, et al. Can antidepressants be used to treat the schizophrenia prodrome? Results of a prospective, naturalistic treatment study of adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68: 546-57.
83. Neeper SA, Gomez-Pinilla F, Choi J, et al. Exercise and brain neurotrophins. Nature 1995; 373: 109.
84. Pajonk FG, Wobrock T, Gruber O, et al. Hippocampal plasticity in response to exercise in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 133-43.
85. Vinogradov S, Fisher M, Holland C, et al. Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor a biomarker for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia? Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66: 549-53.
86. Lipton SA, Kim W-K, Choi Y-B, et al. Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Neurobiology 1997; 94: 5923-8.
87. Kruman II, Culmsee C, Chan SL, et al. Homocysteine elicits a DNA damage response in neurons that promotes apoptosis and hypersensitivity to excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 6920-6.
88. Brown AS, Susser ES,. Homocysteine and schizophrenia: from prenatal to adult life. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29: 1175-80.
89. Susser E, Brown A, Klonowski E, et al. Schizophrenia and impaired homocysteine metabolism: a possible association. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 44: 141-3.
90. Lewis SJ, Zammit S, Gunnell D, et al. A meta-analysis of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and schizophrenia risk. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 135: 2-4.
91. Zhang C, Xie B, Fang Y, et al. Influence of maternal MTHFR A1298C polymorphism on the risk in offspring of schizophrenia. Brain Res 2010; 1320: 130-4.
92. Goff DC, Bottiglieri T, Arning E, et al. Folate, homocysteine, and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 1705-8.
93. Roffman JL, Brohawn DG, Nitenson AZ, et al. Genetic variation throughout the folate metabolic pathway influences negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2013; 39: 330-8.
94. Roffman JL, Gollub RL, Calhoun VD, et al. MTHFR 677C - > T genotype disrupts prefrontal function in schizophrenia through an interaction with COMT 158Val - > Met. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 17573-8.
95. Hill M, Shannahan K, Jasinski S, et al. Folate supplementation in schizophrenia: a possible role for MTHFR genotype. Schizophr Res 2011; 127: 41-5.
96. Roffman JL, Lamberti JS, Achtyes E, et al. A multicenter investigation of folate plus B12 supplementation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry (in press).
97. Levine J, Stahl Z, Sela BA, et al. Elevated homocysteine levels in young male patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1790-2.
98. Mattson MP, Shea TB,. Folate and homocysteine metabolism in neural plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Neurosci 2003; 26: 137-46.
99. Kandel ER,. The molecular biology of memory storage: a dialogue between genes and synapses. Science 2001; 294: 1030-8.
100. Roussos P, Katsel P, Davis KL, et al. A system-level transcriptomic analysis of schizophrenia using postmortem brain tissue samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012; 69: 1205-13.
101. Castner SA, Goldman-Rakic PS, Williams GV,. Animal models of working memory: insights for targeting cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 2004; 174: 111-25.
102. Barch DM, Carter CS,. Amphetamine improves cognitive function in medicated individuals with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. Schizophr Res 2005; 77: 43-58.
103. Apud JA, Mattay V, Chen J, et al. Tolcapone improves cognition and cortical information processing in normal human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32: 1011-20.
104. George MS, Molnar CE, Grenesko EL, et al. A single 20 mg dose of dihydrexidine (DAR-0100), a full dopamine D1 agonist, is safe and tolerated in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2007; 93: 42-50.
105. Javitt D, Zukin S,. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1301-8.
106. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans: psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51: 199-214.
107. Tuominen HJ, Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K,. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2005; 72: 225-34.
108. Buchanan RW, Javitt DC, Marder SR, et al. The Cognitive and Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia Trial (CONSIST): the efficacy of glutamatergic agents for negative symptoms and cognitive impairments. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1593-602.
109. Meltzer HY, Li Z, Kaneda Y, et al. Serotonin receptors: their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27: 1159-72.
110. Goff D, Henderson D, Evins A, et al. A placebo-controlled crossover trial of D-cycloserine added to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45: 512-4.
111. Goff DC, Tsai G, Manoach DS, et al. D-cycloserine added to clozapine for patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1628-30.
112. Tsai G, Lane HY, Yang P, et al. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 452-6.
113. Kantrowitz JT, Malhotra D, Cornblatt B, et al. High dose D-serine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010; 121: 125-30.
114. Sheinin A, Shavit S, Benveniste M,. Subunit specificity and mechanism of action of NMDA partial agonist D-cycloserine. Neuropharmacology 2001; 41: 151-8.
115. Goff DC,. D-cycloserine: an evolving role in learning and neuroplasticity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2012; 38: 936-41.
116. Hillman BG, Gupta SC, Stairs DJ, et al. Behavioral analysis of NR2C knockout mouse reveals deficit in acquisition of conditioned fear and working memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2011; 95: 404-14.
117. Zhang Y, Llinas RR, Lisman JE,. Inhibition of NMDARs in the nucleus reticularis of the thalamus produces delta frequency bursting. Front Neural Circuits 2009; 3: 20.
118. Parnas AS, Weber M, Richardson R,. Effects of multiple exposures to D-cycloserine on extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2005; 83: 224-31.
119. Goff DC, Cather C, Gottlieb JD, et al. Once-weekly d-cycloserine effects on negative symptoms and cognition in schizophrenia: an exploratory study. Schizophr Res 2008; 106: 320-7.
120. Gottlieb JD, Cather C, Shanahan M, et al. D-cycloserine facilitation of cognitive behavioral therapy for delusions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011; 131: 69-74.
121. Norberg MM, Krystal JH, Tolin DF,. A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 1118-26.