Insight to the pathophysiology of stable angina pectoris

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 19, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1593-1600

  Tousoulis, Dimitris ^a   Androulakis, Emmanuel ^a   Kontogeorgou, Anna ^a   Papageorgiou, Nikolaos ^a   Charakida, Marietta ^a   Siama, Katerina ^a   Latsios, George ^a   Siasos, Gerasimos ^a   Kampoli, Anna Maria ^a   Tourikis, Panagiotis ^a   Tsioufis, Kostas ^a   Stefanadis, Christodoulos ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Myocardial ischemia; Pathophysiology; Stable angina

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; ENDOTHELIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PADGEM PROTEIN; PROSTACYCLIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULOTROPIN; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGINA PECTORIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROMA; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BLOOD CLOTTING; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLAUDICATION; CORONARY ARTERY; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN SUPPLY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RISK FACTOR; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; SYMPTOM; THORAX PAIN; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

EID: 84876742207     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: 18734286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161213805219612     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Mitchell ME, Sidawy AN. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Semin Vasc Surg 1998; 11: 134-41.
2. Tousoulis, D.; Charakida, M.; Stefanadis, C. Endothelial function and inflammation in coronary artery disease. Heart 2006; 92: 441-4.
3. Gutstein DE, Fuster V. Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Cardiovasc Res 1999; 41: 323-33.
4. Li JJ. Inflammation in coronary artery diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011; 124: 3568-75.
5. Greenland P, Knoll MD, Stamler J, et al. Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events. JAMA 2003; 290: 891-7.
6. Khot UN, Khot MB, Bajzer CT, et al. Prevalence of conventional risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA 2003; 290: 898-904.
7. Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D, Androulakis E, et al. Lifestyle Factors and Endothelial Function. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011; 10: 94-106.
8. Sandoo A, van Zanten JJ, Metsios GS, Carroll D, Kitas GD. The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2010; 4: 302-12.
9. Kasprzak JD, Kćosiśka M, Drozdz J. Clinical aspects of assessment of endothelial function. Pharmacol Rep 2006; 58 Suppl: 33-40.
10. Association of Physicians of India. API expert consensus document on management of ischemic heart disease. J Assoc Physicians India 2006; 54: 469-80.
11. Pepine CJ, Nichols WW. The pathophysiology of chronic ischemic heart disease. Clinical Cardiology 2007; 30(S1).
12. Tune JD, Gorman MW, Feigl EO. Matching coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97: 404-15.
13. Foreman RD. Mechanisms of visceral pain: from nociception to targets. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 2004; 1: 457-63.
14. Libby P, Theroux P. Pathophysiology of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2005; 111: 3481-8.
15. Kones R. Recent advances in the management of chronic stable angina I: approach to the patient, diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk stratification, and gender disparities. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6: 635-56.
16. Bertrand ME, Simoons ML, Fox KA, et al. Task Force on the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1809-40.
17. Kachintorn U. How do we define non-cardiac chest pain? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20(Suppl): S2-S5.
18. Fraker TD Jr, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, et al 2007 chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 2264-74.
19. Agarwal M, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN. Nonacute coronary syndrome anginal chest pain. Med Clin North Am 2010; 94: 201-16.
20. Gardiner SM, Kemp PA, March JE, Bennett T, Davenport AP, Edvinsson L. Effects of an ET1-receptor antagonist, FR139317, on regional haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1 and [Ala11,15]Ac-endothelin-1 (6-21) in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112: 477-86.
21. Stehouwer CD, Lambert J, Donker AJ, van Hinsbergh VW. Endothelial dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Cardiovasc Res 1997; 34: 55-68
22. Cross MJ, Dixelius J, Matsumoto T, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGFreceptor signal transduction. Trends Biochem Sci 2003; 28: 488-94.
23. Kopfstein L, Veikkola T, Djonov VG, et al. Distinct roles of vascular endothelial growth factor-D in lymphangiogenesis and metastasis. Am J Pathol 2007; 170: 1348-61.
24. Charakida M, Tousoulis D, Skoumas I, et al. Inflammatory and thrombotic processes are associated with vascular dysfunction in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2009; 204: 532-7.
