Biomarkers associated with vulnerable atheromatous plaque

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 19, Issue 16, 2012, Pages 2588-2596

  Imanishi, Toshio ^a   Akasaka, Takashi ^a  

^a WAKAYAMA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Chemokines; Cytokines; Inflammattion; Oxidative Stress; Vulnerable Plaque

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CD40 LIGAND; COLLAGEN; FRACTALKINE; GELATINASE B; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; INTERLEUKIN 6; MYELOPEROXIDASE; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLACENTAL GROWTH FACTOR; PREGNANCY ASSOCIATED PLASMA PROTEIN A; PROTEOGLYCAN; THROMBOPLASTIN; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CELL INTERACTION; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DISEASE COURSE; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HELPER CELL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; STABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASCULITIS;

EID: 84860784436     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986712800492922     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Burke, A.P.: Farb, A.; Malcom. G.T.; Liang, Y.H.; Smialek, J.; Virmani, R. Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly: N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336, 1276-1282. (Pubitemid 27187780)
2. Burke, A.P.; Farb, A; Malcon, G.T.; Liang, Y. ; Smialek,, J.E.; Virmani, R. Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men with coronary artery disease: JAMA, 1999, 281, 921-926. (Pubitemid 29124636)
3. Naghavi, M.; Libby, P.; Falk, E.; Casscells, S.W.; Litovsky, S.; Rumberger, J.; Badimon, J.J.; Stefanadis, C.; Moreno, P.; Pasterkamp, G.; Fayad, Z.; Stone, P.H.; Waxman, S; Raggi, P.; Madjid, M.; ,Zarrabi, A.; Burke, A.; Yuan, C.; Fitzgerald, P.J.; Siscovick, D.S.; de Korte, C.L.; Aikawa, M.; JuhaniAiraksinen, K.E.; Assmann, G.; Becker, C.R.; Chesebro, J.H.; Farb, A.; Galis, Z.S.; Jackson, C.; Jang, I.K.; Koenig, W.; Lodder, R.A.; March, K.; Demirovic, J.; Navab, M.; Priori, S.G.; Rekhter, M.D.; Bahr, R.; Grundy, S.M.; ,Mehran, R.; Colombo, A.; Boerwinkle, E.;, Ballantyne, C.; Insull Jr, W.; Schwartz, R.S.; Vogel, R.; Serruys, P.W.; Hansson, G.K.; Faxon, D.P.; Kaul, S.; Drexler, H.; Greenland, P.; Muller, J.E.; Virmani, R.; Ridker, P.M.; Zipes, D.P.; Shah, P.K.; Willerson, J.T. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies. Part I. Circulation, 2003, 108, 1664-1672. (Pubitemid 37243650)
4. Ross, R.; Wight, T.N.; Strandness, E.; Thiele, B. Human atherosclerosis. I. Cellconstitution and characteristics of advanced lesions of the superficial femoral artery. Am. J. Pathol., 1984, 114, 79-93. (Pubitemid 14179856)
5. Burke, A.P.; Farb, A.; Malcom, G.T.; Liang, Y.H.;, Smialek, J.; Virmani, R. Coronarry risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddently. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336, 1276-1282. (Pubitemid 27187780)
6. Burke, A.P.; Farb, A.; Malcom, G.T.; Liang, Y.; Smialek, J.E.; Virmani, R. Plaque rupture and sudden death related to exertion in men with coronary artery disease. JAMA, 1999, 281, 921-926. (Pubitemid 29124636)
7. Shah, P.K. Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and ruptures. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2003, 41, 15S-22S.
8. Shah, P.K. Role of inflammation and metalloproteinases in plaque disruption and thrombosis. Vasc. Med., 1998, 3, 199-206. (Pubitemid 28553005)
9. Imanishi, T.; Han, D.K.; Hofstra, L.; Hano, T.; Nishio, I.; Liles, W.C., Gown, A.M.; Schwartz, S.M. Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by Fas ligand derived from monocytes/macrophage. Atherosclerosis, 2002, 161, 143-151. (Pubitemid 34214830)
10. Imanishi, T.; Hano, T.; Nishio, I.; Liles, W.C.; Schwartz, S.M.; Han, D.K. Transition of apoptotic resistant vascular smooth muscle cells to troptotic sensitive state is correlated with downregulation of c-FLIP. J. Vasc. Res., 2000, 37, 523-531. (Pubitemid 32037627)
11. Harris, L.K., Keogh, R.J.; Wareing, M.; Baker, P.N.; Cartwright, J.E.; Aplin, J.D. Whitley GS.Invasivetrophoblasts stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis by a fas ligand-dependent mechanism Am. J. Pathol., 2006, 169, 1863-1874. (Pubitemid 351182015)
12. Nhan, T.Q.; Liles, W.C.; Schwartz, S.M., Role of caspases in death and survival of the plaque macrophage. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vas. Biol., 2005, 25, 895-903. (Pubitemid 40627832)
