A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy, a self-help booklet, and repeated assessments as early interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 60, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 1024-1032

  Ehlers, Anke ^a   Clark, David M ^a   Hackmann, Ann ^b   McManus, Freda ^a   Fennell, Melanie ^b   Herbert, Claudia ^b   Mayou, Richard ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVALESCENCE; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PATIENT MONITORING; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; BIBLIOTHERAPY; COGNITIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; PAMPHLETS; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SURVIVORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0141753014     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1024     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Rose S, Bisson J, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford, England: Update Software; 2003. Available at: http://www.update-software.com/abstracts/ab000560.htm.
2. Bisson JI, Jenkins PL, Alexander J, Bannister C. Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma. Br J Psychiatry. 1997; 171:78-81.
3. Mayou RA, Ehlers A, Hobbs M. A three-year follow-up of psychological debriefing for road traffic accident victims. Br J Psychiatry. 2000;176:589-593.
4. Bryant RA, Harvey AG, Dang ST, Sackville T, Basten C. Treatment of acute stress disorder: a comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66:862-866.
5. Bryant RA, Sackville T, Sang ST, Moulds M, Guthrie R. Treating acute stress disorder: an evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy and supportive counseling techniques. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1780-1786.
6. Bryant RA, Moulds ML, Guthrie RM, Nixon RDV. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive behavior therapy in treating acute stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. In press.
7. Foa EB, Zoellner LA, Feeny NC. An evaluation of three brief programs for facilitating recovery. Am J Psychiatry. In press.
8. Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38:319-345.
9. Norris FH. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60:409-418.
10. Ehlers A, Mayou RA, Bryant B. Psychological predictors of chronic PTSD after motor vehicle accidents. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107:508-519.
11. Mayou RA, Bryant B, Ehlers A. Predictors of psychiatric morbidity 1 year after motor vehicle accidents. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1231-1238.
12. Tarrier N, Sommerfield C, Reynolds M, Pilgrim H. Symptom self-monitoring in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behav Ther. 1999;30:597-605.
13. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders: Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics Research Dept, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1995.
14. Foa EB. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (POS) Manual. Minneapolis, Minn: National Computer Systems; 1995.
15. Foa EB, Ehlers A, Clark DM, Tolin DF, Orsillo S. The Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory (PTCI): development and validation. Psychol Assess. 1999;11:303-314.
16. Pocock S. Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 1996.
17. Ehlers A. Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung [Posttraumatic Stress Disorder]. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe; 1999.
18. Herbert C. Understanding Your Reactions to Trauma: A Booklet for Survivors of Trauma and Their Families. Witney, Oxon, England: Oxford Stress & Trauma Centre; 1996.
19. Herbert C. Re-establishing control: evaluation of the use of a self-help booklet for survivors of trauma and their families in the 1999 Turkish earthquake: positioning of structured CBT self-help material as a therapeutic tool. Paper presented at: 31st Congress of the European Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies; September 12, 2001; Istanbul, Turkey.
20. Foa EB, Riggs DS, Dancu CV, Rothbaum BO. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1993; 6:459-473.
21. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psychol Assess. 1997;9:445-451.
22. Steil R, Ehlers A. Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38:537-558.
23. Dunmore E, Clark DM, Ehlers A. A prospective study of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder after physical or sexual assault. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:1063-1984.
24. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8:75-90.
25. Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual. San Antonio, Tex: Psychological Corp; 1993.
26. Beck AT, Steer RA. Beck Depression Inventory Manual. San Antonio, Tex: Psychological Corp; 1993.
27. American Psychiatric Association. Handbook of Psychiatric Measures. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
28. Foa EB, Meadows EA. Psychosocial treatments for PTSD: a critical review. Ann Rev Psychol. 1997;48:449-480.
29. Foa EB, Dancu CV, Hembree EA, Jaycox LH, Meadows EA, Street GP. A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67:194-200.
30. Borkovec TD, Nau SD. Credibility of analogue therapy rationales. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1972;3:257-260.
31. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988.
32. van Etten ML, Taylor S. Comparative efficacy of treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Psychother. 1998;5:126-144.
33. Feske U, Chambless DL. Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only treatment for social phobia: a meta-analysis. Behav Ther. 1995;26:695-720.
34. Sherman JJ. Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Trauma Stress. 1996;11:413-435.
35. Rosenthal R, Rosnow RL. Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis. 2nd ed. New York, NY; McGraw-Hill; 1991.
36. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52: 1048-1060.
37. Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:216-222.
38. Ehlers A, Clark DM, Hackmann A, McManus F, Fennell M. Cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation. Behav Res Ther. In press.
39. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Devineni T, Veazey CH, Galovski TE, Mundy E, Malta LS, Buckley TC. A controlled evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress in motor vehicle accident survivors. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:79-96.
40. Foa EB, Rothbaum BO. Treating the Trauma of Rape: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for PTSD. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 1998.
41. Tarrier N, Pilgrim H, Somerfield C, Fragher B, Reynolds M, Graham E, Barrowclough C. A randomized trial of cognitive therapy and imaginal exposure in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67:13-18.
42. Marks IM, Lovell K, Noshirvani H, Livanou M, Thrasher S. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by exposure and/or cognitive restructuring: a controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:317-325.
43. Foa EB, Hearst-Ikeda D, Perry KJ. Evaluation of a brief cognitive-behavioral program for the prevention of chronic PTSD in recent assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63:948-955.
44. Gillespie K, Duffy M, Hackmann A, Clark DM. Community based cognitive therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following the Omagh bomb. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:345-357.
45. Blanchard EB, Hickling EJ, Barton KA, Taylor AE, Loos WR, Jones-Alexander J. One-year prospective follow-up of motor vehicle accident victims. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34:775-786.