Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 379-401

  Einarsen, Ståle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Bullying; Harassment; Victimization

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH; REVIEW; SCANDINAVIA; SEXUAL HARASSMENT; THEORY; VICTIM; VIOLENCE; WORK ENVIRONMENT; WORKER;

EID: 0034036631     PISSN: 13591789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00043-3     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adams A. Bullying at work. How to confront and overcome it:1992;Virago Press, London, UK. a.
2. Adams A. Holding out against workplace harassment and bullying. Personnel Management. 24:1992;38-50. b.
3. Adorno T.W., Frenkel-Brunswik E., Levinson D.J., Sanford R.N. The authoritarian personality. 1950;Harper & Row, New York, NY.
4. Appelberg K., Romanov K., Honlasalo M., Koskenvuo M. Interpersonal conflicts at work and psychosocial characteristics of employees. Social Science Medicine. 32:1991;1051-1056.
5. Ashforth B. Petty tyranny in organizations. Human Relations. 47:1994;755-778.
6. Bassman E.S. Abuse in the workplace. Management remedies and bottom line impact:1992;Quorum Books, Westport CT.
7. Baron R.A., Neuman J.H. Workplace violence and workplace aggression. Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes Aggressive Behavior. 22:1996;161-173.
8. Baumeister R.F., Stillwell A., Wotman S.R. Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflicts. Autobiographical narratives about anger Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 59:1990;994-1005.
9. Berkowitz L. The frustration-aggression hypothesis. An examination and reformulation Psychological Bulletin. 106:1989;59-73.
10. Björkqvist K. Trakassering förekommer bland anställda vid Å Meddelande från Åbo Akademi. 9:1992;14-17. [Harassment exist among employees at Abo Academy].
11. Björkqvist K., Lagerspetz K.M.J., Kaukiainnen K. Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends regarding direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior. 18:1992;117-127.
12. Björkqvist K., Österman K., Hjelt-Bäck M. Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior. 20:1994;173-184.
13. Björkqvist K., Österman K., Lagerspetz K.M.J. Sex differences in covert aggression among adults. Aggressive Behavior. 20:1994;27-33.
14. Brodsky C.M. The harassed worker. 1976;Lexington Books, DC Heath, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
15. Cox H.C. Verbal abuse in nursing. Report of a study Nursing Management. 18:1987;47-50.
16. Diaz A.L., McMillin J.D. A definition and description of nurse abuse. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 13:1991;97-109.
17. Dodge K.A., Coie J.D. Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 53:1987;1116-1158.
18. Eagle J., Newton P.M. Scapegoating in small groups. An organizational approach Human Relations. 34:1981;283-301.
19. Einarsen S. Bullying and harassment at work. Epidemiological and psychosocial aspects:1996;University of Bergen, Norway, Bergan, Norway. Doctoral thesis.
20. Einarsen S., Raknes B.I. Harassment at work and the victimization of men. Violence and Victims. 12:1997;247-263.
21. Einarsen S., Raknes B.I., Matthiesen S.B. Seksuell trakassering. 1993;Sigma Forlag, Bergen, Norway. [Sexual harassment].
22. Einarsen S., Raknes B.I., Matthiesen S.M. Bullying and harassment at work and their relationships to work environment quality - An exploratory study. The European Work and Organizational Psychologist. 4:1994;381-401.
23. Einarsen S., Raknes B.I., Matthiesen S.B., Hellesøy O.H. Mobbing i arbeidslivet. Utbredelse - yttringsformer - konsekvenser Nordisk Psykologi. 42:1990;294-298. [Bullying at work: Prevalence - Modes of expression - Consequences - Description of a project].
24. Einarsen S., Raknes B.I., Matthiesen S.B., Hellesöy O.H. Mobbing og harde personkonflikter. Helsefarlig samspill på arbeidsplassen. 1994;Sigma Forlag, Bergen, Norway.
25. Einarsen S., Raknes B.I., Matthiesen S.B., Hellesöy O.H. Bullying at work and its relationships with health complaints. Moderating effects of social support and personality. Nordisk Psykologi. 48:1996;116-137.
26. Einarsen S., Skogstad A. Bullying at work. Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;185-201.
27. Einarsen S., Sørum D. Arbeidskamerat eller sex-objekt? En krysskulturell studie av sekseull trakassering. Nordisk Sexologi. 14:1996;17-33. [Coworker of sex-object? A cross-cultural study on sexual harassment at work].
28. Felson R.B. "Kick'em when they're down" Explanations of the relationships between stress and interpersonal aggression and violence The Sociological Quarterly. 33:1992;1-16.
29. Felson R.B., Tedeschi J.T. Aggression and violence. Social interactionst perspectives. 1993;American Psychological Association, Washington DC.
30. Fitzgerald L.F., Shullman S.L. Sexual Harassment. A research analysis and agenda for the 1990s Journal of Vocational Behavior. 42:1993;5-27.