13. Hansson, G.K. Mechanisms of disease-Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352, 1685-1695.
14. Shah, P.K.; Falk, E.; Badimon, J.J.; Fernandez-Ortiz, A; Mailhac, A.; Villareal-Levy, G.; Fallon, J.T.; Regnstrom, J.; Fuster, V. Human monocytederived macrophages induce collagen breakdown in fibrous caps of atherosclerotic plaques. Potential role of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases and implications for plaque rupture. Circulation., 1995, 92, 1565-1569.
15. Choudhary, S.; Higgins, C.L.; Chen, I.Y.; Reardon, M.; Lawrie, G.; Vick, G.W.; Karmonik, C.; Via, D.P.; Morrisett, J.D. Quantitation and localization of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in human carotid endarterectomy tissues. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26, 2351-2358. (Pubitemid 44465733)
16. Sluijter, J.P.; Pulskens, W.P.; Schoneveld, A.H.; Velema, E; Strijder, C.F.; Moll, F.; de Vries, J.P., Verheijen, J.; Hanemaaijer, R.; de Kleijn, D.P.; Pasterkamp, G. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 is associated with stable and matrix metalloproteinases 8 and 9 with vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic lesions: a study in human endarterectomy specimen pointing to a role for different extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer glycosylation forms. Stroke, 2006, 37, 235-239. (Pubitemid 43732079)
17. Galis, Z.S.; Kranzhöfer, R.; Fenton, J.W.; Libby, P. Thrombin promotes activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 produced by cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscle. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1997, 17, 483-489. (Pubitemid 27133137)
18. Yunoki, K.; Naruko, T.; Komatsu, R.; Ehara, S.; Shirai, N; Sugioka, K; Nakagawa, M.; Kitabayashi, C.; Ikura, Y.; Itoh, A.; Kusano, K.; Ohe, T.; Haze, K.; Becker, A.E.; Ueda, M. Enhanced expression of haemoglobin scavenger receptor in accumulated macrophages of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Eur. Hear.t J., 2009, 30, 1844-1852.
19. Kolodgie, F.D.; Gold, H.K.; Burke, A.P.; Fowler, D.R.; Kruth, H.S.; Weber, D.K.; Farb, A.; Guerrero, L.J.; Hayase. M.; Kutys, R.; Narula, J.; Finn, A.V., Virmani, R. Intraplaque hemorrhage and progression of coronary atheroma. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 349, 2316-2325. (Pubitemid 37509739)
20. Virmani, R; Kolodgie, F.D.; Burke, A.P.; Finn, A.V.; Gold, H.K.; Tulenko, T.N.; Wrenn, S.P.; Narula, J. Atherosclerotic plaque progression and vulnerability to rupture: angiogenesis as a source of intraplaque hemorrhage. Arteroscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol,. 2005, 25, 2054-2061. (Pubitemid 41416300)
21. Ridker, P.M.; Cushman, M.; Stampfer, M.J.; Tracy, R.P.; Hennekens, C.H. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 336, 973-979. (Pubitemid 27152782)
22. Ridker, P.M.; Hennekens, C.H.; Buring, J.E.; Rifai, N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 342, 836-843. (Pubitemid 30165206)
23. Ridker, P.M.; Rifai, N; Rose, L.; Buring, J.E.; Cook, N.R., Comparison of Creactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 347, 1557-1565. (Pubitemid 35315836)
24. Pasceri, V.; Willerson, J.T.; Yeh, E.T. Direct proinflammatory effect of Creactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation, 2000, 102, 2165-2168.
