Continental diversification of an African catfish radiation (Mochokidae: Synodontis)

Systematic Biology

Volumn 62, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 351-365

  Day, Julia J ^a   Peart, Claire R ^a,b   Brown, Katherine J ^a,b   Friel, John P ^c   Bills, Roger ^d   Moritz, Timo ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^c Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates ^*  (United States)

^d SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^e Stiftung des bürgerlichen Rechts   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Cenozoic; diversification rates; molecular dating; phylogeny; Siluriformes; tropical rivers

Indexed keywords

DNA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AFRICA; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISPERSAL; ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CATFISH; CELL NUCLEUS; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RIVER; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; STATISTICAL MODEL;

AFRICA; ANIMAL DISTRIBUTION; ANIMALS; BAYES THEOREM; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; CATFISHES; CELL NUCLEUS; DNA; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENETIC SPECIATION; LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS; MODELS, GENETIC; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RIVERS; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA;

MOCHOKIDAE; SILURIFORMES; SYNODONTIS;

EID: 84876271508     PISSN: 10635157     EISSN: 1076836X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syt001     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Albertson R.C., Markert J.A., Danley P.D., Kocher T.D. 1999. Phylogeny of a rapidly evolving clade: The cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96:5107-5110.
2. April J., Mayden R.L., Hanner R.H., Bernatchez L. 2011. Genetic calibration of species diversity among North America's freshwater fishes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108:10602-10607.
3. Barraclough T.G., Hogan J.E., Vogler A.P. 1999. Testing whether ecological factors promote cladogenesis in a group of tiger beetles (Coleoptera:Cicindelidae). Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 266:1061-1067.
4. Barraclough T.G., Vogler A.P. 2002. Recent diversification rates in North American tiger beetles estimated from a dated mtDNA phylogenetic tree. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:1706-1716.
5. Beadle L.C. 1981. The inland waters of tropical Africa. London:Longman.
6. Bermingham E., Martin A.P. 1998. Comparative mtDNA phylogeography of neotropical freshwater fishes:testing shared history to infer the evolutionary landscape of lower Central America. Mol. Ecol. 7:499-517
7. Brandley M.C., Schmitz S.A., Reeder T.W. 2005. Partitioned Bayesian analyses, partition choice, and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards. Syst. Biol. 54:373-390.
8. Brock C.D., Harmon L.J., Alfaro M.E. 2011. Testing for temporal variation in diversification rates when sampling is incomplete and nonrandom. Syst. Biol. 60:410-419.
9. Brown K.J., Rüber L., Bills R., Day J.J. 2010. Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification. BMC Evol. Biol. 10:188.
10. Burbrink F.T., Pyron A. 2009. How does ecological opportunity influence rates of speciation, extinction, and morphological diversification in new world ratsnakes (tribe Lampropeltini)? Evolution 64:934-943.
11. Calcagnotto D., Schaefer S.A., DeSalle R. 2005. Relationships among characiform fishes inferred from analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 36:135-153.
12. Chow S., Hazama K. 1998. Universal PCR primers for S7 ribosomal protein gene introns in fish. Mol. Ecol. 7:1255-1256.
13. Collier G.E., Murphy W.J., Espinoza M. 2009. Phylogeography of the genus Epiplatys (Aplocheiloidea:Cyprinodontiformes). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 50:190-196.
14. Cusimano N., Renner S.S. 2010. Slowdowns in diversification rates from real phylogenies may not be real. Syst. Biol. 59:458-464.
15. Darwall W.R.T., Smith K.G., Tweddle D., Skelton P. 2009. The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in Southern African. Gland (Switzerland):IUCN.
16. Day J.J., Bills R., Friel J.P. 2009. Lacustrine radiations in African Synodontis catfish. J. Evol. Biol. 22:805-817.
17. Day J.J., Cotton J.A., Barraclough T.G. 2008. Tempo and mode of diversification of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes. PLoS ONE 3:e1730.