31. Flannery R.B. jr. Violence in the workplace, 1970-1995. A review of the literature Aggression and Violent Behavior. 1:1996;57-88.
32. French, J. R. P., & Caplan, R. D. (1972). Organizational stress and individual strain. In A. J. Marrow (Ed.), The failure of success. New York, NY: Amacom.
33. Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1988). Methodological issues in the study of work stress: Objective vs. subjective measurements and the question of longitudinal studies. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.): Causes, coping, and consequences of stress at work (pp. 371-411). Chichester, UK: Wiley & Sons Ltd.
34. Gandolfo R. MMPI-2 profiles of worker's compensation claimants who present with complaints of harassment. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 51:1995;711-715.
35. Gemmill G. The dynamics of scapegoating in small groups. Small Group Behavior. 20:1989;406-418.
36. Glasl F. Konfliktmanagement. Diagnose und Behandlun von konflikten in Organisationen:1980;Haupt, Bern, Switzerland.
37. Hammock G.S., Richardson D.R. Aggression as one response to conflict. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 22:1992;298-311.
38. Hernes G. Politikk, informasjon og motivering. Noen prinsipielle synspunkter på forebyggende politikk. 1979;NAVF's Senter for Samfunnsvitenskaplig Forskerutdanning, Universitetet i Bergen, Bergen, Norway. [Politics, information and motivation. Some principles of prevention politics].
39. Hofstede G. Culture's consequences. International differences in work related values:1980;Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
40. Jones E.E. Interpersonal perception. 1990;MacMillan, New York.
41. Kaye K. Workplace wars and how to end them. Turning personal conflicts into productive teamwork. 1994;Amacom, New York, NY.
42. Keashly L., Trott V., MacLean L.M. Abusive behavior in the workplace. A preliminary investigation Violence and Victims. 9:1994;341-357.
43. Kennan A., Newton T.J. Frustration in organization. Relationships to role stress, climate and psychological strain Journal of Occupational Psychology. 57:1984;57-65.
44. Kile S.M. Helsefarlige ledere og medarbeidere. 1990;Hjemmets Bokforlag, Oslo, Norway. a [Health-endangering leaders and coworkers].
45. Kile S.M. Helsefarleg leiarskap - Ein eksplorerande studie. 1990;Institutt for Samfunnspsykologi, Universitetet i Bergen, Bergen, Norway. b [Health-endangering leadership - An exploratory study].
46. Kreps G.L. Sexual harassment. Communications implications:1993;Hampton Press, Inc, Cresskill, NJ.
47. Lagerspetz K.M.J., Björkqvist K., Peltonen T. Is indirect aggression typical of females? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12- year-old children. Aggressive Behavior. 14:1988;403-414.
48. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkeman, S. (1986) Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In M. L. Appley & R. Trumbull (Eds.), Dynamics of stress. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
49. Leather P., Cox T., Farnsworth B. Violence at work. An issue for the 1990s Work and Stress. 4:1990;3-5.
50. Lengnick-Hall M.L. Sexual harassment research. A methodological critique Personel Psychology. 48:1995;841-864.
51. Lennane K.J. "Whistleblowing" A health issue British Medical Journal. 307:1993;667-670.
52. Levinson H. The abrasive personality. Harvard Business Review. 56:1978;86-94.
53. Leymann H. Ingen annan utväg. 1988;Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, Sweden. [No other solution].
54. Leymann H. Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims. 5:1990;119-126.
55. Leymann H. Medling och psykosocial rehabilitering. 1991;Allmänna Förlaget, Stockholm, Sweden. [Mitigation and psychosocial rehabilitation].
56. Leymann H. Från mobbning til utslagning i arbetslivet. 1992;Publica, Stockholm, Sweden. [From bullying to expulsion from working life].
57. Leymann H. Mobbning och utslagning i arbetslivet. 1993;Arbetsmiljöfonden, Stockholm, Sweden. [Bullying and expulsion at work].
58. Leymann H. The content and development of bullying at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;165-184.
59. Leymann H., Gustafsson A. Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;251-276.
60. Leymann H., Tallgren U. Undersökning av frekvensen av vuxenmobbning innom SSAB med en nytt frågeformular. Arbete, Människa, Miljö 1:1989;3-12. [An investigation of the frequency of bullying at SSAB with a new questionnaire].
61. Marano H.E. When the boss is a bully. Psychology Today. 28:1995;58-62.
62. Marcelissen F.H.G., Winnbust A.M., Buunk B., deWolff C.J. Social support and occupational stress. A causal analysis Social Science and Medicine. 26:1988;365-373.
63. Matthiesen, S. B. (1990). Bullying at the worksite. Paper presented at the 4th European Conference on Health Psychology, Oxford, UK.
64. Matthiesen S.B., Raknes B.I., Rökkum O. Mobbing på arbeidsplassen. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. 26:1989;761-774. [Bullying at work].