25. Verma, S; Li, S.H.; Badiwala, M.V.; Weisel, R.D.; Fedak, P.W.; Li, R.K.; Dhillon, B; Mickle, D.A. Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 2002, 105, 1890-1896. (Pubitemid 34437614)
26. Ridker, P.M; Danielson, E; Fonseca, F.A.; Genest, J.; Gotto, A.M.; Jr, Kastelein, J.J.; Koenig, W.; Libby, P; Lorenzatti, A.J.; MacFadyen, J.G.; Nordestgaard, B.G., Shepherd, J; Willerson, J.T.; Glynn, R.J., JUPITER Study Group. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 359, 2195-2207.
27. Takarada, S; Imanishi, T; Kubo, T; Tanimoto, T; Kitabata, H,; Nakamura, N.; Tanaka, A.; Mizukoshi, M.; Akasaka, T. Effect of statin therapy on coronary fibrous-cap thickness in patients with acute coronary syndrome: assessment by optical coherence tomography study. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202, 491-497.
28. Koukkunen, H; Penttilä, K; Kemppainen, A; Halinen, M; Penttila, I; Rantanen, T; Pyörälä, K. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in the prognostic classification of unstable angina pectoris. Ann. Med., 2001, 33, 37-47. (Pubitemid 32238755)
29. Tedgui, A.; Mallat, Z. Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways. Physiol. Rev., 2006, 86, 515-581
30. Libby, P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature, 2002, 420, 868-874. (Pubitemid 36019640)
31. Whitman, S.C.; Ravisankar, P.; Elam, H.; Daugherty, A., Exogenous interferon-? enhances atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/-mice. Am. J. Pathol., 2000, 157, 1819-1624.
32. Galis, Z.S.; Khatri, J.J., Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ. Res., 2002, 90, 251-262. (Pubitemid 34633925)
33. Mallat, Z.; Corbaz, A.; Scoazec, A.; Besnard, S.; Leséche, G.; Chvatchko, Y.; Tedgui, A., Expression of interleukin-18 in human atherosclerotic plaques and relation to plaque instability. Circulation, 2001, 104, 1598-1603. (Pubitemid 32947520)
34. Mallat, Z.; Henry, P.; Fressonnet, R.; Alouani, S.; Scoazec. A.; Beaufils, P.; Chvatchko, Y.; Tedgui, A. Increased plasma concentrations of interleukin-18 in acute coronary syndromes. Heart, 2002, 88, 467-469. (Pubitemid 35221955)
35. Seta, Y.; Kanda, T.; Tanaka, T.; Arai, M.; Sekiguchi, K.; Yokoyama, T.; Kurimoto, M.; Tamura, J.; Kurabayashi, M. Interleukin 18 in acute myocardial infarction. Heart, 2000, 84, 668.
36. Yamashita, H.; Shimada, K.; Seki, E.; Mokuno, H.; Daida, H. Concentrations of interleukins, interferon, and C-reactive protein in stable and unstable angina pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol., 2003, 91, 133-136. (Pubitemid 36084295)
37. Narins, C.R.; Lin, D.A.; Burton, P.B.; Jin, Z.G.; Berk, B.C. .Interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 binding protein levels before and after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with and without recent myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 94, 1285-1287. (Pubitemid 39469950)
38. Blankenberg, S.; Tiret, L.; Bickel, C.; Peetz, D.; Cambien, F.; Meyer, J.; Rupprecht, H.J., AtheroGene Investigators. Interleukin-18 is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death in stable and unstable angina. Circulation, 2002, 104, 24-30. (Pubitemid 34747437)
39. Schönbeck, U,; Libby, P. CD40 signaling and plaque instability. Circ. Res., 2001, 89, 1092-1103. (Pubitemid 34627866)
40. Layland, J.; Ray, M.J.; Siresena, T.; Walters, D.L., Increased expression of monocyte tissue factor and soluble CD40 ligand at mid-term follow-up following percutaneous coronary intervention. Blood. Coagl. Fibrinolysis., 2011, 22, 349-350.
41. Antoniades, C.; Bakogiannis, C; Tousoulis, D.; Antonopoulos, A.S.; Stefanadis, C. The CD40/CD40 ligand system: linking inflammation with atherothrombosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2009, 54, 669-677.
