Targeting glia cells: Novel perspectives for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases

Current Neuropharmacology

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 171-185

  Di Benedetto, B ^a,b   Rupprecht, R ^a,b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Astrocytes; Microglia; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Oligodendrocytes; Pharmacotherapy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84876738375     PISSN: 1570159X     EISSN: 18756190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X11311020004     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Ahmad, I., Del Debbio, C. B., Das, A. V. and Parameswaran, S. Muller glia: a promising target for therapeutic regeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2011, 52(8), 5758-64.
2. Allen, N. J., Bennett, M. L., Foo, L. C., Wang, G. X., Chakraborty, C., Smith, S. J. and Barres, B. A. Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors. Nature, 2012, 486(7403), 410-4.
3. Andero, R. and Ressler, K. J. Fear extinction and BDNF: translating animal models of PTSD to the clinic. Genes Brain Behav., 2012, 11(5), 503-12.
4. Araque, A., Parpura, V., Sanzgiri, R. P. and Haydon, P. G. Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci., 1999, 22(5), 208-15.
5. Aston, C., Jiang, L. and Sokolov, B. P. Transcriptional profiling reveals evidence for signaling and oligodendroglial abnormalities in the temporal cortex from patients with major depressive disorder. Mol. Psychiatry, 2005, 10(3), 309-22.
6. Atack, J. R. Anxioselective compounds acting at the GABA(A) receptor benzodiazepine binding site. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord., 2003, 2(4), 213-32.
7. Attwell, D., Buchan, A. M., Charpak, S., Lauritzen, M., Macvicar, B. A. and Newman, E. A. Glial and neuronal control of brain blood flow. Nature, 2010, 468(7321), 232-43.
8. Aupperle, R. L., Tankersley, D., Ravindran, L. N., Flagan, T., Stein, N. R., Stein, M. B. and Paulus, M. P. Pregabalin effects on neural response to emotional faces. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 2012, 6, 42.
9. Autry, A. E., Adachi, M., Nosyreva, E., Na, E. S., Los, M. F., Cheng, P. F., Kavalali, E. T. and Monteggia, L. M. NMDA receptor blockade at rest triggers rapid behavioural antidepressant responses. Nature, 2011, 475(7354), 91-5.
10. Ayling, E., Aghajani, M., Fouche, J. P. and van der Wee, N. Diffusion tensor imaging in anxiety disorders. Curr.Psychiatry Rep., 2012, 14(3), 197-202.
11. Azim, K. and Butt, A. M. GSK3beta negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vivo. Glia, 2011, 59(4), 540-53.
12. Bahcelioglu, M., Gozil, R., Take, G., Elmas, C., Oktem, H., Kadioglu, D., Calguner, E., Erdogan, D., Sargon, M. F., Yazici, A. C., Tas, M., Bardakci, Y. and Senol, S. Dose-related immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes after oral methylphenidate administration in cerebrum and cerebellum of the rat. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2009, 10(4 Pt 2), 531-43.
13. Banasr, M., Chowdhury, G. M., Terwilliger, R., Newton, S. S., Duman, R. S., Behar, K. L. and Sanacora, G. Glial pathology in an animal model of depression: reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole. Mol Psychiatry, 2010, 15(5), 501-11.
14. Banasr, M. and Duman, R. S. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors. Biol. Psychiatry, 2008, 64(10), 863-70.
15. Barden, N., Harvey, M., Gagne, B., Shink, E., Tremblay, M., Raymond, C., Labbe, M., Villeneuve, A., Rochette, D., Bordeleau, L., Stadler, H., Holsboer, F. and Muller-Myhsok, B. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes in the chromosome 12Q24.31 region points to P2RX7 as a susceptibility gene to bipolar affective disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet., 2006, 141B(4), 374-82.
16. Barres, B. A. and Raff, M. C. Axonal control of oligodendrocyte development. J. Cell Biol., 1999, 147(6), 1123-8.
17. Bartzokis, G. Neuroglialpharmacology: myelination as a shared mechanism of action of psychotropic treatments. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 62(7), 2137-53.
