Walking the tightrope: Trends in African freshwater systematic ichthyology

Journal of Fish Biology

Volumn 79, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 1413-1435

  Skelton, P H ^a   Swartz, E R ^a  

^a SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Barcode of Life; Freshwater fishes; Historical ichthyology; Molecular systematics; Taxonomy

Indexed keywords

FRESH WATER;

AFRICA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; FISH; ZOOLOGY;

AFRICA; ANIMALS; CLASSIFICATION; FISHES; FRESH WATER; ZOOLOGY;

PISCES;

EID: 82955249294     PISSN: 00221112     EISSN: 10958649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03085.x     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Adams, J., King, C. & Hook, D. (2010). Global Research Report Africa. Leeds: Evidence, Thomson Reuters.
2. van der Bank, F. H. & Kramer, B. (1996). Phylogenetic relationships between eight African species of mormyriform fish (Teleostei, Osteichthyes): resolution of a cryptic species, and reinstatement of Cyphomyrus Myers, 1960. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 24, 275-290.
3. Barnard, K. H. (1938). Notes on the species of Barbus from the Cape Province with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (Series 11) 2, 80-88.
4. Barnard, K. H. (1943). Revision of the indigenous fresh-water fishes of the S.W. Cape Region. Annals of the South African Museum 36, 101-262.
5. Bell-Cross, G. (1975). A revision of certain Haplochromis species of Central Africa. Occasional Papers of the National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia 7, 405-464.
6. Bloomer, P. & Impson, N. D. (2000). Mitochondrial DNA differentiation in the critically endangered Berg River redfin (Pseudobarbus burgi). The Journal of Heredity 91, 122-127.
7. Brown, K. J., Rüber, L., Bills, R. & Day, J. (2010). Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 188. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-188.
8. de Carvalho, M. R., Bockmann, F. A., Amorim, D. S. & Brandão, C. R. F. (2008). Systematics must embrace comparative biology and evolution, not speed and automation. Evolutionary Biology 35, 150-157.
9. Chen, W.-J. & Mayden, R. L. (2010). A phylogenetic perspective on the New Era of Ichthyology. Bioscience 60, 421-432.
10. Chenhong, L. & Orti, G. (2007). Molecular phylogeny of Clupeiformes (Actinopterygii) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44, 386-398.
11. Coulter, G. W. (1991). Lake Tanganyika and its Life. London: British Museum of Natural History.
12. Daget, J. (1994). Aperçu historique sur l'ichtyologie africaine. Annals of the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Zoological Sciences 275, 17-19.
13. Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Allen, D. J., Holland, R. A., Harrison, I. J. & Brooks, E. G. E. (2011). The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa. Cambridge: IUCN.
14. Day, J. J., Bills, R. & Friel, J. P. (2009). Lacustrine radiations in African Synodontis catfish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22, 805-817.
15. Diogo, R. (2003). Higher level phylogeny of Siluriformes: an overview. In Catfishes (Kapoor, B. G., Arratia, G., Chardon, M. & Diogo, R., eds), pp. 353-384. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers Inc.
16. Diogo, R. (2005). Adaptations, Homoplasies, Constraints, and Evolutionary Trends: Catfish Morphology, Phylogeny and Evolution, a Case Study on Theoretical Phylogeny and Macroevolution. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers Inc.
17. Diogo, R. & Bills, R. (2006). Osteology and myology of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle of the South African catfish Austroglanis gilli, with comments on the autapomorphies and phylogenetic relationships of the Austroglanididae (Teleostei: Siluriformes). Animal Biology 56, 39-62.
18. Dudgeon, D., Paugy, D., Lévêque, C., Rebelo, L.-M. & McCartney, M. P. (2011). Background. In The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa (Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Allen, D. J., Holland, R. A., Harrison, I. J. & Brooks, E. G. E., eds), pp. 4-31. Cambridge: IUCN.