18. Day J.J., Santini S., Garcia-Moreno J. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Lamprologini: The story from mitochondrial DNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45:629-642.
19. Day J.J., Wilkinson M. 2006. On the origin of the Synodontis catfish species flock from Lake Tanganyika. Biol. Lett. 2:548-552.
20. De Graaf M., Megens H.-J., Samallo J., Sibbing F. 2009. Preliminary insight into the age and origin of the Labeobarbus fish species flock from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 54:336-343.
21. DeMenocal P.B. 2004. African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 220:3-24.
22. De Vos L., Snoeks J. 1994. The non-cichlid fishes of the Lake Tanganyika basin. Ergeb. Limnol. 44:391-405.
23. Derryberry E.P., Claramunt S., Derryberry G., Chesser R.T., Cracraft J., Aleixo A., Pérez-Emán J., Remsen J.V. Jr., Brumfield R.T. 2011. Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large-scale continental radiation: The neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers (Aves:Furnariidae). Evolution 65:2973-2986.
24. De Weirdt D., Vreven E.J., Yves F. 2008. Synodontis ngouniensis, new species (Siluriformes:Mochokidae) from the Ngounie and Nyanga basins, Gabon and Republic of Congo. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 19:121-128.
25. Drummond A.J., Ho S.Y.W., Phillips M.J., Rambaut A. 2006. Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. PLoS Biol. 4:e88.
26. Drummond A.J., Suchard M.A., Xie D., Rambaut A. 2012 Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29:1969-1973.
27. Ferraris C.J. 2007. A checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes:Siluriformes) and catalogue of siluriform primary types. Zootaxa 1148:1-628.
28. Flower B.P., Kennett J.P. 1994. The middle Miocene climatic transition\- East Antarctic ice-sheet development, deep-ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 108:537-555.
29. Friel J.P., Sullivan J.P. 2008. Synodontis woleuensis (Siluriformes:Mochokidae), a new species of catfish from Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, Africa. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia 157:3-12.
30. Friel J.P., Vigliotta T.R. 2006. Synodontis acanthoperca, a new species from the Ogooue River system, Gabon, with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes (Siluriformes:Mochokidae). Zootaxa 1125:45-56.
31. Fritz S.A., Jønsson K.A., Fjeldså J., Rahbek C. 2011. Diversification and biogeographic patterns in four island radiations of passerine birds. Evolution 66:179-190.
32. Gavrilets S., Losos J.B. 2009. Adaptive radiation:contrasting theory with data. Science 323:732-737
33. Gavrilets S., Vose A. 2005 Dynamic patterns of adaptive radiation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102:18040-18045.
34. Gayet M., Van Neer W. 1990. Caractères diagnostiques des épines de quelques silures Africains. Rev. Zool. Afr. 104:241-252.
35. Genner M.J., Knight M.E., Haesler M.P., Turner G.F. 2010. Establishment and expansion of Lake Malawi rock fish populations after a dramatic Late Pleistocene lake level rise. Mol. Ecol. 19:170-182.
36. Genner M.J., Seehausen O., Lunt D.H., Joyce D.A., Shaw P.W., Carvalho G.R., Turner G.F. 2007. Age of cichlids:new dates for ancient lake fish radiations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24:1269-1282.
37. Gosse J.-P. 1986. Mochokidae. In:Daget J., Gosse J.-P., Thys van den Audenaerde D.F.E., editors. Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). Brussels (Belgium):ISNB. p. 105-152.
38. Greenwood P.H. 1951. Fish remains from Miocene deposits of Rusinga Island and Kavirondo Province, Kenya. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 12:1192-1201.
39. Hardman M. 2004. The phylogenetic relationships among Noturus catfishes (Siluriformes:Ictaluridae) as inferred from mitochondrial gene cytochrome b and nuclear recombination activating gene 2. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30:395-408.