18. Bendikov, I., Nadri, C., Amar, S., Panizzutti, R., De Miranda, J., Wolosker, H. and Agam, G. A CSF and postmortem brain study of D-serine metabolic parameters in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res., 2007, 90(1-3), 41-51.
19. Bennett, M. R. Schizophrenia: susceptibility genes, dendritic-spine pathology and gray matter loss. Prog. Neurobiol., 2011, 95(3), 275-300.
20. Bennett, M. R., Farnell, L. and Gibson, W. G. P2X7 regenerativeloop potentiation of glutamate synaptic transmission by microglia and astrocytes. J. Theor. Biol., 2009, 261(1), 1-16.
21. Bernstein, H. G., Steiner, J. and Bogerts, B. Glial cells in schizophrenia: pathophysiological significance and possible consequences for therapy. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2009, 9(7), 1059-71.
22. Blank, T. and Prinz, M. Microglia as modulators of cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Glia, 2012.
23. Brunello, N. Mood stabilizers: protecting the mood... protecting the brain. J. Affect. Disord., 2004, 79 Suppl 1, S15-20.
24. Bush, T. G., Puvanachandra, N., Horner, C. H., Polito, A., Ostenfeld, T., Svendsen, C. N., Mucke, L., Johnson, M. H. and Sofroniew, M. V. Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron, 1999, 23(2), 297-308.
25. Campbell, K. and Gotz, M. Radial glia: multi-purpose cells for vertebrate brain development. Trends Neurosci., 2002, 25(5), 235-8.
26. Carter, C. J. eIF2B and oligodendrocyte survival: where nature and nurture meet in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia? Schizophr. Bull., 2007, 33(6), 1343-53.
27. Casey, B. J., Epstein, J. N., Buhle, J., Liston, C., Davidson, M. C., Tonev, S. T., Spicer, J., Niogi, S., Millner, A. J., Reiss, A., Garrett, A., Hinshaw, S. P., Greenhill, L. L., Shafritz, K. M., Vitolo, A., Kotler, L. A., Jarrett, M. A. and Glover, G. Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2007, 164(11), 1729-36.
28. Cavaliere, C., Cirillo, G., Bianco, M. R., Adriani, W., De Simone, A., Leo, D., Perrone-Capano, C. and Papa, M. Methylphenidate administration determines enduring changes in neuroglial network in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2012, 22(1), 53-63.
29. Chambers, J. S. and Perrone-Bizzozero, N. I. Altered myelination of the hippocampal formation in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurochem. Res., 2004, 29(12), 2293-302.
30. Chang, B. S. and Lowenstein, D. H. Epilepsy. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 349(13), 1257-66.
31. Charney, D. S. and Manji, H. K. Life stress, genes, and depression: multiple pathways lead to increased risk and new opportunities for intervention. Sci. STKE, 2004, 2004(225), re5.
32. Chih, B., Engelman, H. and Scheiffele, P. Control of excitatory and inhibitory synapse formation by neuroligins. Science, 2005, 307(5713), 1324-8.
33. Choi, J., Ifuku, M., Noda, M. and Guilarte, T. R. Translocator protein (18 kDa)/peripheral benzodiazepine receptor specific ligands induce microglia functions consistent with an activated state. Glia, 2011, 59(2), 219-30.
34. Christopherson, K. S., Ullian, E. M., Stokes, C. C., Mullowney, C. E., Hell, J. W., Agah, A., Lawler, J., Mosher, D. F., Bornstein, P. and Barres, B. A. Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis. Cell, 2005, 120(3), 421-33.
35. Chu, Y., Jin, X., Parada, I., Pesic, A., Stevens, B., Barres, B. and Prince, D. A. Enhanced synaptic connectivity and epilepsy in C1q knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2010, 107(17), 7975-80.