19. Durand, J.-D., Tsigenopoulos, C. S., Ünlü, E. & Berrebi, P. (2002). Phylogeny and biogeography of the family Cyprinidae in the Middle East inferred from cytochrome b DNA - evolutionary significance of this region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 22, 91-100.
20. Engelbrecht, J. S. & van der Bank, F. H. (1994). Isozyme and allozyme differences in four shortfin barb (Barbus brevipinnis Jubb, 1966) populations with reference to an undescribed species from the Transvaal, South-Africa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 22, 269-276.
21. Engelbrecht, J. S. & van der Bank, F. H. (1996a). Genetic relationships between marico barb (Barbus motebensis, Steindacher 1894), redtail barb (B. gurneyi, Günther 1868) and amatola barb (B. amatolicus, Skelton 1990). Animal Genetics 27, 77-84.
22. Engelbrecht, J. S. & van der Bank, F. H. (1996b). Genetic relationships between seven species within the chubbyhead and goldie barb group of minnows (Pisces, Cyprinidae). Journal of African Zoology 110, 381-396.
23. Fowler, H. W. (1930). The fresh-water fishes obtained by the Gray African Expedition - 1929. With notes on other species in the Academy collection. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 82, 27-83.
24. Fryer, G. & Iles, T. D. (1972). The Cichlid Fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa. Their Biology and Evolution. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
25. Getahun, A. (2011). Species in the spotlight. A unique species flock in Lake Tana - the Labeobarbus complex. In The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa (Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Allen, D. J., Harrison, I. J. & Brooks, E. G. E., eds), pp. 82-84. Cambridge: IUCN.
26. Gilchrist, J. D. F. & Thompson, W. W. (1913). The freshwater fishes of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 11, 361-423.
27. Gilchrist, J. D. F. & Thompson, W. W. (1917). The freshwater fishes of South Africa. Part IV (continued). Annals of the South African Museum 11, 465-575.
28. Gourene, G. & Teugels, G. G. (1991). Révision systématique des genres Odaxothrissa Boulenger, 1899 et Cynothrissa Regan, 1917 (Pisces, Clupeidae) des eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique. Revue Zoologique Africaines 105, 439-459.
29. de Graaf, M., Megens, H.-J., Samallo, J. & Sibbing, F. (2010). Preliminary insight into age and origin of the Labeobarbus fish species flock from Lake Tana (Ethiopia) using the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54, 336-343. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.10.029.
30. Greenwood, P. H., Rosen, D. E., Weitzman, S. H. & Myers, G. S. (1966). Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 131, 339-456.
31. Greenwood, P. H., Miles, R. S. & Patterson, C. (Eds). (1973). Interrelationships of fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 53 (Suppl. 1), 1-536.
32. Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. & deWaard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 270, 313-321.
33. Hennig, W. (1966). Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
34. Joyce, D. A., Lunt, D. H., Bills, R., Turner, G. F., Katongo, C., Duftner, N., Sturmbauer, C. & Seehausen, O. (2005). An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake. Nature 435, 90-95. DOI: 10.10.1038/nature03489.
35. Joyce, D. A., Lunt, D. H., Genner, M. J., Turner, G. F., Bills, R. & Seehausen, O. (2011). Repeated colonization and hybridization in Lake Malawi cichlids. Current Biology 21, 108-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.029.
36. Jubb, R. A. (1966). Labeo (?) quathlambae, a rare freshwater fish now feared extinct. Piscator 67, 78-80.
37. Jubb, R. A. (1967). Freshwater Fishes of Southern Africa. Cape Town: A.A.Balkema.
38. Kapoor, B. G., Arratia, G., Chardon, M. & Diogo, R. (Eds). (2003). Catfishes. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers Inc.
39. Katongo, C., Kolbmüller, S., Duftner, N., Makasa, L. & Sturmbauer, C. (2005). Phylogeography and speciation in the Pseudocrenilabrus philander species complex in Zambian Rivers. Hydrobiologia 542, 221-233.
