A freshwater ichthyofauna from the late Eocene Birket Qarun formation, Fayum, Egypt

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 665-680

  Murray, Alison M ^a   Cook, Todd D ^a   Attia, Yousry S ^c   Chatrath, Prithijit ^b   Simons, Elwyn L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EOCENE; FISH; FOSSIL RECORD; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; ICHTHYOFAUNA; NEW RECORD; PALEOENVIRONMENT; SKELETAL REMAINS; TAXONOMY; TOOTH;

BIRKET QARUN; EGYPT; FAIYUM [EGYPT];

ALESTIDAE; CHANNIDAE; DASYATOIDEA; DIPNOI; ELASMOBRANCHII; GYMNARCHUS; HYDROCYNUS; MOCHOKIDAE; MORMYRIDAE; PISCES; POLYPTERIFORMES; POLYPTERUS; PROTOPTERUS; RHINOPTERA; RHINOPTERINAE; SILURIFORMES;

EID: 77953800538     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724631003758060     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Arambourg, C. 1952. Les vertebres fossiles des gisements de phosphates (Maroc, Algerie, Tunisie). Notes et Ḿemoires du Service Ǵeologique, Maroc 92:1-372.
2. Balogun, J. K. 1987. Seasonal fluctuations of salinity and fish occurrence in and around Epe Lagoon, Nigeria. African Journal of Ecology 25:55-61.
3. Berg, L. 1940. Classification of fishes both recent and fossil. Travaux de l'Institut Zoologique de l'Acad́emie des Sciences de l'URSS. Moscow. Translated and reprinted in English, 1947. J.W. Edwards, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 517 pp.
4. Blainville, H. M. D. de. 1816. Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution syst ́ematique de r ́egne animal. Bulletin de la Socí et ́e Philomathique de Paris 8:113-124.
5. Bleeker, P. 1858. De visschen van den Indischen Archipel. Siluri. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae 4:1-370. Reprinted 1975, The Collected Fish Papers of Pieter Bleeker, Volume IX. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers, The Hague.
6. Bleeker, P. 1859. Enumeratio specierum piscium hucusque in Archipelago indico observatarum adjectis habitationibus citationibusque, ubi descriptiones earum recentiores reperiuntur, nec no speciebus Musei Bleekeriani Bengalensibus, Japonicis, Capensibus Tasmanicisque. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo-Neerlandicae 6:i-xxxvi + 1-276. Reprinted 1975, The Collected Fish Papers of Pieter Bleeker, Volume IX. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers, The Hague.
7. Bleeker, P. 1862. Notice sur les genres Parasilurus, Eutropiichthys, Pseudotropius et Pseudopangasius. Verslagen en Mededdlingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen (Afdeeling Natuukunde), Amsterdam 14;390-399. Reprinted 1975, The Collected Fish Papers of Pieter Bleeker, Volume XII. Dr. W. Junk B.V. Publishers, The Hague.
8. Böhm, J. 1926. Über tertiäre Versteinerungen von den Bogenfelsen diamantfeldern; pp. 55-87 in E. Kaiser (ed.), Die Diamantwüste Südwestafrikas. Berlin.
9. Bonaparte, C. L. 1838. Selachorum tabula analytica. Nuovi Annali della Scienze Naturali, Bologna 1-2:195-214.
10. Bonaparte, C. L. 1837. Synopsis vertebratorum systematis. Nuovi Annali di Scienze Naturali, Bologna 2:105-133. [not seen]
11. Bonou, C. A., and G. G. Teugels. 1985. Ŕ evision syst ́ematique du genre Parachanna Teugels et Daget 1984 (Pisces: Channidae). Revue Hydrobiologie Tropicale 18:267-280.
12. Britz, R. 2004. Polypterus teugelsi, a new species of bichir from the Upper Cross River system in Cameroon (Actinopterygii: Cladistia: Polypteridae). Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters 15:179-186.