36. Courchesne, E., Pierce, K., Schumann, C. M., Redcay, E., Buckwalter, J. A., Kennedy, D. P. and Morgan, J. Mapping early brain development in autism. Neuron, 2007, 56(2), 399-413.
37. Craddock, N. and Sklar, P. Genetics of bipolar disorder: successful start to a long journey. Trends Genet., 2009, 25(2), 99-105.
38. Czeh, B. and Di Benedetto, B. Antidepressants act directly on astrocytes: Evidences and functional consequences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2012.
39. De Biase, L. M., Nishiyama, A. and Bergles, D. E. Excitability and synaptic communication within the oligodendrocyte lineage. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30(10), 3600-11.
40. Di Benedetto, B., Kuhn, R., Nothdurfter, C., Rein, T., Wurst, W. and Rupprecht, R. N-desalkylquetiapine activates ERK1/2 to induce GDNF release in C6 glioma cells: a putative cellular mechanism for quetiapine as antidepressant. Neuropharmacology, 2012, 62(1), 209-16.
41. Ditzen, C., Tang, N., Jastorff, A. M., Teplytska, L., Yassouridis, A., Maccarrone, G., Uhr, M., Bronisch, T., Miller, C. A., Holsboer, F. and Turck, C. W. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for major depression confirm relevance of associated pathophysiology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2012, 37(4), 1013-25.
42. DSM-IV-TR. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text Revision). In: Washington, DC; 2000.
43. Duric, V., Banasr, M., Licznerski, P., Schmidt, H. D., Stockmeier, C. A., Simen, A. A., Newton, S. S. and Duman, R. S. A negative regulator of MAP kinase causes depressive behavior. Nat. Med., 2010, 16(11), 1328-32.
44. Durston, S., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Buitelaar, J. K. and van Engeland, H. Anatomical MRI of the developing human brain: what have we learned? J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2001, 40(9), 1012-20.
45. Edgar, N. and Sibille, E. A putative functional role for oligodendrocytes in mood regulation. Transl. Psychiatry, 2012, 2, e109.
46. Eroglu, C., Allen, N. J., Susman, M. W., O'Rourke, N. A., Park, C. Y., Ozkan, E., Chakraborty, C., Mulinyawe, S. B., Annis, D. S., Huberman, A. D., Green, E. M., Lawler, J., Dolmetsch, R., Garcia, K. C., Smith, S. J., Luo, Z. D., Rosenthal, A., Mosher, D. F. and Barres, B. A. Gabapentin receptor alpha2delta-1 is a neuronal thrombospondin receptor responsible for excitatory CNS synaptogenesis. Cell, 2009, 139(2), 380-92.
47. Filiou, M. D., Teplytska, L., Otte, D. M., Zimmer, A. and Turck, C. W. Myelination and oxidative stress alterations in the cerebellum of the G72/G30 transgenic schizophrenia mouse model. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2012, 46(10), 1359-65.
48. Fyffe-Maricich, S. L., Karlo, J. C., Landreth, G. E. and Miller, R. H. The ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation. J. Neurosci., 2011, 31(3), 843-50.
49. Ge, W. P., Yang, X. J., Zhang, Z., Wang, H. K., Shen, W., Deng, Q. D. and Duan, S. Long-term potentiation of neuron-glia synapses mediated by Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. Science, 2006, 312(5779), 1533-7.
50. Goffinet, A. M. Events governing organization of postmigratory neurons: studies on brain development in normal and reeler mice. Brain Res., 1984, 319(3), 261-96.
51. Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Hasin, D. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J. and Huang, B. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of bipolar I disorder and axis I and II disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 2005, 66(10), 1205-15.
52. Gray, J. A. and McNaughton, N. The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System (2 ed.). In; Oxford University Press, Oxford; 2000.
53. Green, H. F. and Nolan, Y. M. GSK-3 mediates the release of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-10 from cortical glia. Neurochem. Int., 2012.
