Antecedents and outcomes of retaliation against whistleblowers: Gender differences and power relationships

Organization Science

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 221-240

  Rehg, Michael T ^a   Miceli, Marcia P ^b   Near, Janet P ^c   Van Scotter, James R ^d  

^a Air Force Institute of Technology   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender; Power relationships; Retaliation; Whistle blowing

Indexed keywords

EID: 61349185822     PISSN: 10477039     EISSN: 15265455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1287/orsc.1070.0310     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Aquino, K., T. M. Tripp, R. J. Bies. 2001. How employees respond to personal offense: The effects of blame, attribution, victim status and gender status on revenge and reconciliation in the workplace. J. Appl. Psych. 86 52-59.
2. Arbuckle, J. L. 1994. AMOS: Analysis of moment structures. Psychometrika 59 135-137.
3. ™ 5.0 Update To The Amos Users' Guide. SmallWaters, Chicago.
4. Baucus, M. S., D. A. Baucus. 1997. Paying the piper: An empirical examination of longer-term financial consequences of illegal corporate behavior. Acad. Management J. 40 129-151.
5. Baucus, M. S., J. P. Near. 1991. Can illegal coporate hehavior be predicted? An event history analysis. Acad. Management J. 34 9-36.
6. Blau, P. 1977a. Inequality and Heterogeneity. Free Press, New York.
7. Blau, P. 1977b. A macrosociological theory of social structure. Amer. J. Social. 83 26-54.
8. Bollen, K., R. Lennox. 1991. Conventional wisdom on measurement: A structural equation perspective. Psych. Bull. 110 305-314.
9. Bureau of National Affairs. 2002. Focus on⋯ False Claims Act and Retaliation. Individual Employee Rights, Vol. 64. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Washington, D.C., 16.
10. Carli, L. L., A. H. Eagly. 1999. Gender effects on social influence and emergent leadership. G. N. Powell, ed. Handbook of Gender and Work. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 203-222.
11. Clemetson, L. 2003. Adviser to Bush's father redefines himself as wary whisdeblower. New York Times (October 5).
12. Conway, J. M., J. I. Huffcutt. 2003. A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organ. Res. Methods 6 147-168.
13. Cortina, L. M., V. J. Magley. 2003. Raising voice, risking retaliation: Events following interpersonal mistreatment in the workplace. J. Occupational Health Psych. 84 247-265.
14. Cortina, L. M., K. A. Lonsway, V. J. Magley, L. V. Freeman, L. L. Collinsworth, M. Hunter, L. F. Fitzgerald. 2002. What's gendergot to do with it? Incivility in the federal courts. Law Soc. Inquiry 272 235-270.
15. Crampton, S. M., J. A. Wagner III. 1994. Percept-percept inflation in microorganizational research: An investigation of prevalence and effect. J. Appl. Psych. 79 67-76.
16. Dozier, J. B., M. P. Miceli. 1985. Potential predictors of whistleblowing: A prosocial behavior perspective. Acad. Management Rev. 10 823-836.
17. Dworkin, T. M., M. S. Baucus. 1995. Internal vs. external whistleblowers: A comparison of the whistle-blowing process. Presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Vancouver.
18. Ewing, D. W. 1983. Do It My Way-Or You're Fired! Employee Rights and the Changing Role of Management Prerogatives. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
19. Folger, R., R. J. Bies. 1989. Managerial responsibilities and procedural justice. Employee Responsibilities Rights J. 2 79-90.
20. Fritzsche, D. J. 1988. An examination of marketing ethics: Role of the decision maker, consequences of the decision, management position, and sex of the respondent. J. Macromarketing 82 29-39.
21. Gorsuch, R. L. 1983. Factor Analysis, 2nd ed. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
22. Gorsuch, R. L. 1990. Common factor analysis versus component analysis: Some well and little known facts. Multivariate Behavioral Res. 25(1) 33-39.
23. Graen, G. B., M. Novak, P. Sommerkamp. 1982. The effect of leadermember exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organ. Behaviour Human Performance 30 109-131.