13. Cappetta, H. 1980. Les s ́ elaciens du Cŕetaće suṕ erieur du Liban. II. Batoides. Palaeontographica, A 168:149-229.
14. Cappetta, H. 1981. Additions ̀a la faune de s ́ elaciens fossile du Maroc. 1: Sur la pŕesence des genres Heptranchias, Alopias et Odontorhytis dans l'Ypŕesien des Ouled Abdoun. Ǵeobios 14:563-575.
15. Cappetta, H. 1982. Revision de Cestracion duponti Winkler, 1874 (Selachii, Batomorphii) du Bruxellien de Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Eocene moyen de Belgique). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 19:113-125.
16. Cappetta, H. 1987. Chondrichthyes. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Elasmobranchii; in H.-P. Schultz (ed.), Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Volume 3B. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 193 pp.
17. Cappetta, H. 2006. Elasmobranchii post-Triadici (index generum et specierum); in W. Riegraf (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia 142. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 472 pp.
18. Case, G. R. 1994. Fossil fish remains from the late Paleocene Tuscahoma and early Eocene Bashi formations of Meridian, Lauderdale County, Mississippi. Palaeontographica, Abt. A 230:97-138.
19. Case, G. R., and H. Cappetta. 1990. The Eocene selachian fauna from the Fayum depression in Egypt. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 212:1-30.
20. Case, G. R., and R. M. West. 1991. Geology and palaeontology of the Eocene Drazinda Shale Member of the Kirthar Formation, central Western Pakistan. Part II: Late Eocene fishes. Tertiary Research 12:105-120.
21. Case, G. R., N. I. Udovichenko, L. A. Nessov, A. O. Averianov, and P. D. Borodin. 1996. A Middle Eocene Selachian Fauna from the White Mountain Formation of the Kizylkum Desert, Uzbekistan, C.I.S. Palaeontographica, Abt. A 242:99-126.
22. Churcher, C. S., and G. De Iuliis. 2001.Anew species of Protopterus and a revision of Ceratodus humei (Dipnoi: Ceratondontiformes) from the Late Cretaceous Mut Formation of eastern Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. Palaeontology 44:305-323.
23. Compagno, L. J. V. 1973. Interrelationships of living elasmobranchs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 53(Supplement):15-61.
24. Cope, E. D. 1871. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14:445-483.
25. Cope, E. D. 1887. Zittel's Manual of Palaeontology. American Naturalist 21:1014-1019.
26. Cuvier, G. 1816. Le R̀egne Animal, Distribúe d'Apr̀es son Organisation, pour Servir de Base ̀a l'Histoire naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction ̀a l'Anatomie compaŕ ee. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les anń elides, first edition, Volume 2. A. Belin, Paris, 532 pp.
27. Cuvier, G. 1829. Le R̀egne Animal, Distribúe d'Apr̀es son Organisation, pour Servir de Base ̀a l'Histoire naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction ̀a l'Anatomie compaŕ ee, second edition. A. Belin, Paris, 406 pp.
28. Cuvier, G., andA. Valenciennes, 1850. [1849]. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome vingt-deuxìeme. Suite du livre vingt-deuxìeme. Suite de la famille des Salmonödes. Table generale de l'Histoire Naturelle des Poissons. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons 22:I-xx + 1 p. + 1-532 + 1-91. [not seen]
29. Dames,W. 1883. Über eine tertiäreWirbelthierfauna von der westlichen Insel des Birket-el-Qurun im Fajum (Aegypten). Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1883:129-153.
30. Dames, W. 1888. Herr Dames, legte vor und besprach Amblypristis cheops nov. sp. aus dem Eocän Aegyptens. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6:1-3. [not seen]
31. Dartevelle, E., and E. Casier. 1959. Les poissons fossiles du Bas-Congo et des r ́egions voisines. Annales du Muśee du Congo Belge, Ś erie A (Miń eralogie, Ǵ eologie, Paĺeontologie) 3:257-568.
32. Dutheil, D. B. 1999. The first articulated fossil cladistian: Serenoichthys kemkemensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:243-246.