40. Katongo, C., Kolbmüller, S., Duftner, N., Mumba, L. & Sturmbauer, C. (2007). Evolutionary history and biogeographic affinities of the serranochromine cichlids in Zambian rivers. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45, 326-338.
41. Klett, V. & Meyer, A. (2002). What, if anything, is a tilapia? - mitochondrial ND2 phylogeny of tilapiines and the evolution of parental care systems in the African cichlid fishes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 865-883.
42. Koblmüller, S., Egger, B., Sturmbauer, C. & Sefc, K. M. (2010). Rapid radiation, ancient incomplete lineage sorting and ancient hybridization in the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid Tribe Tropheini. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55, 318-334.
43. Kocher, T. D. (2004). Adaptive evolution and explosive speciation: the cichlid fish model. Nature Reviews Genetics 5, 288-298.
44. Kramer, B. & van der Bank, F. H. (2000). The southern churchill, Petrocephalus wesselsi, a new species of mormyrid from South Africa defined by electric organ discharges, genetics, and morphology. Environmental Biology of Fishes 59, 393-413.
45. Kramer, B. & Swartz, E. R. (2010). A new species of Slender Stonebasher within the Hippopotamyrus ansorgii complex from the Cunene River in southern Africa (Teleostei: Mormyriformes). Journal of Natural History 44, 2213-2242.
46. Kramer, B., Skelton, P., van der Bank, H. & Wink, M. (2007). Allopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern and eastern Africa: the resurrection of M. pongolensis and M. angolensis, and the description of two new species (Mormyridae, Teleostei). Journal of Natural History 41, 647-708.
47. Linder, H. P., Johnson, S. D., Kuhlmann, M., Matthee, C. A., Nyffeler, R. & Swartz, E. R. (2010). Biotic diversity in the southern African winter-rainfall region. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2, 109-116.
48. Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae. Regnum Animale, 10th edn. Stockholm: Holmiae, L. Salvii.
49. Lévêque, C. (1990). Relict tropical fish fauna in Central Sahara. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 1, 39-48.
50. Lévêque, C. (1997). Biodiversity and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Lévêque, C., Oberdorff, T., Paugy, D., Stiassny, M. L. J. & Tedesco, P. A. (2008). Global diversity of fish (Pisces) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595, 545-567.
52. Lowenstein, J. H., Osmundson, T. W., Becker, S., Hanner, R. & Stiassny, M. L. J. (2011). Incorporating DNA barcodes into a multi-year inventory of the fishes of the hyperdiverse Lower Congo River, with a multi-gene performance assessment of the genus Labeo as a case study. Mitochondrial DNA 21, 1-19.
53. Lundberg, J. G., Sullivan, J. P., Rodiles-Hernández, R. & Hendrickson, D. A. (2007). Discovery of African roots for the Mesoamerican Chiapas catfish, Lacantunia enigmatica, requires an ancient intercontinental passage. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 156, 39-53.
54. Malabarba, L. R., Reis, R. E., Vari, R. P., Lucena, Z. M. S. & Lucena, C. A. S. (Eds). (1998). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS.
55. Markert, J. A., Schelly, R. C. & Stiassny, M. L. J. (2010). Genetic isolation and morphological divergence mediated by high-energy rapids in two cichlid genera from the lower Congo rapids. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 149.
56. Mayr, E. (1975). Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
57. Mincher, W. (2007). Introduction. In The State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 (Wolhuter, L. E. & Impson, D., eds) pp. 2-3. Water Research Commission Report TT 302/07.
58. Mooi, R. D. & Gill, A. C. (2010). Phylogenies without synapomorphies - a crisis in fish systematics: time to show some character. Zootaxa 2450, 26-40.
59. Nelson, J. S., Schultz, H.-P. & Wilson, M. V. H. (Eds). (2010). Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. München: Verlag Dr Friedrich Pfeil.