25. Khot UN, Khot MB, Bajzer CT, et al. Prevalence of conventional risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA 2003; 290: 898-904.
26. Tousoulis D, Kampoli AM, Papageorgiou N, Papaoikonomou S, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. The impact of diabetes mellitus on coronary artery disease: new therapeutic approaches. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15: 2037-48.
27. Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature 1987; 327: 524-6.
28. Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger DN. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4651-5.
29. Kanner J, Harel S, Granit R. Nitric oxide as an antioxidant. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 289: 130-6.
30. Gaboury J, Woodman RC, Granger DN, Reinhardt P, Kubes P. Nitric oxide prevents leukocyte adherence: role of superoxide. Am J Physiol. 1993; 265: H862-7.
31. Harrison D, Griendling KK, Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 7A-11A.
32. Michel JB, Feron O, Sacks D, Michel T. Reciprocal regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase by Ca2+-calmodulin and caveolin. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 15583-6.
33. Michel T. Targeting and translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Braz J Med Biol Res 1999; 32: 1361-6.
34. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Tentolouris C, Goumas G, Stefanadis C, Toutouzas P. L-arginine in cardiovascular disease: dream or reality? Vasc Med 2002; 7: 203-11.
35. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadis, C. Nitric oxide in coronary artery disease: effects of antioxidants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62: 101-7.
36. Forstermann U, Munzel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular disease: from marvel to menace. Circulation 2006; 113: 1708-14.
37. Davies NM, Røseth AG, Appleyard CB, et al. NO-naproxen vs. naproxen: ulcerogenic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 69-79.
38. Obermeier F, Gross V, Scholmerich J, Falk W. Interleukin-1 production by mouse macrophages is regulated in a feedback fashion by nitric oxide. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66: 829-36.
39. Gardiner SM, Kemp PA, March JE, Bennett T, Davenport AP, Edvinsson L. Effects of an ET1-receptor antagonist, FR139317, on regional haemodynamic responses to endothelin-1 and [Ala11,15]Ac-endothelin-1 (6-21) in conscious rats. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112: 477-86.
40. La M, Reid JJ. Endothelin-1 and the regulation of vascular tone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995; 22: 315-23.
41. Kanwar S, Wallace JL, Befus D, Kubes P. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition increases epithelial permeability via mast cells. Am J Physiol 1994; 266: G222-9.
42. Guzik TJ, Mussa S, Gastaldi D, et al. Mechanisms of increased vascular superoxide production in human diabetes mellitus: role of NAD(P)H oxidase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2002; 105: 1656-62.
43. Wassmann S, Wassmann K, Nickenig G. Regulation of antioxidant and oxidant enzymes in vascular cells and implications for vascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2006; 8: 69-78.
44. Briasoulis A, Tousoulis D, Androulakis ES, Papageorgiou N, Latsios G, Stefanadis C. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis: focus on novel therapeutic approaches. Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2012; 7: 21-32.
45. Mosseri M, Yarom R, Gotsman MS, Hasin Y. Histologic evidence for small-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with angina pectoris and patent large coronary arteries. Circulation 1986; 74: 964-72.
46. Stefanadi E, Tousoulis D, Androulakis ES, et al. Inflammatory markers in essential hypertension: potential clinical implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8: 509-16.
47. Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Androulakis E, Paroutoglou K, Stefanadis C. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting vascular endothelium in essential hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19: 1395-412.
48. Horinaka S. Use of nicorandil in cardiovascular disease and its optimization. Drugs 2011; 71: 1105-19.
49. Tousoulis D, Kampoli AM, Papageorgiou N, Androulakis E, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Pathophysiology in atherosclerosis: The role of inflammation, Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17: 4089-110.
50. Tousoulis D, Charakida M, Stefanadis, C. Endothelial function and inflammation in coronary artery disease. Heart 2006; 92: 441-4.
51. Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E, Sangiorgi G, Mauriello A. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 1800-15.
52. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135-43.
53. Vora DK, Fang ZT, Liva SM, et al. Induction of P-selectin by oxidized lipoproteins. Separate effects on synthesis and surface expression. Circ Res 1997; 80: 810-8.