33. Fink, S. V., and W. L. Fink. 1996. Interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes (Teleostei); pp. 209-249 in M. L. J. Stiassny, L. R. Parenti, and G. D. Johnson (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, New York.
34. Gayet, M., and W. Van Neer. 1990. Caract̀eres diagnostiques des ́epines de quelques silures africains. Journal of Africain Zoology-Revue de Zoologie Africaine 104:241-252.
35. Ghosh, K. 1959. Some fossil fish teeth from Tertiary deposits of Mayurbhanj. Indian Journal of Paleontology 33:675-679.
36. Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30:1-84.
37. Greenwood, P. H. 1974. Review of Cenozoic freshwater fish faunas in Africa. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt 4:211-232.
38. Greenwood, P. H., D. E. Rosen, S. H. Weitzman, and G. S. Myers. 1966. Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 131:339-455.
39. Günther, A. 1865. Pisces; pp. 133-188 in Zoological Record for 1864. [not seen]
40. Günther, A. 1870. Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum 8. Taylor and Francis, London, 549 pp.
41. Hay, O. P. 1902. Bibliography and catalogue of fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868.
42. Huxley, T. H. 1880. On the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the Vertebrata, and more particularly of the Mammalia. Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London 1880:649-662.
43. Johnson, G. D., and C. Patterson. 1993. Percomorph phylogeny: a survey of acanthomorphs and a new proposal. Bulletin of Marine Science 52:554-626.
44. Jordan, D. S. 1888. A Manual of Vertebrate Animals of the Northern United States, Including the District North and East of the Ozark Mountains, South of the Laurentian Hills, North of Virginia, and East of the Missouri River, Inclusive of Marine Species, fifth edition. Chicago, 375 pp.
45. Jordan D. S., and B. W. Evermann. 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America, a description catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the isthmus of Panama. Part. 1. Bulletin of the Unites States National Museum 47:1-1240.
46. Kappleman, J. 1992. The age of the Fayum primates as determined by paleomagnetic reversal stratigraphy. Journal of Human Evolution 22:495-503.
47. Kemp, D., Kemp, L., and Ward, D. 1990. An Illustrated Guide to the British Middle Eocene Vertebrates. David Ward, London, 59 pp.
48. Kent, B. 1999. Sharks from the Fisher/Sullivan Site; pp. 11-37 in R. Weems and G. Grimsley (eds.), Early Eocene Vertebrates and Plants from the Fisher/Sullivan Site (Nanjemoy Formation) Stafford County, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 152.
49. Koblmüller, S., C. Sturmbauer, E. Verheyen, A. Meyer, and W. Salzburger. 2006. Mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of East African squeaker catfishes (Siluriformes: Synodontis). BMC Evolutionary Biology 6:49-64.
50. Lacep̀ede, B. G. E. 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Paris, 803 pp. [not seen]
51. Läe, R. 1995. Climatic and anthropogenic effects on fish diversity and fish yields in the Central Delta of the Niger River. Aquatic Living Resources 8:45-58.
52. Lee, P. G., and P. K. L. Ng. 1994. The systematics and ecology of snakeheads (Pisces: Channidae) in peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Hydrobiologia 285:59-74.
53. Lowe-McConnell, R. H. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge Tropical Biology Series. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 382 pp.
54. Mansuri, A., V. Bhatt, and N. Bhatt. 1979. Studies on effects of salinity changes on fresh water murrel, Channa punctatus Block. I. Salinity tolerance, tissue water and mineral levels. Journal of the Inland Fisheries Society, India 11:74-82.
55. Martin, M. 1984. Deux Lepidosirenidae (Dipnoi) cr ́etaće du Sahara, Protopterus humei (Priem) et Protopterus protopteroides (Tabaste). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 58:265-277.
56. Martin, M. 1995. Nouveaux lepidosirenides (Dipnoi) du Tertiaire africain. Geobios 19:275-280.
57. Meunier, F. J., and M. Gayet. 1996. A new polypteriform from the Late Cretaceous and the middle Paleocene of South America; pp. 95-103 in G. Arratia andG. Viohl (eds.), Mesozoic Fishes-Systematics and Paleoecology. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany.