40. Hardman M. 2005. The phylogenetic relationships among non- diplomystid catfishes as inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences; the search for the ictalurid sister taxon (Ototphysi:Siluriformes). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 37:700-720.
41. Hardman M., Page L.M. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Bullhead Catfishes of the genus Ameiurus (Siluriformes:Ictaluridae). Copeia 2003:20-33.
42. Harmon L.J., Schulte J.A., Larson A., Losos J.B. 2003. Tempo and mode of evolutionary radiation in iguanian lizards. Science 301:961-964.
43. Harmon L.J., Weir J.T., Brock C.D., Glor R.E., Challenger W. 2008. GEIGER:investigating evolutionary radiations. Bioinformatics 24:129-131.
44. Hebert PD.N., Ratnasingham S., deWaard J.R. 2003. Barcoding animal life:cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 270:S96-S99.
45. Huelsenbeck J.P., Bull J.J., Cunningham C.W. 1996. Combining data in phylogenetic analysis. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:152-158.
46. Inoue J.G., Kumazawa Y., Miya M., Nishida M. 2009. The historic biogeography of the freshwater knifefishes using mitogenomic approaches: A Mesozoic origin of the Asian notopterids (Actinopterygii:Osteoglossomorpha). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 51:486-499.
47. Joyce D.A., Lunt D.H., Bills R., Turner G.F., Katongo C., Duftner N., Sturmbauer C., Seehausen O. 2005. An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake. Nature 435:90-95.
48. Joyce D.A., Lunt D.H., Genner M.J., Turner G.F., Bills R., Seehausen O. 2011. Repeated colonisation and hybridization in Lake Malawi cichlids. Curr. Biol. 21:R108-R109.
49. Katongo C., Koblmüller S., Duftner N., Mumba L., Sturmbauer C. 2007. Evolutionary history and biogeographic affinities of the serranochromine cichlids in Zambian rivers. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45:326-338.
50. Koblmüller S., Schliewen U.K., Duftner N., Sefc K.M., Katongo C., Sturmbauer C. 2008. Age and spread of the haplochromine cichlid fishes in Africa. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 49:153-169.
51. Koblmüller S., Sturmbauer C., Verheyen E., Meyer A., Salzburger W. 2006. Mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of East African squeaker catfishes (Siluriformes:Synodontis). BMC Evol. Biol. 6:49.
52. Kozak K.H., Wiens J.J. 2010. Accelerated rates of climatic-niche evolution underlie rapid species diversification. Ecol. Lett. 13:1378-1389.
53. Lanfear R., Calcott B., Ho S.Y.W., Guindon S. 2012. PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Mol. Biol. Evol. 29:1695-1701.
54. Livingstone D.A., Rowland M., Bailey P.E. 1982. On the size of African riverine fish faunas. Am. Zool. 22:361-369.
55. Longbottom A. 2010. A new species of the catfish Nigerium from the Palaeogene of the Tilemsi valley, Republic of Mali. Palaeontology 53:571-594.
56. Lundberg, J. G., L. G. Marshall, J. Guerrero, M. C. Malabarba, and F. Wesselingh. 1998. The stage for Neotropical fish diversification: A history of Tropical South American rivers. In:Malabarba L.R., Reis R.E., Vari R.P., Lucena Z.M.S., Lucena, C.A.S., editors. Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre (Brazil):Edipucrs. p. 13-48.
57. Magallón S., Sanderson M.J. 2001. Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution 55:1762-1780.
58. Markert J.A., Arnegard M.E., Danley P.D. 1999. Biogeography and population genetics of the Lake Malawi cichlid Melanochromis auratus:habitat transience, philopatry and speciation. Mol. Ecol. 8:1013-1026.
59. Markert J.A., Schelly R.C., Stiassny M.L.J. 2010. Genetic isolation and morphological divergence mediated by high-energy rapids in two cichlid genera from the lower Congo rapids. BMC Evol. Biol. 10:149.