42. Heeschen, C.; Dimmeler, S.; Hamm, C.W.; van den Brand, M.J., Boersma, E.; Zeiher, A.M.; Simoons, M.L., CAPTURE Study Investigators. Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348, 1104-1111. (Pubitemid 36337321)
43. Varo, N.; de Lemos, J.A.; Libby, P.; Morrow, D.A.; Murphy, S.A.; Nuzzo, R.; Gibson, C.M.; Cannon, C.P.; Braunwald, E.; Schönbeck, U. Soluble CD40L: risk prediction after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation, 2003, 108, 1049-1052. (Pubitemid 37071512)
44. Blake, G.J.; Ostfeld, R.J.; Yucel, E.K.; Varo, N.; Schönbeck, U.; Blake, M.A.; Gerhard, M.; Ridker, P.M.; Libby, P.; Lee, R.T. Soluble CD40 ligand levels indicate lipid accumulation in carotid atheroma: an in vivo study with high-resolution MRI. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003, 23, e11-14.
45. Apple, F.S.; Wu, A.H.; Mair, J.; Ravkilde, J.; Panteghini, M.; Tate, J.; Pagani, F.; Christenson, R.H.; Mockel, M.; Danne, O.; Jaffe, A.S. Committee on Standardization of Markers of Cardiac Damage of the IFCC. Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome. Clin. Chem., 2005, 51, 810-824. (Pubitemid 40577917)
46. Schönbeck, U.; Varo, N.; Libby, P.; Buring, J.; Ridker, P.M. Soluble CD40L and cardiovascular risk in women. Circulation, 2001, 104, 2266-2268. (Pubitemid 33049505)
47. Podrez, E.A.;, Schmitt, D.; Hoff, H.F.; Hazen, S.L. Myeloperoxidasegenerated reactive nitrogen species convert LDL into an atherogenic form in vitro. J. Clin. Invest., 1999, 103, 1547-1560.
48. Sugiyama, S.; Okada, Y.; Sukhova, G.K.; Virmani, R.; Heinecke, J.W.; Libby, P. Macrophage myeloperoxidase regulation by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human atherosclerosis and implications in acute coronary syndromes. Am. J. Pathol., 2001, 158, 879-891. (Pubitemid 32221781)
49. Baldus, S.; Heeschen, C.; Meinertz, T.; Zeiher, A.M.; Eiserich, J.P.; Münzel, T.; Simoons, M.L.; Hamm, C.W. Myeloperoxidase serum levels predict risk in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation, 2003, 108, 1440-1445 (Pubitemid 37176448)
50. Brennan, M.L.; Penn, M.S.; Van Lente, F.; Nambi, V.; Shishehbor, M.H.; Aviles, R.J.; Goormastic, M.; Pepoy, M.L.; McErlean, E.S.; Topol, E.J.; Nissen, S.E.; Hazen, S.L. Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in patients with chest pain. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 349, 1595-1604. (Pubitemid 37288567)
51. Galis, Z.S.; Khatri, J.J. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Circ. Res., 2002, 90, 251-262. (Pubitemid 34633925)
52. Galis, Z.S.; Sukhova, G.K.; Lark, M.W.; Libby, P., Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and matrix degrading activity in vulnerable regions of human atherosclerotic plaques. J. Clin. Invest., 1994, 94, 2493-2503. (Pubitemid 24379627)
53. Brown, D.L.; Hibbs, M.S.; Kearney, M.; Loushin, C.; Isner, J.M. Identification of 92-kD gelatinase in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions.Association of active enzyme synthesis with unstable angina. Circulation, 1995, 91, 2125-2131.
54. Kai, H.; Ikeda, H.; Yasukawa, H.; Kai, M.; Seki, Y.; Kuwahara, F.; Ueno, T.; Sugi, K.; Imaizumi, T. Peripheral blood levels of matrix metalloproteases-2 and-9 are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1988, 32, 368-372.
55. Inokubo, Y.; Hanada, H.; Ishizaka, H.; Fukushi, T.; Kamada, T.; Okumura, K. Plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 are increased in the coronary circulation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am. Heart. J., 2001, 141, 211-217. (Pubitemid 32128725)
56. Morishige, K.; Shimokawa, H.; Matsumoto, Y.; Eto, Y.; Uwatoku, T.; Abe, K.; Sueishi, K.; Takeshita, A. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes intravascular thrombus formation in porcine coronary arteries in vivo. Cardiovasc. Res., 2003, 57, 572-485.
57. Belaaouaj, A.A.; Li, A.; Wun, T.C.; Welgus, H.G.; Shapiro, S.D. Matrix metalloproteinases cleave tissue factor pathway inhibitor. Effects on coagulation. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 27123-27128.