58. Mo, T. 1991. Anatomy and Systematics of Bagridae (Teleostei) and Siluroid Phylogeny. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 216 pp.
59. MÜller, J. 1846. Über den Bau und die Grenzen der Ganoiden und über das naẗurlichen System der Fische. Abhandlungen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1844: 117-216.
60. Müller, J., and F. H. Troschel. 1844. Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Archiv f̈ur Naturgeschichte 10:81-99.
61. Murray, A. M. 2000. Review of the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa. Fish and Fisheries 1:111-145.
62. Murray, A. M. 2004. Late Eocene and early Oligocene teleost and associated ichthyofauna of the Jebel Qatrani Formation, Fayum, Egypt. Palaeontology 47:711-724.
63. Murray, A. M. 2006. A new channid (Teleostei: Channiformes) from the Eocene and Oligocene of Egypt. Journal of Paleontology 80:1172-1178.
64. Murray, A. M., and Y. S. Attia. 2004. A new species of Lates (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Lower Oligocene of Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24:299-308.
65. Murray, A. M., and L. A. Budney. 2003. A new species of catfish (Claroteidae, Chrysichthys) from an Eocene crater lake in East Africa. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40:983-993.
66. Murray, A. M., and K. M. Stewart. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the African genera Alestes and Brycinus (Teleostei, Characiformes, Alestidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1887-1899.
67. Murray, A. M., E. L. Simons, and Y. S. Attia. 2005. A new clupeid fish (Clupeomorpha) from the Oligocene of Fayum, Egypt, with notes on some other fossil clupeomorphs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:300-308.
68. Musick, J., M., Harbin, and L. Compagno. 2004. Historical zoogeography of the Selachii; pp. 33-78 in J. C. Carrier, J. A. Musick, and M. R. Heithaus (eds.), Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
69. Nelson, J. S. 2006. Fishes of the World, third edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Toronto, 601 pp.
70. Noubhani, A., and H. Cappetta. 1997. Les Orectolobiformes, Carcharhiniformes et Myliobatiformes (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) des Bassins ̀a phosphate du Maroc (Maastrichtien-Lut́ etien basal). Syst́ematique, biostratigraphie, ́evolution et dynamique des faunes. Palaeo Ichthyologica 8:1-327.
71. Otero, O., and M. Gayet. 1999a. Semlikiichthys (Perciformes incertae sedis), genre nouveau, et position systematique nouvelle pour Lates rhachirhynchus Greenwood and Howes, 1975, du Plio-Pleistocene africain. Cybium 23:13-27.
72. Otero, O., and M. Gayet. 1999b. Weilerichthys fajumensis (Percoidei incertae sedis), new name and systematic position for Lates fajumensis Weiler, 1929, from the Eocene of the Fayum (Egypt). Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 2: 81-94.
73. Otero, O., A. Likius, P. Vignaud, and M. Brunet. 2006. A new polypterid fish: Polypterus faraou sp. nov. (Cladistia, Polypteridae) from the late Miocene, Toros-Menalla, Chad. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146:227-237.
74. Otero, O., A. Likius, P. Vignaud, and M. Brunet. 2007. A new claroteid catfish (Siluriformes) from the upper Miocene off Toros-Menalla, Chad: Auchenoglanis soye, sp. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:285-294.
75. Otero, O., A. Likius, P. Vignaud, and M. Brunet. 2008. A new Semlikiichthys fish (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the upper Miocene of Chad: fossil record and palaeobiogeographical implications. Palaeontology 51:917-932.
76. Owen, R. 1839. Description of Lepidosiren annectens. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London 8:327-361. [not seen]
77. Patterson, C. 1975. The distribution of Mesozoic freshwater fishes. Ḿemoires du Muśeum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Ś erie A, Zoologie 88:156-174.
78. Peters, S. E., M. S. M. Antar, I. S. Zalmout, and P. D. Gingerich. 2009. Sequence stratigraphic control on preservation of late Eocene whales and other vertebrates at Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt. Palaeios 24:290-302.