60. Martin A.P., Bermingham E. 2000. Regional endemism and cryptic species revealed by molecular and morphological analysis of a widespread species of neotropical catfish. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 267:1135-1141.
61. May R.M. 1994. Biological diversity:differences between land and sea. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 343:105-111.
62. McPeek M.A. 2008. The ecological dynamics of clade diversification and community assembly Am. Nat. 172:E270-E284.
63. McPeek M.A., Brown J.M. 2007. Clade age and not diversification rate explains species richness among animal taxa. Am. Nat 169:E97-E106.
64. Miller E.R. 1999. Faunal correlation of Wadi Moghara, Egypt:implications for the age of Prohylobates tandyi. J. Hum. Evol. 36:519-533.
65. Mo T. 1991. Anatomy and systematics of Bagridae (Teleostei), and siluroid phylogeny Koenigstein (Germany):Koeltz Scientific Books.
66. Montoya-Burgos J.I. 2003. Historical biogeography of the catfish genus Hypostomus (Siluriformes:Loricariidae), with implications on the diversification of Neotropical ichthyofauna. Mol. Ecol. 12:1855-1867
67. Murphy W.J., Collier G.E. 1997. A molecular phylogeny for aplocheiloid fishes (Antherinomorpha, Cyprinodontiformes): The role of vicariance and the origins of annualism. Mol. Biol. Evol. 14:790-799.
68. Murray A.M., Cook T.D., Attia Y.S., Chatrath P., Simons E.L. 2010. A freshwater ichthyofauna from the late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum, Egypt. J. Vert. Paleontol. 30:665-680.
69. Near T.J., Bossu C.M., Bradburd G.S., Carlson R.L., Harrington R.C., Hollingsworth P.R., Keck B.P., Ethnier D.A. 2011. Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae:Etheostomatinae). Syst. Biol. 60:565-595.
70. Nee S. 2001. Inferring speciation rates from phylogenies. Evolution 55:661-668.
71. Otero O., Gayet M. 2001. Palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower Oligocene and Miocene of the Arabian plate:palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 165:141-169.
72. Paradis E., Claude J., Strimmer K. 2004. APE:Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language. Bioinformatics 20:289-290.
73. Partridge T.C., Wood B.A., deMenocal P.B. 1995. The influence of global climate change and regional uplift on large-mammalian evolution in East and Southern Africa. In:Vrba E.S., Denton G.H., Partridge T.C., Burckle L.H., editors. Paleoclimate and evolution with emphasis on human origins. London:Yale University Press. p. 331-355.
74. Paugy D., Lévêque C., Teugels G.G. 2003. The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa, Vol. I. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale.
75. Pennell M.W., Sarver B.A.J., Harmon L.J. 2012. Trees of unusual size:biased inference of early bursts from large molecular phylogenies. PLoS ONE 7:e43348.
76. Phillimore A.B., Price T.D. 2008. Density-dependent cladogenesis in birds. PLoS Biol. 6:483-489.
77. Pigot L.A., Phillimore A.B., Owens I.P.F., Orme C.D.L. 2010. The shape and temporal dynamics of phylogenetic trees arising from geographic speciation. Syst. Biol. 59:660-673.
78. Pinton A., Fara E., Otero O. 2006. Spine anatomy reveals the diversity of catfish through time: A case study of Synodontis (Siluriformes). Naturwissenschaften 93:22-26.
79. Poll M. 1971. Révision des Synodontis Africains (Family Mochokidae). Mus. R. Centr. Tervuren (Belgium) Zool. 191:1-497.
80. Priem R. 1920. Poissons fossiles du Miocène d'Egypte (Burdingalien de Moghara, "Désert lybique"). In:Fourtau R., editor. Contribution à l'étude des vertébrés Miocènes de l'Egypte. Cairo (Egypt):Government Press. p. 8-15.
