Workplace bullying after whistleblowing: Future research and implications

Journal of Managerial Psychology

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 306-323

  Bjørkelo, Brita ^a,b  

^a NORWEGIAN POLICE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Clinicians; Depression; Health; Implications; Practice; Whistleblowing; Workplace bullying

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877812275     PISSN: 02683946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/02683941311321178     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. Alford, C.F. (1999), "Whistle-blowers: how much we can learn from them depends on how much we can give up" in The American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 264-77.
2. Alford, C.F. (2000), "Whistleblower narratives: stuck in static time" in Narrative, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 279-93.
3. Alford, C.F. (2001), Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.
4. Alford, C.F. (2007), "Whistle-blower narratives: the experience of choiceless choice" in Social Research, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 223-48.
5. American Psychiatric Association (2000), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR, 4th text revision edition, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
6. Andersson, L.M., Pearson, C.M. (1999), "Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace" in Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 452-71.
7. Archer, D. (1999), "Exploring 'bullying' culture in the para-military organisation" in International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 20, Nos 1/2, pp. 94-105.
8. Bairy, K., Thirumalaikolundusubramanian, P., Sivagnanam, G., Saraswathi, S., Sachidananda, A., Shalini, A. (2007), "Bullying among trainee doctors in Southern India: a questionnaire study" in Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 87-90.
9. Barrett, B. (2010), "When does harassment warrant redress?" in Industrial Law Journal, Vol. 39, pp. 194-201.
10. Bateman, T.S., Crant, J.M. (1993), "The proactive component of organizational behavior: a measure and correlates" in Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 103-18.
11. Baucus, M.S., Dworkin, T.M. (1994), "Wrongful firing in violation of public policy: who gets fired and why" in Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 191-296.
12. Bechtoldt, M.N., Schmitt, K.D. (2010), "'It's not my fault, it's theirs': explanatory style of bullying targets with unipolar depression and its susceptibility to short-term therapeutical modification" in Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 395-417.
13. Bende, B.C., Philpott, R.M. (1994), "Persistent posttraumatic-stress-disorder" in British Medical Journal, Vol. 309, No. 6953, pp. 526-8.
14. Berry, B. (2004), "Organizational culture: a framework and strategies for facilitating employee whistleblowing" in Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
15. Bjørkelo, B. (2010), "Whistleblowing at work: antecedents and consequences", PhD dissertation, University of Bergen, Bergen.
16. Bjørkelo, B., Matthiesen, S.B. (2011), "Preventing and dealing with retaliation against whistleblowers" Lewis, D. and Vandekerckhove, W. (Eds.), Whistleblowing and Democratic Values, International Whistleblowing Research Network, available at: www.lulu.com/product/ebook/whistleblowing-and-democratic-values/18732590.
17. Bjørkelo, B., Magerøy, N., Magerøy, K. (2011a), "Veien videre: Psykoterapi for arbeidstakere med mobbeerfaringer" ("Moving forward: psychotherapy for employees with bullying experiences" in Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening (Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association), Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 759-65.
18. Bjørkelo, B., Matthiesen, S.B., Einarsen, S. (2010), "Predicting proactive behaviour at work. Exploring the role of personality as an antecedent of whistleblowing behaviour" in Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 83, pp. 371-94.
19. Bjørkelo, B., Einarsen, S., Nielsen, M.B., Matthiesen, S.B. (2011b), "Silence is golden? Characteristics and experiences of self-reported whistleblowers" in European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 206-38.
20. Bjørkelo, B., Matthiesen, S.B., Einarsen, S., Een, V.S. (2009), "The role of whistleblowing in relation to bullying behaviours - a predecessor or successor?", paper presented at the 14th European Congress of Work and Organizational Psychology, Santiago de Compostela, May 13-16.
21. Bjørkelo, B., Ryberg, W., Matthiesen, S.B., Einarsen, S. (2008), "'When you talk and talk and nobody listens": a mixed method case study of whistleblowing and its consequences" in International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 18-40.
22. Bonafons, C., Jehel, L., Corroller-Béquet, A. (2009), "Specificity of the links between workplace harassment and PTSD: primary results using court decisions, a pilot study in France" in International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 663-8.
23. Brotheridge, C.M., Lee, R.T. (2010), "Restless and confused: emotional responses to workplace bullying in men and women" in Career Development International, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 687-707.
24. Bull, N., Riise, T., Moen, B.E. (2002), "Work-related injuries and occupational health and safety factors in smaller enterprises: a prospective study" in Occupational Medicine, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 70-4.
25. Calland, R., Dehn, G. (2004), Whistleblowing Around the World: Law, Culture and Practice, Public Concern at Work, London.