79. Peyer, B. 1928. Die Welse desägyptischen Altterti ärs nebst einer kritischen Übersicht über alle fossilen Welse. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematischnaturwissenshaftliche Abteilung 32:1-61.
80. Pinton, A. 2008. Anatomie, syst ́ematique et phyloǵenie de poissons Synodontis actuels et fossiles (Siluriformes, Mochokidae): implications dans la paĺeobioǵeographie intracontinentale ńeog̀ ene d'Afrique. Ph.D. dissertation, Universit́e de Poitiers, Poitiers, France, 203 pp.
81. Pinton, A., E. Fara, and O. Otero. 2006. Spine anatomy reveals the diversity of catfish through time: a case study of Synodontis (Siluriformes). Naturwissenschaften 93:22-26.
82. Poll, M., and J.-P. Gosse. 1995. Genera des poissons d'eau douce de l'Afrique. Acad́emie Royale de Belgique, Ḿemoire de la Classe des Sciences, Collection in-8, 3ieme s ́ erie 1-324.
83. Priem, F. 1905. Sur des poissons fossiles de l'É ocene moyen d'É gypte. Bulletin de la Societ́e ǵeologique de France 4:633-641.
84. Priem, F. 1914. Sur des poissons fossiles et, en particulier, des silurid ́es du Tertiaire suṕ erieur et des couches r ́ecentes d'Afrique (Egypte et r ́egion du Tchad). Ḿemoires de la Socí et ́e geologique de France, s ́ erie Paĺeontologie 21:5-13.
85. Purdy, R. W., V. P. Schneider, S. P. Applegate, J. H. McLellan, R. L. Meyer, and B. H. Slaughter. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays, and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90:71-202.
86. Romer, A. S. 1955. Herpetichthyes, Amphibioidei, Choanichthyes or Sarcopterygii? Nature 176:126.
87. Rosen, D. E. 1973. Interrelationships of higher euteleostean fishes; pp. 397-513 in P. H. Greenwood, R. S. Miles, and C. Patterson (eds.). Interrelationships of Fishes. Supplement no.1 to the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Academic Press, London.
88. Seegers, L. 2008. The Catfishes of Africa. Aqualog Verlag A.C.S., Rodgau, Germany, 604 pp.
89. Seiffert, E. R. 2006. Revised age estimates for the later Paleogene mammal faunas of Egypt and Oman. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:5000-5005.
90. Seiffert, E. R., E. L. Simons, and Y. Attia. 2003. Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos. Nature 422:421-424.
91. Seiffert, E. R., T. M. Bown, W. C. Clyde, and E. L. Simons. 2008. Geology, paleoenvironment, and age of Birket Qarun locality 2 (BQ-2), Fayum Depression, Egypt; pp. 71-86 in J. G. Fleagle, and C. C. Gilbert (eds.), Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins. Springer Press, New York.
92. Seiffert, E. R., E. L. Simons, W. C. Clyde, J. B. Rossie, Y. Attia, T. M. Bown, P. Chatrath, and M. E. Mathison. 2005. Basal anthropoids from Egypt and the antiquity of Africa's higher primate radiation. Science 310:300-304.
93. Smith, M. M., and N. I. Krupina. 2001. Conserved developmental processes constrain evolution of lungfish dentitions. Journal of Anatomy 199:161-168.
94. Stewart, K. M. 1990. Fossil fish from the Upper Semliki. Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir 1:141-162.
95. Stewart, K. M. 2001. The freshwater fish of Neogene Africa (Miocene-Pleistocene): systematics and biogeography. Fish and Fisheries 2:177-230.
96. Stewart, K. M. 2003. Fossil fish remains from the Pliocene Kanapoi Site, Kenya. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 498:21-38.
97. Stewart, K. M., and A. M. Murray. 2008. Fish Remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia. Geobios 41:283-295.