81. Pybus O.G., Harvey P.H. 2000. Testing macro-evolutionary models using incomplete molecular phylogenies. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 267:2267-2272.
82. R Development Core Team. 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. Vienna (Austria):R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from:URL http://www.R- project.org.
83. Rabosky D.L. 2006a. LASER: A maximum likelihood toolkit for detecting temporal shifts in diversification rates from molecular phylogenies. Evol. Bioinform. 2:247-250.
84. Rabosky D.L. 2006b. Likelihood methods for detecting temporal shifts in diversification rates. Evolution 60:1152-1164.
85. Rabosky D.L., Lovette I.J. 2008a. Density-dependent diversification in North American wood warblers. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 275:2363-2371.
86. Rabosky D.L., Lovette I.J. 2008b. Explosive evolutionary radiations:decreasing speciation or increasing extinction through time? Evolution 62:1866-1875.
87. Rambaut A. 2002. Se-Al Carbon v2.0a11. Sequence Alignment Editor. Available from:URL http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/seal/.
88. Rambaut A., Drummond A.J. 2009. Tracer v1.5. Available from:URL http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer.
89. Ree R.H., Moore B.R., Webb C.O., Donoghue M.J. 2005. A likelihood framework for inferring the evolution of geographic range on phylogenetic trees. Evolution 59:2299-2311.
90. Ree R.H., Smith S.A. 2008. Maximum likelihood inference of geographic range evolution by dispersal, local extinction, and cladogenesis. Syst. Biol. 57:4-14.
91. Roberts T.R. 1975. Geographical distribution of African freshwater fishes. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 57:249-319.
92. Roger J., Sen S., Thomas H., Cavelier C., Al-Sulaimani Z. 1993. Stratigraphic, palaeomagnetic and palaeoenvironmental study of the Early Oligocene vertebrate locality of Taqah (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman). Newslett. Strategy 28:93-119.
93. Ronquist F., Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3:Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572-1574.
94. Rüber L., Zardoya R. 2005. Rapid cladogenesis in marine fishes revisited. Evolution 59:1119-1127 Sato T. 1986. A brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlids in Lake Tanganyika. Nature 323:58-59.
95. Schliewen U.K., Tautz D., Paabo S. 1994. Sympatric speciation suggested by monophyly of crater lake cichlids. Nature 368:629-632.
96. Schluter O. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
97. Schwarzer J., Misof B., Tautz D., Schliewen U.K. 2009. The root of the East African cichlid radiations. BMC Evol. Biol. 9:186.
98. Seehausen O.2004. Hybridization and adaptive radiation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19:198-207
99. Seehausen O. 2006. African cichlid fish: A model system in adaptive radiation research. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 273:1987-1998.
100. Seehausen O., Terai Y., Magalhaes I.S., Carleton K.L., Mrosso H.D.J., Miyagi R., van der SluijsI., Schneider M.V., Maan M.E., Tachida H., Imai H., Okada N. 2008. Speciation through sensory drive in cichlid fish. Nature 455:620-627
101. Seiffert E.R., Bown T.M., Clyde W.C., Simons E.L. 2008. Geology, palaeoenvironment, and age of Birket Qarun locality 2 (BQ-2), Fayum Depression, Egypt. In:Fleagle J.G., Gilbert C.C., editors. Elwyn Simons: A search for origins. New York:Springer Press.
102. Sepulchre P., Gilles R., Fluteau F., Schuster M., Tiercelin J.-J., Brunet M. 2006. Tectonic uplift and Eastern Africa aridification. Science 313:1419-1423.
103. Shimodaira H. 2002. An approximately unbiased test of phylogenetic tree selection. Syst. Biol. 51:492-508.
104. Shimodaira H., Hasegawa M. 2001. CONSEL:for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection. Bioinformatics 17:1246-1247
105. Skelton P.H., Swartz E.R. 2011. Walking the tightrope:trends in African freshwater systematic ichthyology. J. Fish Biol. 79:1413-1435.