60. Nichols, J. T. & Griscom, L. (1917). Fresh-water fishes of the Congo Basin obtained by the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 37, 653-756.
61. van Niekerk, R. (2004). Phylogeography of the Cape Galaxias, Galaxias zebratus. MSc Thesis Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
62. O'Hara, R. J. (1997). Population thinking and tree thinking in systematics. Zoologica Scripta 26, 323-329.
63. O'Keeffe, J. H., Davies, B. R., King, J. M. & Skelton, P. H. (1989). The conservation status of southern African rivers. In Biotic Diversity in Southern Africa: Concepts and Conservation, (Huntley, B. J., ed.), pp. 265-289. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
64. Paugy, D., Lévêque, C. & Teugels, G. G. (2003a). Faune des poisons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Faune et Flore Tropicales 40, Tome 1. Paris: IRD, MNHN, MRAC.
65. Paugy, D., Lévêque, C. & Teugels, G. G. (2003b). Faune des poisons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Faune et Flore Tropicales 40, Tome 2. Paris: IRD, MNHN, MRAC.
66. Peters, W. C. H. (1868). Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt. Zoologie. IV. Flussfische. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
67. Peterson, A. T., Knapp, S., Guralnick, R., Soberón, J. & Holder, M. T. (2010). Perspective. The big questions for biodiversity informatics. Systematics and Biodiversity 8, 159-168.
68. Pouris, A. (2010). A scientometric assessment of the Southern African Development Community: science in the tip of Africa. Scientometrics 85, 145-154. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-010-0260-2.
69. Poyato-Ariza, F. J., Grande, T. & Diogo, R. (2009). Gonorynchiform interrelationships: historic overview, analysis, and revised systematics of the group. In Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships. A Comprehensive Review (Poyato-Ariza, F. J. & Diogo, R., eds), pp. 227-337. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers Inc.
70. Rall, J., Swartz, E., Skoroszewski, R. & Cunningham, M. (2002). Determination of sanctuary sites outside the Mohale catchment and transplantation of Maloti minnow to identified sanctuaries. Contract LHDA 1041. Grahamstown: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity.
71. Roberts, T. R. (2003). Systematics and osteology of Leptoglaninae, a new subfamily of the African catfish family Amphiliidae, with descriptions of three new genera and six new species. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 54, 81-132.
72. Roos, H. (2004). Genetic Diversity in the Anabantids Sandelia capensis and S. bainsii: a Phylogeographic and Phylogenetic Investigation. MSc Thesis Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
73. Roux, D. J., Nel, J. L., MacKay, H. M. & Ashton, P. J. (2006). Cross-sector policy objectives for conserving South Africa's inland water biodiversity. Water Research Commission Report No. TT 276/06.
74. Rüber, L., Britz, R. & Zardoya, R. (2006). Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary diversification of Labyrinth fishes (Perciformes: Anabantoidei). Systematic Biology 55, 374-397.
75. Rüppell, W. P. E. S. (1829). Beschreibung und Abbildung mehrerer neuer Fische im Nil entdeckt. Frankfurt-am-Main: Verlag der Brönner'schen Buchhandlung.
76. Saitoh, K., Sado, T., Mayden, R. L., Hanzawa, N., Nakamura, K., Nishida, M. & Miya, M. (2006). Mitogenomic evolution and interrelationships of the Cypriniformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi): the first evidence toward resolution of higher-level relationships of the world's largest freshwater fish clade based on 59 whole genomic sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 63, 826-841.
77. Schindel, D. E. (2010). Biology without borders. Nature 467, 779-781.
78. Skelton, P. H. (1987). South African red data book - fishes. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 137, 1-199.
79. Skelton, P. H. (1988). A taxonomic revision of the redfin minnows (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from southern Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museum (Natural History) 16, 201-307.