65. Miller J.B. Women's and men's scripts for interpersonal conflict. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1:1991;15-29.
66. Moxnes P. Dyproller i organisasjoner - hekser, helter og horer. 1993;Paul Moxnes Forlag, Oslo, Norway. [Deep-roles in organizations - witches, heroes and whores].
67. Niedl K. Mobbing/bullying am Arbeitsplatz. 1995;Rainer Hampp Verlag, München, Germany. [Bullying at work].
68. Niedl K. Mobbing and well-being. Eaconomic and poersonnel development implications European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;239-250.
69. Olweus D. Aggression in the schools. Bullies and whipping boys:1978;Hemisphere, Washington, DC.
70. Olweus D. Bully/victims problems among schoolchildren in Scandinavia. Myklebust J.P., Ommundsen R. Psykologprofesjonen mot år 2000. 1987;395-413 Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, Norway. [The psychological profession towards year 2000].
71. Olweus D. Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren. Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program Rubin K., Pepler D. The development and treatment of children aggression. 1991;411-448 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
72. Olweus D. Bullying at school. What we know and what we can do. 1993;Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, UK.
73. Olweus D. Annotation. Bullying at school: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 35:1994;1171-1190.
74. O'Moore A.M., Hillery B. Bullying in Dublin Schools. The Irish Journal of Psychology. 10:1989;426-441.
75. Painter K. Violence and vulnerability in the workplace. Psychosocial and legal implications Davidson M.J., Earnshaw J. Vulnerable workers. psychosocial and legal issues:1991;160-178 John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
76. Pondy L.R. Reflections on organizational conflict. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 13:1992;257-261.
77. Pryor J.B. Sexual harassment proclivities in men. Sex Roles. 17:1987;269-290.
78. Pryor J.B., LaVite C.M., Stoller L.M. A social psychological analysis of sexual harassment. The person/situation interaction Journal of Vocational Behavior. 42:1993;68-83.
79. Raknes B.I., Einarsen S. Bullying in the health care sector. In R. Bast-Pettersen, E. Bach, K. Lindström, A. Toomingas, & J. Kiviranta (Eds.). Research on violence. threats(and bullying as health risks among health care personnel (pp. 32-37). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers):1995.
80. Randall T. Abuse at work drains people, money, and medical workplace not immune. Journal of the American Medical Association. 267:1992;1439-1440.
81. Rayner C. The incidence of workplace bullying. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology. 7:1997;173-256.
82. Resch M., Schubinski M. Mobbing - Prevention and management in organizations. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;295-308.
83. Rodin J., Salovey P. Health psychology. Annual Review of Psychology. 40:1989;533-579.
84. Smelzter L.R., Leap T.L. An analysis of individual reactions to potentially offensive jokes in work settings. Human Relations. 41:1988;295-304.
85. Spratlan L.P. Interpersonal conflict which includes mistreatment in a University workplace. Violence and Victims. 10:1995;285-297.
86. Terpstra D.E., Baker D.D. Sexual harassment at work. The psychosocial issues Davidson M.J., Earnshaw J. Vulnerable Wokers. Psychosocial and Legal Issues:1991;179-201 John Wiley, New York, NY.
87. Thylefors I. Syndbockar. 1987;Natur och Kultur, Stocholm, Sweden. [Scapegoates].
88. Utley M.E., Richardson D.R., Pilkington C.J. Personality and interpersonal conflict management. Personality and Individual Differences. 10:1989;287-293.
89. van de Vliert E. Conflict - Prevention and escalation. Drenth P.J.D., Thierry H.K., Willems P.J., deWollf C.J. Handbook of work and organizational psychology. 1984;521-551 John Wiley, London, UK.
90. Vartia, M. (1991). Bullying at workplaces. In S. Lehtinene, J. Rantanen, P. Juuti, A. Koskela, K. Lindström, P. Rehnström, & J. Saari (Eds.), Towards the 21st Century. Proceedings from the International Symposium on Future Trends in the Changing Working Life (pp.131-135). Helsinki: Institute of Occupational Health.
91. Vartia M. Psychological harassment (bullying, mobbing) at work. Kauppinnen-Toropainen K. OECD panel group on women, work and health. 1993;149-152 Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki.
92. Vartia M. The sources of bullying - Psychological work environment and organizational climate. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;203-214.
93. Volkema R.J., Bergmann T.J. Interpersonal conflict at work. An analysis of behavioral responses Human Relations. 42:1989;757-770.
94. Wood J.T. Naming and interpreting sexual harasment. A conceptual framework for Scholarship Kreps G.L. Sexual harassment. Communication implications:1993;9-26 Hampton Press Inc, Cresskill, NJ.
95. Wilson C.B. U.S. businesses suffer from workplace trauma. Personnel Journal. July:1991;47-50.
96. Zapf D., Knorz C., Kulla M. On the relationships between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 5:1996;215-238.