54. Guardiola-Diaz, H. M., Ishii, A. and Bansal, R. Erk1/2 MAPK and mTOR signaling sequentially regulates progression through distinct stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Glia, 2012, 60(3), 476-86.
55. Halassa, M. M., Fellin, T. and Haydon, P. G. The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease. Trends Mol. Med., 2007, 13(2), 54-63.
56. Hartfuss, E., Forster, E., Bock, H. H., Hack, M. A., Leprince, P., Luque, J. M., Herz, J., Frotscher, M. and Gotz, M. Reelin signaling directly affects radial glia morphology and biochemical maturation. Development, 2003, 130(19), 4597-609.
57. Hauner, K. K., Mineka, S., Voss, J. L. and Paller, K. A. Exposure therapy triggers lasting reorganization of neural fear processing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2012, 109(23), 9203-8.
58. Hendren, R. L., De Backer, I. and Pandina, G. J. Review of neuroimaging studies of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders from the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2000, 39(7), 815-28.
59. Hewett, J. A. Determinants of regional and local diversity within the astroglial lineage of the normal central nervous system. J. Neurochem., 2009, 110(6), 1717-36.
60. Himmerich, H., Binder, E. B., Kunzel, H. E., Schuld, A., Lucae, S., Uhr, M., Pollmacher, T., Holsboer, F. and Ising, M. Successful antidepressant therapy restores the disturbed interplay between TNF-alpha system and HPA axis. Biol. Psychiatry, 2006, 60(8), 882-8.
61. Hisaoka, K., Takebayashi, M., Tsuchioka, M., Maeda, N., Nakata, Y. and Yamawaki, S. Antidepressants increase glial cell linederived neurotrophic factor production through monoamineindependent activation of protein tyrosine kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in glial cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 321(1), 148-57.
62. Holsboer, F. How can we realize the promise of personalized antidepressant medicines? Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2008, 9(8), 638-46.
63. Hoogland, T. M. and Kuhn, B. Recent developments in the understanding of astrocyte function in the cerebellum in vivo. Cerebellum, 2010, 9(3), 264-71.
64. Ishii, A., Fyffe-Maricich, S. L., Furusho, M., Miller, R. H. and Bansal, R. ERK1/ERK2 MAPK signaling is required to increase myelin thickness independent of oligodendrocyte differentiation and initiation of myelination. J. Neurosci., 2012, 32(26), 8855-64.
65. Jia, P., Kao, C. F., Kuo, P. H. and Zhao, Z. A comprehensive network and pathway analysis of candidate genes in major depressive disorder. BMC Syst. Biol., 2011, 5 Suppl 3, S12.
66. Kamiya, A., Kubo, K., Tomoda, T., Takaki, M., Youn, R., Ozeki, Y., Sawamura, N., Park, U., Kudo, C., Okawa, M., Ross, C. A., Hatten, M. E., Nakajima, K. and Sawa, A. A schizophreniaassociated mutation of DISC1 perturbs cerebral cortex development. Nat. Cell Biol., 2005, 7(12), 1167-78.
67. Kao, C. F., Jia, P., Zhao, Z. and Kuo, P. H. Enriched pathways for major depressive disorder identified from a genome-wide association study. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 2012, 1-11.
68. Kettenmann, H. and Verkhratsky, A. Neuroglia: the 150 years after. Trends Neurosci., 2008, 31(12), 653-9.
69. Kieseppa, T., Partonen, T., Haukka, J., Kaprio, J. and Lonnqvist, J. High concordance of bipolar I disorder in a nationwide sample of twins. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2004, 161(10), 1814-21.
70. Kimelberg, H. K. Functions of mature mammalian astrocytes: a current view. Neuroscientist, 2010, 16(1), 79-106.
71. Kimoto, S., Okuda, A., Toritsuka, M., Yamauchi, T., Makinodan, M., Okuda, H., Tatsumi, K., Nakamura, Y., Wanaka, A. and Kishimoto, T. Olanzapine stimulates proliferation but inhibits differentiation in rat oligodendrocyte precursor cell cultures. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 2011, 35(8), 1950-6.