24. Gundlach, M. J., S. C. Douglas, M. J. Martinko. 2003. The decision to blow the whistle: A social information processing framework. Acad. Management Rev. 28 107-123.
25. Gundlach, M. J., M. J. Martinko, S. C. Douglas. 2005. Testing a cognitive-emotional approach to understanding whistle-blowing decisions: The role of anger as a mediator of cognitive influences. Working paper, California State University, Chico.
26. Gutek, B. A. 1985. Sex in the Workplace. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
27. Heilman, M. E., J. J. Chen. 2005. Same behavior, different consequences: Reactions to men's and women's altruistic citizen behavior. J. Appl. Psych. 90 431-441.
28. Howell, J. M., K. E. Hall-Merenda. 1999. The ties that bind: The impact of leader-member exchange, transformational and transactional leadership and distance on predicting follower performance. J. Appl. Psych. 84 680-694.
29. Jarvis, C. B., S. B. MacKenzie, P. M. Podsakoff. 2003. A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. J. Consumer Res. 30 199-218.
30. Kanter, R. M. 1977a. Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York.
31. Kanter, R. M. 1977b. Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and response to token women. Amer. J. Social. 82 965-990.
32. Keenan, J. P. 2002. Comparing Indian and American managers on whistleblowing. Employee Responsibilities Rights J. 14 79-89.
33. Keenan, J. P., R. L. Sims. 1995. The organizational and intrapersonal influences on whistleblowing. Presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Vancouver.
34. Kidder, D., J. M. Parks. 2001. The good soldier: Who is she? J. Organ. Behav. 228 939-959.
35. Kim, S. H., R. H. Smith, N. L. Brigham. 1998. Effects of power imbalance and the presence of third parties on reactions to harm: Upward and downward revenge. Personal Soc. Psych. Bull. 24 353-361.
36. King, G., III. 1997. The effects of interpersonal closeness and issue seriousness on blowing the whistle. J. Bus. Comm. 34 419-436.
37. Lacayo, R., A. Ripley. 2002. Persons of the year 2002: Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins. Time Magazine (December 22).
38. Lee, J., S. G. Heilmann, J. P. Near. 2004. Blowing the whistle on sexual harassment: Test of a model of predictors and outcomes. Human Relations 57 297-322.
39. McArdle, J. J. 1990. Principles versus principals of structural factor analyses. Multivariate Behavioral Res. 25 81-87.
40. Medsker, G. J., L. J. Williams, P. J. Holahan. 1994. A review of current practices for evaluating causal models in organizational behavior and human resources management research. J. Management 20 439-464.
41. Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near. 1984. The relationships among beliefs, organizational position, and whistle-blowing status: A discriminant analysis. Acad. Management J. 27 687-705.
42. Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near. 1985. Characteristics of organizational climate and perceived wrongdoing associated with whistle-blowing decisions. Personnel Psych. 38 525-544.
43. Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near. 1988. Individual and situational correlates of whistle-blowing. Personnel Psych. 41 267-282.
44. Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near. 1989. The incidence of wrongdoing, whistleblowing and retaliation: Results of a naturally occurring field experiment. Employee Responsibilities Rights J. 2 91-108.
45. Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near. 1992. Blowing the Whistle: The Organizational and Legal Implications for Companies and Employees. Lexington, New York.
46. Miceli, M. P., J. P. Near. 1994. Relationships among value congruence, perceived victimization, and retaliation against whistleblowers: The case of internal auditors. J. Management 20 773-794.
47. Miceli, M. P., J. B. Dozier, J. P. Near. 1991. Blowing the whistle on data-fudging: A controlled field experiment. J. Appl. Soc. Psych. 21 271-295.
48. Miceli, M. P., M. T. Rehg, J. P. Near, K. C. Ryan. 1999. Can laws protect whistleblowers? Results of a naturally occurring field experiment. Work Occupations 26 129-151.