54. Rajavashisth TB, Andalibi A, Territo MC, et al. Induction of endothelial cell expression of granulocyte and macrophage colonystimulating factors by modified low-density lipoproteins. Nature 1990; 344: 254-7.
55. Tousoulis D, Kampoli AM, Papageorgiou N, Papaoikonomou S, Antoniades C, Stefanadis, C. The impact of diabetes mellitus on coronary artery disease: new therapeutic approaches. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15: 2037-48.
56. Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Marinou K, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Vascular effects of diabetes mellitus. Vasc Dis Prevent. 2009; 6: 85-90.
57. Wheatcroft SB, Williams IL, Shah AM, Kearney MT. Pathophysiological implications of insulin resistance on vascular endothelial function. Diabet Med 2003; 20: 255-68.
58. Nacci C, Tarquinio M, Montagnani, M. Molecular and clinical aspects of endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4: 107-16.
59. Desrois M, Clarke K, Lan C, et al. Upregulation of E-Nos and unchanged energy metabolism in increased susceptibility of the aging type 2 diabetic GK rat heart to ischaemic injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299: H1679-86.
60. Hsueh WA, Quiñones MJ. Role of endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistance. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92: 10J-7.
61. Hsueh WA, Lyon CJ, Quiñones MJ. Insulin resistance and the endothelium. Am J Med 2004; 117: 109-17.
62. Montagnani M, Golovchenko I, Kim I, et al. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase enhances mitogenic actions of insulin in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 1794-9.
63. Vicent D, Ilany J, Kondo T, et al. The role of endothelial insulin signaling in the regulation of vascular tone and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 1373-80.
64. Kubes P, Suzuki M, Granger DN. Nitric oxide: an endogenous modulator of leukocyte adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4651-5.
65. Etoh T, Inoguchi T, Kakimoto M, et al. Increased expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, NOX4 and p22phox, in the kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and its reversibity by interventive insulin treatment. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 1428-37.
66. Gupte S, Labinsky N, Gupte R, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Edwards JG. Role of NAD(P)H oxidase in superoxide generation and endothelial dysfunction in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats as a model of nonobese NIDDM. PLoS One 2010; 5: e11800.
67. Vasquez-Vivar J, Kalyanaraman B, Martasek P, et al. Superoxide generation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase: the influence of cofactors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 9220-5.
68. Shi Y, Vanhoutte PM. Reactive oxygen-derived free radicals are key to the endothelial dysfunction of diabetes. J Diabetes 2009; 1: 151-62.
69. Antoniades C, Tousoulis D, Tountas C, et al. Vascular endothelium and inflammatory process, in patients with combined Type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary atherosclerosis: the effects of vitamin C. Diabet Med 2004; 21: 552-8.
70. Tousoulis D, Andreou I, Antoniades C, Tentolouris C, Stefanadis C. Role of inflammation and oxidative stress in endothelial progenitor cell function and mobilization: therapeutic implications for cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis 2008; 201: 236-47.
71. Fadini GP, Avogaro A. Potential manipulation of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes and its complications. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12: 570-83.
72. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Bull C, Robinson J, Deanfield JE. Endothelium-dependent dilation in the systemic arteries of asymptomatic subjects relates to coronary risk factors and their interaction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 1468-74.
73. Tousoulis D, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Evaluating endothelial function in humans: a guide to invasive and non-invasive techniques. Heart 2005; 91: 553-8.
74. van der Zwan LP, Teerlink T, Dekker JM et al. Circulating oxidized LDL: determinants and association with brachial flowmediated dilation. J Lipid Res 2009; 50: 342-9.
75. Hacknman A, Abe Y, Insull W, et al. Levels of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with dyslipidemia. Circulation 1996; 93: 1334-8.
76. Sampietro T, Tuomi M, Ferdeghini M, et al. Plasma cholesterol regulates soluble cell adhesion molecule expression in familiar hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1997; 96: 1381-1385.
77. Lerman A, Hildebrand FLJr, Margulies KB, et al. Endothelin: A new cardiovascular regulatory peptide. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65: 1441-1455.
78. Yanagisawa M. The endothelin system: A new target for therapeutic intervention. Circulation 1994; 89: 1320-2.
79. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1685-95.