72. Lai, C. S., Franke, T. F. and Gan, W. B. Opposite effects of fear conditioning and extinction on dendritic spine remodelling. Nature, 2012, 483(7387), 87-91.
73. Lakoma, J., Garcia-Alonso, L. and Luque, J. M. Reelin sets the pace of neocortical neurogenesis. Development, 2011, 138(23), 5223-34.
74. Lee, F. H., Fadel, M. P., Preston-Maher, K., Cordes, S. P., Clapcote, S. J., Price, D. J., Roder, J. C. and Wong, A. H. Disc1 point mutations in mice affect development of the cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci., 2011, 31(9), 3197-206.
75. Li, N., Lee, B., Liu, R. J., Banasr, M., Dwyer, J. M., Iwata, M., Li, X. Y., Aghajanian, G. and Duman, R. S. mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists. Science, 2010, 329(5994), 959-64.
76. Lucae, S., Salyakina, D., Barden, N., Harvey, M., Gagne, B., Labbe, M., Binder, E. B., Uhr, M., Paez-Pereda, M., Sillaber, I., Ising, M., Bruckl, T., Lieb, R., Holsboer, F. and Muller-Myhsok, B. P2RX7, a gene coding for a purinergic ligand-gated ion channel, is associated with major depressive disorder. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2006, 15(16), 2438-45.
77. Ma, T. M., Abazyan, S., Abazyan, B., Nomura, J., Yang, C., Seshadri, S., Sawa, A., Snyder, S. H. and Pletnikov, M. V. Pathogenic disruption of DISC1-serine racemase binding elicits schizophrenia-like behavior via D-serine depletion. Mol. Psychiatry, 2012.
78. Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Branchi, I., D'Andrea, I., Lauro, C. and Limatola, C. CX(3)CR1 deficiency alters hippocampal-dependent plasticity phenomena blunting the effects of enriched environment. Front. Cell Neurosci., 2011, 5, 22.
79. Makoukji, J., Belle, M., Meffre, D., Stassart, R., Grenier, J., Shackleford, G., Fledrich, R., Fonte, C., Branchu, J., Goulard, M., de Waele, C., Charbonnier, F., Sereda, M. W., Baulieu, E. E., Schumacher, M., Bernard, S. and Massaad, C. Lithium enhances remyelination of peripheral nerves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2012, 109(10), 3973-8.
80. Mangin, J. M., Li, P., Scafidi, J. and Gallo, V. Experiencedependent regulation of NG2 progenitors in the developing barrel cortex. Nat. Neurosci., 2012, 15(9), 1192-4.
81. Marin, O. Interneuron dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2012, 13(2), 107-20.
82. Martin, E. I., Ressler, K. J., Binder, E. and Nemeroff, C. B. The neurobiology of anxiety disorders: brain imaging, genetics, and psychoneuroendocrinology. Clin. Lab Med., 2010, 30(4), 865-91.
83. Mathew, S. J., Keegan, K. and Smith, L. Glutamate modulators as novel interventions for mood disorders. Rev. Bras Psiquiatr., 2005, 27(3), 243-8.
84. Maturana, A. D., Fujita, T. and Kuroda, S. Functions of fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) in the brain. Sci. World J., 2010, 10, 1646-54.
85. Mauch, D. H., Nagler, K., Schumacher, S., Goritz, C., Muller, E. C., Otto, A. and Pfrieger, F. W. CNS synaptogenesis promoted by glia-derived cholesterol. Science, 2001, 294(5545), 1354-7.
86. McNamara, R. K., Nandagopal, J. J., Strakowski, S. M. and DelBello, M. P. Preventative strategies for early-onset bipolar disorder: towards a clinical staging model. CNS Drugs, 2010, 24(12), 983-96.
87. Millar, J. K., Wilson-Annan, J. C., Anderson, S., Christie, S., Taylor, M. S., Semple, C. A., Devon, R. S., St Clair, D. M., Muir, W. J., Blackwood, D. H. and Porteous, D. J. Disruption of two novel genes by a translocation co-segregating with schizophrenia. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2000, 9(9), 1415-23.