26. Cortina, L.M., Magley, V.J. (2003), "Raising voice, risking retaliation: events following interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace" in Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 247-65.
27. Davis, M. (2005), "Whistleblowing" in LaFollette, H. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Practical Ethics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 539-63.
28. De Maria, W., Jan, C. (1997), "Eating its own: the whistleblower's organization in vendetta mode" in Australian Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 37-59.
29. Directorate of Labour Inspection (2007), "Act relating to working environment, working hours and employment protection, etc. (Work Environment Act)", Directorate of Labour Inspection, Trondheim, available at: www.arbeidstilsynet.no/binfil/download2.php?tid=92156 (accessed May 7, 2010).
30. Dworkin, T.M. (2007), "SOX and whistleblowing" in Michigan Law Review, Vol. 105, No. 8, pp. 1757-80.
31. Dworkin, T.M., Near, J.P. (1987), "Whistleblowing statutes - are they working?" in American Business Law Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 241-64.
32. Ehlers, A., Clark, D.M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., Mayou, R. (2003), "A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder" in Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 60, No. 10, pp. 1024-32.
33. Einarsen, S. (2000), "Harassment and bullying at work: a review of the Scandinavian approach" in Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 379-401.
34. Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C.L. (2011), "The concept of bullying and harassment at work: the European tradition" in Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. and Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research and Practice, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 3-39.
35. Faulkner, S.L. (1998), "After the whistle is blown: the aversive impact of ostracism", PhD thesis, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH.
36. Foa, E.B., Rothbaum, B.O., Riggs, D.S., Murdock, T.B. (1991), "Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: a comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling" in Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 715-23.
37. French, J.R.P., Raven, B. (1959), "The bases of social power" in Cartwright, D. (Ed.), Studies in Social Power, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 150-67.
38. Glazer, M., Glazer, P.M. (1989), The Whistleblowers. Exposing Corruption in Government and Industry, Basic Books, New York, NY.
39. Goffman, E. (1990), The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Penguin Books, London, (first published 1959).
40. Grant, A.M., Parker, S., Collins, C. (2009), "Getting credit for proactive behavior: supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel" in Personnel Psychology, Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 31-55.
41. Graziano, W.G., Eisenberg, N. (1997), "Agreeableness: a dimension of personality" in Handbook of Personality Psychology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 795-824.
42. Greene, A.D., Latting, J.K. (2004), "Whistle-blowing as a form of advocacy: guidelines for the practitioner and organization" in Social Work, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 219-30.
43. Hansen, Å.M., Nordic Bullying Network Group (2011), "State of the art report on bullying at the workplace in the Nordic countries", Nordic Council of Ministers, available at: www.norden.org/da/publikationer/publikationer/2011-515.
44. Heinemann, P.P. (1973), Mobbning: gruppvåld bland barn och vuxna, Natur och Kultur, Stockholm, Mobbing: Group Violence among Children and Adults.
45. Hirigoyen, M.-F. (2004), Stalking the Soul, Helen Marx Books, New York, NY.
46. Hollander, E.P. (1958), "Conformity, status, and idiosyncrasy credit" in Psychological Review, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 117-27.
47. Jackson, D., Peters, K., Andrew, S., Edenborough, M., Halcomb, E., Luck, L., Salamonson, Y., Weaver, R., Wilkes, L. (2010), "Trial and retribution: a qualitative study of whistleblowing and workplace relationships in nursing" in Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, Vol. 36, Nos 1/2, pp. 34-44.
48. Johnson, R.A., Chope, R.C. (2005), "How can a career counselor work with a whistleblower?" in Journal of Career Development, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 251-61.
49. Joseph, S., Yule, W., Williams, R. (1997), Understanding Post-traumatic Stress: A Psychosocial Perspective on PTSD and Treatment, Wiley, New York, NY.
50. Kim, T.Y., Hon, A.H.Y., Crant, J.M. (2009), "Proactive personality, employee creativity, and newcomer outcomes: a longitudinal study" in Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 93-103.
51. Kirby, E.G., Kirby, S.L., Lewis, M.A. (2002), "A study of the effectiveness of training proactive thinking" in Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 1538-49.
52. Kreiner, B., Sulyok, C., Rothenhäusler, H.B. (2008), "Does mobbing cause posttraumatic stress disorder? Impact of coping and personality" in Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 112-23.
53. Lacayo, R., Ripley, A. (2002), "Persons of the year 2002: Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins", Time Magazine, Vol. December 22, available at: www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1003998,00.html (accessed January 2, 2008).