98. Stromer, E. 1904. Nematognathi aus dem Faĵum und dem Natronthale in Aegypten. Neues Jahrbuch f̈ur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palëontologie 1:1-7.
99. Stromer, E. 1905. Sie Fischreste des mittelren und oberen Eocene von Agypten. Beitrage zur Palaeontologie und Geologie Ostrerreich-Ungarns und Orients, Universitats-Buchhandler in Wein 18:163-190.
100. Stromer, E. 1916. Die Entdeckung und die Bedeutung der Land und S̈usswasser bewohnenden Wirbeltiere im Tertïar und in der Kreide Aeqyptens. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 68:397-425.
101. Tabuce, R., S. Adnet, H. Cappetta, A. Noubhani, and F. Quillevere. 2005. Aznag (Ouarzazate basin, Morocco), a new African middle Eocene (Lutetian) vertebrate-bearing locality with selachians and mammals/Aznag (bassin d'Ouarzazate, Maroc), nouvelle localit ́e ̀a s ́ elaciens et mammif̀eres de l'Eoc̀ene moyen (Lut́ etien) d'Afrique. Bulletin de la Socí et ́e Ǵeologique de France 176:381-400.
102. Teugels, G. G., and J. Daget. 1984. Parachanna nom. nov. for the African snake-heads and rehabilitation of Parachanna insignis (Sauvage, 1884) (Pisces, Channidae). Cybium 8:1-7.
103. Van Couvering, J. A., and J. A. Harris. 1991. Late Eocene age of Fayum mammal faunas. Journal of Human Evolution 21:241-260.
104. Van Neer, W. 1994. Cenozoic fish fossils from the Albertine Rift Valley in Uganda; pp. 89-26 in B. Senut and M. Pickford (eds.), Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley Uganda-Zaire. Volume II: Palaeobiology/Paĺ eobiologie. Occasional Publication of the International Center for Training and Exchanges in the Geosciences, France.
105. Van Neer, W., and M. Gayet. 1988. É tude des poissons en provenance des sites holoc̀enes du bassin de Taoudenni-Araouane (Mali). Bulletin duMuśee national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 s ́ erie, section C 10:343-383.
106. Vigliotta, T. R. 2008. A phylogenetic study of the African catfish family Mochokidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a key to genera. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 157:73-136.
107. Vignaud, P., P. Duringer, H. T. Mackaye, A. Likius, C. Blondel, J. R. Boisserie, L. de Bonis, V. Eisenmann, D. Geraads, F. Guy, T. Lehmann, F. Lihoreau, N. Lopez-Martinex, C. Mourer-Chauviŕ e, O. Otero, J.-C. Rage, M. Schuster, L. Viriot, A. Zazzo, and M. Brunet. 2002. Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area, Djurab Desert, Northern Chad. Nature 418:152-155.
108. Wacker, K., P. Bartsch, and G. Clemen. 2001. The development of the tooth pattern and dentigerous bones in Polypterus senegalus (Cladistia, Actinopterygii). Annals of Anatomy 183:37-52.
109. Ward D. J., and R. L. Weist. 1990. A checklist of Palaeocene and Eocene sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes) from the Pamunkey Group, Maryland and Virginia, USA. Tertiary Research 12: 81-88.
110. Wee, K. L. 1982. Snakeheads-their biology and culture; pp. 180-213 in J. F. Muir and R. J. Roberts (eds.), Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Croom Hlem, London.
111. Weiler, W. 1929. Die mittel- und obereocäne fischfauna Ä gyptens mit besonderer Ber̈ucksichtigung der Teleostomi. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Neue Folge 1:1-57.
112. White, E. I. 1926. Eocene fishes from Nigeria. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 10:1-82.
113. White, E. I. 1934. Fossil fishes of Sokoto Province. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Nigeria 14:1-78.
114. Woo, N. Y. S., and W. C. M. Tong. 1982. Salinity adaptation in the snakehead Ophiocephalus maculatus Laćep̀ede: changes in oxygen consumption, branchial Na+-K+-ATPase and body composition. Journal of Fish Biology 20:11-19.