58. Blankenberg, S.; Rupprecht, H.J.; Poirier, O.; Bickel, C.; Smieja, M.; Hafner, G.; Meyer, J.; Cambien, F.; Tiret, L., AtheroGene Investigators. Plasma concentrations and genetic variation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 2003, 107, 1579-1585. (Pubitemid 36397324)
59. Luan, Z.; Chase, A.J.; Newby, A.C. Statins inhibit secretion of metalloproteinases-1,-2,-3, and-9 from vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23, 769-775. (Pubitemid 36566165)
60. Cosin-Sales, J.; Kaski, J.C.; Christiansen, M.; Kaminski, P.; Oxvig, C.; Overgaard, M.T.; Cole, D.; Holt, D.W. Relationship among pregnancy associated plasma protein-A levels, clinical characteristics, and coronary artery disease extent in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Eur. Heart. J., 2005, 26:2093-2098. (Pubitemid 41407989)
61. Cosin-Sales, J; Christiansen, M; Kaminski, P; Oxvig. C; Overgaard, M.T.; Cole, D.; Holt, D.W.; Kaski, J.C. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and its endogenous inhibitor, the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP), are related to complex stenosis morphology in patients with stable angina pectoris. Circulation, 2004, 109, 1724-1728. (Pubitemid 38500673)
62. Heeschen, C.; Dimmeler, S.; Hamm, C.W.; Fichtlscherer, S.; Simoons, M.L.; Zeiher, A.M., CAPTURE Study Investigators. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes: comparison with markers of systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and myocardial necrosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.,. 2005, 45, 229-237. (Pubitemid 40094730)
63. Lund, J.; Qin, Q.P.; Ilva, T.; Pettersson, K.; Voipio-Pulkki, L.M.; Porela, P.; Pulkki, K. Circulating pregnancy-associated plasma protein a predicts outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome but no troponin I elevation. Circulation, 2003, 108, 229-237.
64. Bayes-Genis, A.; Conover, C.A.; Overgaard, M.T.; Bailey, K.R.; Christiansen, M.; Holmes, D.R. Jr; Virmani, R.; Oxvig, C.; Schwartz, R.S. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a marker of acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 345, 1022-1029.
65. King, V.L.; Cassis, L.A.; Daugherty, A. Interleukin-4 does not influence development of hypercholesterolemia or angiotensin II-induced atherosclerotic lesions in mice. Am. J. Pathol., 2007, 171, 2040-2047.
66. Davenport, P.; Tipping, P.G. The role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-12 in the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am. J. Pathol., 2003, 163, 1117-1123.
67. George, J.; Shoenfeld, Y.; Gilburd, B.; Afek, A.; Shaish, A.; Harats, D. Requisite role for interleukin-4 in the acceleration of fatty streaks induced by heat shock protein 65 or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Circ. Res., 2000, 86, 1203-1210. (Pubitemid 30436659)
68. Mallat, Z.; Besnard, S.; Duriez, M.; Deleuze, V.; Emmanuel, F.; Bureau, M.F.; Soubrier, F.; Esposito, B.; Duez, H.; Fievet, C.; Staels, B.; Duverger, N.; Scherman, D.; Tedgui, A. Protective role of interleukin-10 in atherosclerosis. Circ. Res., 1999, 85, e17-e24.
69. Caligiuri, G.; Rudling, M.; Ollivier, V.; Jacob, M.P.; Michel, J.B.; Hansson, G.K.; Nicoletti, A. Interleukin-10 deficiency increases atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and low-density lipoproteins in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Mol. Med., 2003, 9, 10-17. (Pubitemid 36667687)
70. Tedgui, A.; Mallat, Z. Cytokines in atherosclerosis: pathogenic and regulatory pathways. Physiol. Rev., 2006, 86, 515-581.
71. Robertson, A.K.; Rudling, M.; Zhou, X.; Gorelik, L.; Flavell, R.A.; Hansson, G.K. Disruption of TGF-beta signaling in T cells accelerates atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Invest., 2003, 112, 1342-1350. (Pubitemid 38057688)
72. Gojova, A.; Brun, V.; Esposito, B.; Cottrez, F.; Gourdy, P.; Ardouin, P.; Tedgui, A.; Mallat, Z.; Groux, H. Specific abrogation of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in T cells alters atherosclerotic lesion size and composition in mice. Blood, 2003, 102, 4052-4058. (Pubitemid 37486988)
73. Itabe, H.; Takeshima, E.; Iwasaki, H.; Kimura, J.; Yoshida. Y.; Imanaka. T.; Takano, T. A monoclonal antibody against oxidized lipoprotein recognizes foam cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Complex formation of oxidized phosphatidylcholines and polypeptides. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 15274-15279.