54. Lazarus, R.S. (1993), "From psychological stress to the emotions: a history of changing outlooks" in Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 44, pp. 1-21.
55. Lennane, J. (1993), "Whistleblowing - a health issue" in British Medical Journal, Vol. 307, No. 6905, pp. 667-70.
56. Lennane, J., De Maria, W. (1998), "The downside of whistleblowing" in Medical Journal of Australia, Vol. 169, No. 7, pp. 351-2.
57. Levett-Jones, T., Lathlean, J. (2009), "'Don't rock the boat': nursing students' experiences of conformity and compliance" in Nurse Education Today, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 342-9.
58. Leymann, H. (1986), Vuxenmobbning - Om psykiskt våld i arbetslivet, Studentlitteratur, Stockholm, Mobbing - Psychological Violence at Work Places.
59. Litz, B.T., Maguen, S. (2007), "Early intervention for trauma" in Resick, P.A., Friedman, M.J. and Keane, T.M. (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice, Guilford, New York, NY, pp. 306-29.
60. McDonald, S., Ahern, K. (2002), "Physical and emotional effects of whistleblowing" in Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 14-27.
61. Matthiesen, S.B., Bjørkelo, B. (2011), "Workplace bullying - a toxic part of organizational life" in Burke, R.J., Clarke, S. and Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Occupational Health and Safety, Gower, Farnham, pp. 161-77.
62. Matthiesen, S.B., Einarsen, S. (2004), "Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work" in British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 335-56.
63. Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P. (1984), "The relationships among beliefs, organizational position, and whistle-blowing status: a discriminant analysis" in The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 687-705.
64. Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P. (2005), "Whistle-blowing and positive psychology" in Dunn, C., Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. (Eds.), Positive Psychology in Business Ethics and Corporate Responsibility, Information Age Publishing, Greenwich, CT, pp. 85-102.
65. Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P., Dworkin, T.M. (2008), Whistle-blowing in Organizations, Routledge, New York, NY.
66. Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P., Dworkin, T.M. (2009), "A word to the wise: how managers and policy-makers can encourage employees to report wrongdoing" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 379-96.
67. Mikkelsen, E.G., Einarsen, S. (2002), "Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work" in European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 11, pp. 87-111.
68. Moberly, R.E. (2006), "Sarbanes-Oxley's structural model to encourage corporate whistleblowers" in Brigham Young University Law Review, Vol. 5, pp. 1107-81.
69. Moscovici, S. (1976), Social Influence and Social Change, Academic Press, London.
70. Near, J.P., Jensen, T.C. (1983), "The whistleblowing process. Retaliation and perceived effectiveness" in Work and Occupations, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 3-28.
71. Near, J.P., Miceli, M.P. (1985), "Organizational dissidence: the case of whistle-blowing" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 4, pp. 1-16.
72. Near, J.P., Miceli, M.P. (1986), "Retaliation against whistle-blowers: predictors and effects" in Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 137-45.
73. Near, J.P., Miceli, M.P. (1987), "Whistle-blowers in organizations: dissidents or reformers?" in Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9, pp. 321-68.
74. Near, J.P., Miceli, M.P. (1996), "Whistle-blowing: myth and reality" in Journal of Management, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 507-26.
75. Near, J.P., Miceli, M.P. (2008), "Wrongdoing, whistle-blowing, and retaliation in the US Government" in Review of Public Personnel Administration, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 263-81.
76. Near, J.P., Dworkin, T.M., Miceli, M.P. (1993), "Explaining the whistle-blowing process: suggestions from power theory and justice theory" in Organization Science, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 393-411.
77. Niedhammer, I., David, S., Degioanni, S., Drummond, A., Philip, P. (2009), "Workplace bullying and sleep disturbances: findings from a large scale cross-sectional survey in the French working population" in Sleep, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1211-9.
78. Nielsen, M.B., Matthiesen, S.B., Einarsen, S. (2008), "Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying" in Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 128-36.
79. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991), "Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes" in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 100, No. 4, pp. 569-82.
80. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L.E., Larson, J. (1994), "Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss" in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 92-104.
81. Nolfe, G., Petrella, C., Zontini, G., Uttieri, S., Nolfe, G. (2010), "Association between bullying at work and mental disorders: gender differences in the Italian people" in Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Vol. 45, No. 11, pp. 1037-41.
82. Olweus, D. (1973), Hackkycklingar och översittare: Forskning om skolmobbning, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, Aggression in the Schools. Bullies and Whipping Boys.
83. Olweus, D. (1994), "Annotation: bullying at school: basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program" in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 35, No. 7, pp. 1171-90.