80. Pepine CJ, Nichols WW. The pathophysiology of chronic ischemic heart disease. Clin Cardiol 2007; 30(2 Suppl 1): I4-9.
81. Drakopoulou M, Toutouzas K, Michelongona A, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C. Vulnerable plaque and inflammation: potential clinical strategies. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17: 4190-209.
82. Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in acute coronary syndromes: current perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2012 Apr 20.
83. Imanishi T, Akasaka T. Biomarkers associated with vulnerable atheromatous plaque. Curr Med Chem 2012 Apr 6.
84. Moreno PR, Purushothaman KR, Zias E, Sanz J, Fuster V. Neovascularization in human atherosclerosis. Curr Mol Med 2006; 6: 457-77.
85. Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, et al. Clinical utility of biomarkers in premature atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chem 2012 Apr 6.
86. Tousoulis D, Hatzis G, Papageorgiou N, et al. Assessment of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Focus on Novel Biomarkers. Curr Med Chem 2012 Apr 6.
87. Jacob MP. Extracellular matrix remodeling and matrix metalloproteinases in the vascular wall during aging and in pathological conditions. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57: 195-202.
88. Hacking WJ, VanBavel E, Spaan JA. Shear stress is not sufficient to control growth of vascular networks: a model study. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: H364-75.
89. Pasterkamp G, Galis ZS, de Kleijn DP. Expansive arterial remodeling: location, location, location. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 650-657.
90. Robins SP, Farquharson C. Connective tissue components of the blood vessel wall in health and disease. In: Stehbens WE, Lie JT, editors. Vascular Pathology. London: Chapman & Hall Medical; 1995, p. 89-127.
91. Jacob MP, Badier-Commander C, Fontaine V, Benazzoug Y, Feldman L, Michel JB. Extracellular matrix remodeling in the vascular wall. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2001; 49: 326-32.
92. Prockop DJ, Kivirikko KI. Collagens: molecular biology, diseases, and potentials for therapy. Ann Rev Biochem 1995; 64; 403-34.
93. Malemud C. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in health and disease: an overview. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 1696-701.
94. Kampoli AM, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases in acute coronary syndromes: current perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2012 Apr 20.
95. Androulakis E, Tousoulis D, Papageorgiou N, Latsios G, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in essential hypertension. Curr Top Med Chem 2012 Apr 20.
96. Galis ZS, Khatri JJ. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ Res 2002; 22: 90: 251-62.
97. Romanic AM, Madri JA. The induction of 72-kD gelatinase in T cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells is VCAM-1 dependent. J Cell Biol 1994; 125: 1165-78.
98. Heeneman S, Sluimer JC, Daemen MJ. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and vascular remodeling. Circ Res 2007; 101: 441-54.
99. Pepine CJ, Nichols WW, Pauly DF: Estrogen and different aspects of vascular disease in women and men. Circ Res 2006; 99: 459-61.
100. Fujii K, Mintz GS, Carlier SG, et al. Intravascular ultrasound profile analysis of ruptured coronary plaques. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98: 429-35.
101. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P. Structural and genetic bases of arterial stiffness. Hypertension 2005; 45: 1050-5.
102. O'Rourke MF, Nichols WW. Aortic diameter, aortic stiffness, and wave reflection increase with age and isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2005; 45: 652-8.
103. Flamant M, Placier S, Dubroca C, et al. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in early hypertensive vascular remodelling. Hypertension 2007; 50: 212-8.
104. Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Dima I, et al. Negative association between serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and-9 and aortic stiffness in healthy adults. Int J Cardiol 2007; 122: 232-8.
105. Papageorgiou N, Tousoulis D, Hatzis G, et al. Genetic variability of matrix metalloproteinase genes in cardiovascular disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2012 Apr 20.
106. Zhou S, Feely J, Spiers JP, Mahmud A. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 polymorphism contributes to blood pressure and arterial stiffness in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21: 861-7.
107. Yasmin, McEniery CM, O'Shaughnessy KM, et al. Variation in the human matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene is associated with arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 1799-805.
108. Massberg S, Schulz C, Gawaz M. Role of platelets in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome. Semin Vasc Med 2003; 3: 147-62.