74. Itabe, H.; Yamamoto, H.; Imanaka, T.; Shimamura, K.; Uchiyama, H.; Kimura, J.; Sanaka, T.; Hata, Y.; Takano, T. Sensitive detection of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein using a monoclonal antibody. J. Lipid. Res., 1996, 37, 45-53. (Pubitemid 26052618)
75. Ehara, S.; Ueda, M.; Naruko, T.; Haze, K.; Itoh, A.; Otsuka, M.; Komatsu, R.; Matsuo, T.; Itabe, H.; Takano, T.; Tsukamoto, Y.; Yoshiyama, M.; Takeuchi, K.; Yoshikawa, J.; Becker, A.E. Elevated levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein show a positive relationship with the severity of acute coronary syndromes Circulation, 2001, 103, 1955-1960. (Pubitemid 32322222)
76. Nishi, K.; Itabe, H.; Uno, M.; Kitazato, K.T.; Horiguchi, H.; Shinno, K.; Nagahiro, S. Oxidized LDL in carotid plaques and plasma associates with plaque instability. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2002, 22, 1649-1654.
77. de Boer, O.J.; van der Wal, A.C.; Teeling, P.; Becker, A.E. Leucocyte recruitment in rupture prone regions of lipid-rich plaques: a prominent role for neovascularization? Cardiovasc. Res., 1999, 41, 443-449. (Pubitemid 29087340)
78. Moreno, P.R.; Purushothaman, K.R.; Fuster, V.; Echeverri, D.; Truszczynska, H.; Sharma, S.K.; Badimon, J.J., O'Connor, W.N. Plaque neovascularization is increased in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions of human aorta: implications for plaque vulnerability. Circulation, 2004, 110, 2032-2038. (Pubitemid 39331918)
79. Luttun, A.; Tjwa, M.; Moons, L.; Wu, Y.; Angelillo-Scherrer, A.; Liao, F.; Nagy, J.A.; Hooper, A.; Priller, J.; De Klerck, B.; Compernolle, V.; Daci, E.; Bohlen, P.; Dewerchin, M.; Herbert, J.M.; Fava, R.; Matthys, P.; Carmeliet, G.; Collen, D.; Dvorak, H.F.; Hicklin, D.J.; Carmeliet, P., Revascularization of ischemic tissues by PlGF treatment, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, arthritis and atherosclerosis by anti-Flt1. Nat Med. 2002,8,831-840.
80. Heeschen, C.; Dimmeler, S.; Fichtlscherer, S.; Hamm, C.W.; Berger, J.; Simoons, M.L.; Zeiher, A.M., CAPTURE Investigators. Prognostic value of placental growth factor in patients with acute chest pain. JAMA, 2004, 291, 435-441. (Pubitemid 38129747)
81. Bazan, J.F.; Bacon, K.B.; Hardiman, G.; Wang, W.; Soo, K.; Rossi, D.; Greaves, D.R.; Zlotnik, A.; Schall, T.J. A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature, 1997, 385, 640-644.
82. Pan, Y,; Lloyd, C.; Zhou, H.; Dolich, S.; Deeds, J.; Gonzalo, J.A.; Vath, J; Gosselin, M.; Ma, J.; Dussault, B.; Woolf, E.; Alperin, G.; Culpepper, J.; Gutierrez-Ramos, J.C.; Gearing, D. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature, 1997, 387, 611-617. (Pubitemid 27248766)
83. Fong, A.M.; Robinson, L.A.; Steeber, D.A.; Tedder, T.F.; Yoshie, O.; Imai, T.; Patel, D.D. Fractalkine and CX3CR1 mediate a novel mechanism of leukocyte capture, firm adhesion, and activation under physiologic flow. J. Exp. Med., 1998, 188, 1413-1419. (Pubitemid 28489578)
84. Imai, T.; Hieshima, K.; Haskell, C.; Baba, M.; Nagira, .; Nishimura, M.; Kakizaki, M.; Takagi, S.; Nomiyama, H.; Schall, T.J.; Yoshie, O. Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion. Cell, 1997, 91, 521-530. (Pubitemid 27508241)
85. Damås, J.K.; Boullier, A; Waehre, T; Smith, C.; Sandberg, W.J.; Green, S.; Aukrust, P.; Quehenberger, O. Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, is elevated in coronary artery disease and is reduced during statin therapy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2005, 25, 2567-2572. (Pubitemid 43732280)
86. Huang, Z.S.; Wang, C.H.; Yip, P.K.; Yang, C.Y.; Lee, T.K. In hypercholesterolemia, lower peripheral monocyte count is unique among the major predictors of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1996, 16, 256-261.