88. Miller, R. H. and Raff, M. C. Fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes are biochemically and developmentally distinct. J. Neurosci., 1984, 4(2), 585-92.
89. Molofsky, A. V., Krencik, R., Ullian, E. M., Tsai, H. H., Deneen, B., Richardson, W. D., Barres, B. A. and Rowitch, D. H. Astrocytes and disease: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Genes Dev., 2012, 26(9), 891-907.
90. Muhle, R., Trentacoste, S. V. and Rapin, I. The genetics of autism. Pediatrics, 2004, 113(5), e472-86.
91. Murai, K. K., Nguyen, L. N., Irie, F., Yamaguchi, Y. and Pasquale, E. B. Control of hippocampal dendritic spine morphology through ephrin-A3/EphA4 signaling. Nat. Neurosci., 2003, 6(2), 153-60.
92. Nave, K. A. Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia. Nature, 2010, 468(7321), 244-52.
93. Nieratschker, V., Meyer-Lindenberg, A. and Witt, S. H. Genomewide investigation of rare structural variants identifies VIPR2 as a new candidate gene for schizophrenia. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2011, 11(7), 937-41.
94. Oades, R. D., Dauvermann, M. R., Schimmelmann, B. G., Schwarz, M. J. and Myint, A. M. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: S100B, cytokines and kynurenine metabolism--effects of medication. Behav. Brain Funct., 2010, 6, 29.
95. Oberheim, N. A., Goldman, S. A. and Nedergaard, M. Heterogeneity of astrocytic form and function. Methods Mol. Biol., 2012, 814, 23-45.
96. Paixao, S. and Klein, R. Neuron-astrocyte communication and synaptic plasticity. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2010, 20(4), 466-73.
97. Paolicelli, R. C., Bolasco, G., Pagani, F., Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Panzanelli, P., Giustetto, M., Ferreira, T. A., Guiducci, E., Dumas, L., Ragozzino, D. and Gross, C. T. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science, 2011, 333(6048), 1456-8.
98. Pardridge, W. M. Blood-brain barrier biology and methodology. J. Neurovirol., 1999, 5(6), 556-69.
99. Parpura, V. and Haydon, P. G. Physiological astrocytic calcium levels stimulate glutamate release to modulate adjacent neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2000, 97(15), 8629-34.
100. Patte, C., Gandolfo, P., Leprince, J., Thoumas, J. L., Fontaine, M., Vaudry, H. and Tonon, M. C. GABA inhibits endozepine release from cultured rat astrocytes. Glia, 1999, 25(4), 404-11.
101. Paukert, M. and Bergles, D. E. Synaptic communication between neurons and NG2+ cells. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2006, 16(5), 515-21.
102. Pavone, A. and Cardile, V. An in vitro study of new antiepileptic drugs and astrocytes. Epilepsia, 2003, 44 Suppl 10, 34-9.
103. Pelvig, D. P., Pakkenberg, H., Stark, A. K. and Pakkenberg, B. Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains. Neurobiol. Aging, 2008, 29(11), 1754-62.
104. Perisic, T., Zimmermann, N., Kirmeier, T., Asmus, M., Tuorto, F., Uhr, M., Holsboer, F., Rein, T. and Zschocke, J. Valproate and amitriptyline exert common and divergent influences on global and gene promoter-specific chromatin modifications in rat primary astrocytes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2010, 35(3), 792-805.
105. Persico, A. M. and Bourgeron, T. Searching for ways out of the autism maze: genetic, epigenetic and environmental clues. Trends Neurosci., 2006, 29(7), 349-58.
106. Polazzi, E. and Monti, B. Microglia and neuroprotection: from in vitro studies to therapeutic applications. Prog. Neurobiol., 2010, 92(3), 293-315.