106. Stankiewicz J., de Wit M.J. 2006. A proposed drainage evolution model for Central Africa-Did the Congo flow east? J. Afr. Earth Sci. 44:75-84.
107. Sullivan J.P., Lavoué S., Arnegard M.E., Hopkins C.D. 2004. AFLPs resolve phylogeny and reveal mitochondrial introgression within a species flock of African electric fish (Mormyroidea:Teleostei). Evolution 58:825-841.
108. Sullivan J.P., Lundberg J.G., Hardman M. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei:Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 41:636-662.
109. Swartz E.R., Mwale M., Hanner R. 2008. A role for barcoding in the study of African fish diversity and conservation. S. Afr. J. Sci. 104:293-298.
110. Swartz E.R., Skelton P.H., Bloomer P. 2007. Sea-level changes, river capture and the evolution of populations of the Eastern Cape and firey redfins (Pseudobarbus afer and Psuedobarbus phlegethon, Cyprinidae) across multiple river systems in South Africa. J. Biogeogr. 34:2086-2099.
111. Swofford D.L. 2003. PAUP&z.ast;. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (&z.ast;and Other Methods). Version 4. Sunderland (MA):Sinauer Associates.
112. Thompson J.D., Gibson T.J., Plewniak F., Jeanmougin F., Higgins D.G. 1997. The CLUSTAL X windows interface:flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4876-4882.
113. Thorley J.L., Page R.D.M. 2000. RadCon:phylogenetic tree comparison and consensus. Bioinformatics 16:486-487
114. Thorley J.L., Wilkinson M. 1999. Testing the phylogeneticstability of early tetrapods. J. Theor. Biol. 200:343-344.
115. Val A.L., de Almeida-Val V.M.F., Randall D.J., editors. 2006. Fish physiology: The physiology of tropical fishes. Elsevier Science.
116. Vigliotta T.R. 2008. A phylogenetic study of the African catfish family Mochokidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a key to genera. Proc. Acad. Natl. Sci. Philadelphia 157:73-136.
117. Vreven E.J., Milondo L. 2009. Description of Synodontis punu, new species (Siluriformes:Mochokidae) from the Lower Guinea ichthyofaunal province (Gabon and Republic of Congo), Africa. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 20:97-104.
118. Vreven E.J., Zamba A.I. 2010. Synondontis carineae, a new species of mochokid catfish from the Kouilou-Niari River basin, Africa (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshw. 21:359-367
119. Ward R.D., Zemlak T.S., Innes B.H., Last P.R., Hebert PD.N. 2005. DNA barcoding Australia's fish species. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360:1847-1857
120. Wagner C.E., Harmon L., Seehausen O. 2012. Ecological opportunity and sexual selection together predict adaptive radiation. Nature 487:366-369.
121. Weir J.T. 2006. Divergent timing and patterns of species accumulation in lowland and highland Neotropical birds. Evolution 60:842-855.
122. Wiens J.J., Pyron R.A., Moen D.S. 2011. Phylogenetic origins of local- scale diversity patterns and the causes of Amazonian megadiversity. Ecol. Lett. 14:643-652.
123. Williams C.J.R., Kniveton D.R., editors. 2011. African climate and climate change:physical, social and political perspectives. London:Springer.
124. Wright J.J. 2011. Conservative coevolution of müllerian mimicry in a group of rift lake catfish. Evolution 65:395-407
125. Wright J.J., Page L.M. 2006. Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes:Mochokidae). Bull. FloridaMus. Nat. Hist. Biol. Sci. 46:99-154.
126. Wright J.J., Page L.M. 2008. A new species of Synodontis (Siluriformes:Mochokidae) from tributaries of the Kasai River in Northern Angola. Copeia 2008:294-300.
127. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to Present. Science 292:686-693.
128. Zwickl D. 2006. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion [PhD dissertation]. Austin (TX):University of Texas at Austin.