84. Peters, C., Branch, T. (1972), Blowing the Whistle: Dissent in the Public Interest, Praeger, New York, NY.
85. Peters, K., Luck, L., Hutchinson, M., Wilkes, L., Andrew, S., Jackson, D. (2011), "The emotional sequelae of whistleblowing: findings from a qualitative study" in Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 20, Nos 19/20, pp. 2907-14.
86. Pfeffer, J., Salancik, G.R. (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, Harper and Row, New York, NY.
87. Pikas, A. (1976), "Slik stopper vi mobbing! Rapport fra en antimobbingsgruppes arbeid", Gyldendal, Oslo, ("This is how we stop bullying! Report from the work of an anti-bullying group").
88. Rehg, M.T., Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P., Van Scotter, J.R. (2008), "Antecedents and outcomes of retaliation against whistleblowers: gender differences and power relations" in Organization Science, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 221-40.
89. Rothbaum, B.O., Astin, M.C., Marsteller, F. (2005), "Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims" in Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 607-16.
90. Rothschild, J. (2008), "Freedom of speech denied, dignity assaulted: what the whistleblowers experience in the US" in Current Sociology, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 884-903.
91. Rothschild, J., Miethe, T.D. (1994), "Whistleblowing as resistance in modern work organizations. The politics of revealing organizational deception and abuse" in Jermier, J.M., Knights, D. and Nord, W.R. (Eds.), Resistance and Power in Organizations, Routledge, London, pp. 252-73.
92. Rothschild, J., Miethe, T.D. (1999), "Whistle-blower disclosures and management retaliation. The battle to control information about organization corruption" in Work and Occupations, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 107-28.
93. Sandler, J., Holder, A., Dare, C. (1992), The Patient and the Analyst: The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Process, 2nd ed., Karnac, London.
94. Schmucker, M.R., Dancu, C.V. (1999), Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Adult Survivors of Childhood Trauma. Imagery Rescripting and Reprocessing, Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ.
95. Schwickerath, J., Zapf, D. (2011), "Inpatient treatment of bullying victims" in Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. and Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Workplace Bullying: Development in Theory, Research and Practice, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 397-421.
96. Shapiro, F. (1989), "Eye-movement desensitization: a new treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder" in Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 211-7.
97. Sims, R.R. (1992), "Linking groupthink to unethical behavior in organizations" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 651-62.
98. Skivenes, M., Trygstad, S. (2010), "When whistle-blowing works: the Norwegian case" in Human Relations, Vol. 63, No. 7, pp. 1071-97.
99. Soeken, D.R. (1986), "J'accuse" in Psychology Today, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 44-6.
100. Soeken, K.L., Soeken, D.R. (1987), "A survey of whistleblowers: their stressors and coping strategies" in Whistleblowing Protection Act of 1987, Vol. 1st Session, Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 156-66.
101. Tehrani, N. (2004), "Bullying: a source of chronic post traumatic stress" in British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, Vol. 32, pp. 358-66.
102. Tepper, B.J., Carr, J.C., Breaux, D.M., Geider, S., Hu, C., Hua, W. (2009), "Abusive supervision, intentions to quit, and employees' workplace deviance: a power/dependence analysis" in Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 156-67.
103. Thylefors, I. (1987), Syndabockar. Om utstötning och mobbning i arbetslivet, Natur och Kultur, Stockholm, Scapegoats. About Exclusion and Mobbing at Work.
104. Trygstad, S.C. (2010), Med rett til å varsle: - men hjelper det, og er det lurt?, Fafo, Oslo, With Licence to Blow the Whistle: But Does it Help and is it Wise?.
105. Tsahuridu, E., Vandekerckhove, W. (2008), "Organisational whistleblowing policies: making employees responsible or liable?" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 107-18.
106. Vega, G., Comer, D.R. (2005), "Sticks and stones may break your bones, but words can break your spirit: bullying in the workplace" in Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 101-9.
107. Welch, S.S., Rothbaum, B.O. (2007), "Emerging treatments for PTSD" Friedman, M.J., Keane, T.M. and Resick, P.A. (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice, Guilford, New York, NY.
108. Wigren, J. (1994), "Narrative completion in the treatment of trauma" in Psychotherapy, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 415-23.
109. Yamada, D. (2003), "Workplace bullying and the law: towards a transnational consensus" in Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. and Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice, Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 399-411.
110. Zapf, D. (2007), "Mobbing und whistleblowing in organisationen" ("Mobbing and whistleblowing in organizations)" in Boos, M., Brandstätter, V. and Jonas, K.J. (Eds.), Zivilcourage trainieren, Hogrefe, Göttingen, pp. 59-82.