107. Puri, B. K., Richardson, A. J., Horrobin, D. F., Easton, T., Saeed, N., Oatridge, A., Hajnal, J. V. and Bydder, G. M. Eicosapentaenoic acid treatment in schizophrenia associated with symptom remission, normalisation of blood fatty acids, reduced neuronal membrane phospholipid turnover and structural brain changes. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2000, 54(1), 57-63.
108. Radu, A., Hristescu, G., Katsel, P., Haroutunian, V. and Davis, K. L. Microarray database mining and cell differentiation defects in schizophrenia. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 2011, 696, 67-74.
109. Rajkowska, G. and Miguel-Hidalgo, J. J. Gliogenesis and glial pathology in depression. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 2007, 6(3), 219-33.
110. Reichenbach, A., Derouiche, A. and Kirchhoff, F. Morphology and dynamics of perisynaptic glia. Brain Res. Rev., 2010, 63(1-2), 11-25.
111. Rowitch, D. H. and Kriegstein, A. R. Developmental genetics of vertebrate glial-cell specification. Nature, 2010, 468(7321), 214-22.
112. Rupprecht, R., Rammes, G., Eser, D., Baghai, T. C., Schule, C., Nothdurfter, C., Troxler, T., Gentsch, C., Kalkman, H. O., Chaperon, F., Uzunov, V., McAllister, K. H., Bertaina-Anglade, V., La Rochelle, C. D., Tuerck, D., Floesser, A., Kiese, B., Schumacher, M., Landgraf, R., Holsboer, F. and Kucher, K. Translocator protein (18 kD) as target for anxiolytics without benzodiazepine-like side effects. Science, 2009, 325(5939), 490-3.
113. Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Nierenberg, A. A., Stewart, J. W., Warden, D., Niederehe, G., Thase, M. E., Lavori, P. W., Lebowitz, B. D., McGrath, P. J., Rosenbaum, J. F., Sackeim, H. A., Kupfer, D. J., Luther, J. and Fava, M. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am. J. Psychiatry, 2006, 163(11), 1905-17.
114. Sadasivan, S., Pond, B. B., Pani, A. K., Qu, C., Jiao, Y. and Smeyne, R. J. Methylphenidate exposure induces dopamine neuron loss and activation of microglia in the basal ganglia of mice. PLoS One, 2012, 7(3), e33693.
115. Samuels, I. S., Karlo, J. C., Faruzzi, A. N., Pickering, K., Herrup, K., Sweatt, J. D., Saitta, S. C. and Landreth, G. E. Deletion of ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase identifies its key roles in cortical neurogenesis and cognitive function. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28(27), 6983-95.
116. Sandau, U. S., Alderman, Z., Corfas, G., Ojeda, S. R. and Raber, J. Astrocyte-specific disruption of SynCAM1 signaling results in ADHD-like behavioral manifestations. PLoS One, 2012, 7(4), e36424.
117. Saura, J., Petegnief, V., Wu, X., Liang, Y. and Paul, S. M. Microglial apolipoprotein E and astroglial apolipoprotein J expression in vitro: opposite effects of lipopolysaccharide. J. Neurochem., 2003, 85(6), 1455-67.
118. Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A. and Stevens, B. Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron, 2012, 74(4), 691-705.
119. Schousboe, A. and Waagepetersen, H. S. Glial modulation of GABAergic and glutamat ergic neurotransmission. Curr. Top Med. Chem., 2006, 6(10), 929-34.
120. Siebert, J. R. and Osterhout, D. J. Oligodendroglial cells express and secrete reelin. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken), 2011, 294(5), 759-63.
121. Simon, M. and von Lehe, M. Glioma-related seizures: glutamate is the key. Nat. Med., 2011, 17(10), 1190-1.
122. Simonini, M. V., Polak, P. E., Sharp, A., McGuire, S., Galea, E. and Feinstein, D. L. Increasing CNS noradrenaline reduces EAE severity. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol., 2010, 5(2), 252-9.