87. Nasir, K.; Guallar, E.; Navas-Acien, A.; Criqui, M.H.; Lima, J.A. Relationship of monocyte count and peripheral arterial disease: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2005, 25, 1966-71. (Pubitemid 41243470)
88. Horne, B.D.; Anderson, J.L.; John, J.M.; Weaver, A.; Bair, T.L.; Jensen, K.R.; Renlund, D.G.; Muhlestein, J.B., Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study Group. Which white blood cell subtypes predict increased cardiovascular risk? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2005, 45, 1638-1643. (Pubitemid 40704499)
89. Olivares, R.; Ducimetiére, P.; Claude, J.R. Monocyte count: a risk factor for coronary heart disease? Am. J. Epidemiol., 1993, 137, 49-53. (Pubitemid 23077307)
90. Geissmann, F.; Jung, S.; Littman, D.R. Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity, 2003, 19, 71-82. (Pubitemid 36859902)
91. Swirski, F.K.; Libby, P.; Aikawa, E.; Alcaide, P.; Luscinskas, F.W.; Weissleder, R.; Pittet, M.J. Ly-6Chi monocytes dominate hypercholesterolemia- associated monocytosis and give rise to macrophages in atheromata. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117, 195-205. (Pubitemid 46048466)
92. Gordon, S.; Taylor, P.R. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2005, 5, 953-964. (Pubitemid 41746764)
93. Gordon, S. Macrophage heterogeneity and tissue lipids. J. Clin. Invest., 2007, 117, 89-93. (Pubitemid 46048455)
94. Schlitt, A.; Heine, G.H.; Blankenberg, S.; Espinola-Klein, C.; Dopheide, J.F.; Bickel, C.; Lackner, K.J.; Iz, M.; Meyer, J.; Darius, H.; Rupprecht, H.J. CD14+CD16+ monocytes in coronary artery disease and their relationship to serum TNF-alpha levels. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 92, 419-24. (Pubitemid 39172323)
95. Shantsila, E.; Lip, G.Y. Monocytes in acute coronary syndromes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2009, 29, 1433-1438.
96. Kashiwagi, M.; Imanishi, T.; Tsujioka, H;, Ikejima, H.; Kuroi, A.; Ozaki, Y.; Ishibashi, K.; Komukai, K.; Tanimoto, T.; Ino, Y.; Kitabata, H.; Hirata, K.; Akasaka, T. Association of monocyte subsets with vulnerability characteristics of coronary plaques as assessed by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography in patients with stable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis, 2010, 212, 171-176.
97. Ikejima, H.; Imanishi, T.; Tsujioka, H.; Kashiwagi, M.; Kuroi, A.; Tanimoto, T.; Kitabata, H.; Ishibashi, K.; Komukai. K.; Takeshita, T.; Akasaka, T. Upregulation of fractalkine and its receptor, CX3CR1, is associated with coronary plaque rupture in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Circ. J., 2010, 74, 337-345.
98. Swirski, F.K.; Weissleder, R.; Pittet, M.J. Heterogeneous in vivo behavior of monocyte subsets in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2009, 29, 1424-1432.
99. Rothe, G.; Gabriel, H.; Kovacs, E.; Klucken, J.; Stöhr, J.; Kindermann, W.; Schmitz, G. Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocyte subpopulations as cellular markers in hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1996, 16, 1437-1447. (Pubitemid 26427596)
100. Moatti, D.; Faure, S.; Fumeron, F.; Amara, Mel-W.; Seknadji, P.; McDermott, D.H.; Debré, P.; Aumont, M.C.; Murphy, P.M.; de Prost, D.; Combadiére, C. Polymorphism in the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 as a genetic risk factor for coronary artery disease. Blood, 2001, 97, 1925-1928. (Pubitemid 32239068)