49. Miethe, T. D. 1999. Whistle-Blowing at Work: Tough Choices in Exposing Fraud, Waste and Abuse on the Job. Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
50. Milliken, F. J., E. W. Morrison. 2003. Shades of silence: Emerging themes and future directions for research on silence in organizations. J. Management Stud. 40 1563-1568.
51. Milliken, F. J., E. W. Morrison, P. F. Hewlin. 2003. An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don't communicate upward and why. J. Management Stud. 40 1453-1476.
52. Morrison, E. W., F. J. Milliken. 2000. Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Acad. Management Rev. 25 706-725.
53. Near, J. P., T. C. Jensen. 1993. The whistle-blowing process: Retaliation and perceived effectiveness. Work Occupations 10 3-28.
54. Near, J. P., M. P. Miceli. 1985. Organizational dissidence: The case of whistle-blowing. J. Bus. Ethics 4 1-16.
55. Near, J. P., M. P. Miceli. 1986. Retaliation against whistleblowers: Predictors and effects. J. Appl. Psych. 71 137-145.
56. Near, J. P., M. P. Miceli. 1987. Whistleblowers in organizations: Dissidents or reformers? B. M. Staw, L. L. Cummings, eds. Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 7. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 321-368.
57. Near, J. P., M. P. Miceli. 1996. Whistle-blowing: Myth and reality. J. Management 22 507-526.
58. Near, J. P., T. M. Dworkin, M. P. Miceli. 1993. Explaining the whistle-blowing process: Suggestions from power theory and justice theory. Organ. Sci. 4 393-411.
59. Near, J. P., M. Rehg, J. Van Scotter, M. P. Miceli. 2004. Developing a model of the whistle-blowing process: How does type of wrongdoing affect the process? Bus. Ethics Quart. 14 219-242.
60. Parmerlee, M. A., J. P. Near, T. C. Jensen. 1982. Correlates of whistleblowers' perceptions of organizational reprisals. Admin. Sci. Quart. 27 17-34.
61. Pedhazur, E. J., L. P. Schmelkin. 1991. Measurement Design and Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
62. Perry, J. L. 1993. Whistleblowing, organizational performance, and organizational control. H. G. Frederickson, ed. Ethics and Public Administration. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, 79-99.
63. Pfeffer, J., G. R. Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations. Harper & Row, New York.
64. Rehg, M. T. 1998. An examinatin of the retailiation process against whistle-blowers: A study of federal government employees. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.
65. Rothschild, J., T. D. Miethe. 1999. Whistleblower disclosures and management retaliation: The battle to control information about organizational corruption. Work Occupations 26 107-128.
66. Scott, W. R. 2003. Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall, NJ.
67. Skarlicki, D. P., R. Folger. 1997. Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural and interactional justice. J. Appl. Psych. 83 434-443.
68. Snook, S. C., R. L. Gorsuch. 1989. Principal component analysis versus common factor analysis: A Monte Carlo study. Psych. Bull. 106 148-154.
69. Tolbert, P. S., M. E. Graham, A. O. Andrews. 1999. Group gender composition and work group relations: Theories, evidence and issues. G. N. Powell, ed. Handbook of Gender and Work. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 179-202.
70. U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board. 1981. Whistle-Blowing and the Federal Employee. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
71. U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board. 1984. Blowing the Whistle in the Federal Government: A Comparative Analysis of 1980 and 1983 Survey Findings. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
72. U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board. 1993. Whistle-Blowing in the Federal Government: An Update. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
73. Weinstein, D. 1979. Bureaucratic Opposition. Pergamon Press, New York.
74. Weiss, E. M., C. Lane. 2006. Vice President sued by Plame and husband. Washington Post (July 13) A3.
75. Whittington, O. R., K. Pany, W. B. Meigs, R. F. Meigs. 1992. Principles of Auditing, 10th ed. Irwin, Homewood, IL.