123. Simons, M. and Trotter, J. Wrapping it up: the cell biology of myelination. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 2007, 17(5), 533-40.
124. Skaper, S. D., Debetto, P. and Giusti, P. The P2X7 purinergic receptor: from physiology to neurological disorders. FASEB J, 2010, 24(2), 337-45.
125. Stevens, B., Allen, N. J., Vazquez, L. E., Howell, G. R., Christopherson, K. S., Nouri, N., Micheva, K. D., Mehalow, A. K., Huberman, A. D., Stafford, B., Sher, A., Litke, A. M., Lambris, J. D., Smith, S. J., John, S. W. and Barres, B. A. The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination. Cell, 2007, 131(6), 1164-78.
126. Suzuki, A., Stern, S. A., Bozdagi, O., Huntley, G. W., Walker, R. H., Magistretti, P. J. and Alberini, C. M. Astrocyte-neuron lactate transport is required for long-term memory formation. Cell, 2011, 144(5), 810-23.
127. Taurines, R., Schwenck, C., Westerwald, E., Sachse, M., Siniatchkin, M. and Freitag, C. ADHD and autism: differential diagnosis or overlapping traits? A selective review. Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord.,2012, 4(3), 115-39.
128. Tian, G. F., Azmi, H., Takano, T., Xu, Q., Peng, W., Lin, J., Oberheim, N., Lou, N., Wang, X., Zielke, H. R., Kang, J. and Nedergaard, M. An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Nat. Med., 2005, 11(9), 973-81.
129. Tuchman, R., Moshe, S. L. and Rapin, I. Convulsing toward the pathophysiology of autism. Brain Dev., 2009, 31(2), 95-103.
130. Tynan, R. J., Weidenhofer, J., Hinwood, M., Cairns, M. J., Day, T. A. and Walker, F. R. A comparative examination of the antiinflammatory effects of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants on LPS stimulated microglia. Brain Behav. Immun., 2011, 26(3), 469-79.
131. Ullian, E. M., Sapperstein, S. K., Christopherson, K. S. and Barres, B. A. Control of synapse number by glia. Science, 2001, 291(5504), 657-61.
132. Walterfang, M., Velakoulis, D., Whitford, T. J. and Pantelis, C. Understanding aberrant white matter development in schizophrenia: an avenue for therapy? Expert Rev. Neurother., 2011, 11(7), 971-87.
133. WHO. http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/definition/en/. In; 2012.
134. Wilms, H., Claasen, J., Rohl, C., Sievers, J., Deuschl, G. and Lucius, R. Involvement of benzodiazepine receptors in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases: evidence from activated microglial cells in vitro. Neurobiol. Dis., 2003, 14(3), 417-24.
135. Wolosker, H. D-serine regulation of NMDA receptor activity. Sci. STKE, 2006, 2006(356), pe41.
136. Xu, Q., Bernardo, A., Walker, D., Kanegawa, T., Mahley, R. W. and Huang, Y. Profile and regulation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) expression in the CNS in mice with targeting of green fluorescent protein gene to the ApoE locus. J. Neurosci., 2006, 26(19), 4985-94.
137. Yoshizumi, M., Eisenach, J. C. and Hayashida, K. Riluzole and gabapentinoids activate glutamate transporters to facilitate glutamate-induced glutamate release from cultured astrocytes. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2012, 677(1-3), 87-92.
138. Yu, Z., Ono, C., Kim, H. B., Komatsu, H., Tanabe, Y., Sakae, N., Nakayama, K. I., Matsuoka, H., Sora, I., Bunney, W. E. and Tomita, H. Four mood stabilizers commonly induce FEZ1 expression in human astrocytes. Bipolar Disord., 2011, 13(5-6), 486-99.
139. Zschocke, J., Zimmermann, N., Berning, B., Ganal, V., Holsboer, F. and Rein, T. Antidepressant drugs diversely affect autophagy pathways in astrocytes and neurons--dissociation from cholesterol homeostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2011, 36(8), 1754-68.