80. Skelton, P. H. (1994). Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in east and southern Africa. Annals of the Royal Central African Museum 275, 95-131.
81. Skelton, P. H. (1996). A historical review of the taxonomy and biogeography of freshwater fishes in South Africa - the past 50 years. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 51, 91-114.
82. Skelton, P. H. (2000). Flagships and fragments - perspectives on the conservation of freshwater fishes in southern Africa. African Journal of Aquatic Science 25, 37-42.
83. Skelton, P. H. (2002). An overview of the challenges of conserving freshwater fishes in South Africa. In Conservation of Freshwater Fishes: Options for the Future (Collares-Pereira, M. J., Cowx, I. G. & Coelho, M. M., eds), pp. 221-236. Oxford: Fishing News Books.
84. Skelton, P. H. (2007). Africa's natural history collections - riches or fools gold? Quest 3, 40-41.
85. Skelton, P. H. & Stuart, P. (1987). A history of the collection of freshwater fishes and a catalogue of the types of freshwater fishes in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) 16, 179-189.
86. Skelton, P., Rall, J., Swartz, E., Bloomer, P., Bills, R. & Tweddle, D. (2001). Maloti Minnow Conservation Project. Contract LHDA 1041. Grahamstown: South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity.
87. Snoeks, J. (2000). How well known is the ichthyodiversity of the large East African lakes? Advances in Ecological Research 31, 17-38.
88. Snoeks, J. (2004). The Cichlid Diversity of Lake Malawi/Nyasa: Identification, Distribution and Taxonomy. El Paso, TX: Cichlid Press.
89. Snoeks, J., Harrison, I. J. & Stiassny, M. L. J. (2011). The status and distribution of freshwater fishes. In The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa (Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Allen, D. J., Holland, R. A., Harrison, I. J. & Brooks, E. G. E., eds), pp. 42-73. Cambridge: IUCN.
90. Stiassny, M. L. J. (1997). A phylogenetic overview of the lamprologine cichlids of Africa (Teleostei, Cichlidae): a morphological perspective. South African Journal of Science 93, 513-523.
91. Stiassny, M. L. J. (2002). Conservation of freshwater fish biodiversity: the knowledge impediment. Verhandlungen der Gessellschaft für Ichthyologie 3, 7-18.
92. Stiassny, M. L. J. & Getahun, A. (2007). An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus Garra Hamilton, 1922 (teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of Garra from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150, 41-83.
93. Stiassny, M. L. J. & Mamonekene, V. (2007). Micralestes (Characiformes, Alestidae) of the lower Congo River, with a description of a new species endemic to the lower Congo River rapids in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Zootaxa 1614, 17-29.
94. Stiassny, M. L. J., Parenti, L. R. & Johnson, G. D. (Eds). (1996). Interrelationships of Fishes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
95. Stiassny, M. L. J., Schliewen, U. K. & Dominey, W. J. (2002). A new species flock of cichlid fishes from Lake Bermin, Cameroon with a description of eight new species of Tilapia (Labroidei: Cichlidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 3, 311-346.
96. Stiassny, M. L. J., Wiley, E. O., Johnson, G. D. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2004). Gnathostome fishes. In Assembling the Tree of Life (Cracraft, J. & Donoghue, M. J., eds), pp. 410-429. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
97. Stiassny, M. L. J., Teugels, G. G. & Hopkins, C. D. (2007a). Poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de basse Guinée, oust de 'Afrique central. [Fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa], Vol. 1. Paris: IRD Editions.
98. Stiassny, M. L. J., Teugels, G. G. & Hopkins, C. D. (2007b). Poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de basse Guinée, oust de 'Afrique central. [Fresh and brackish water fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa], Vol. 2. Paris: IRD Editions.
99. Sturmbauer, C., Baric, S., Salzburger, W., Rüber, L. & Verheyen, E. (2001). Lake level fluctuations synchronize genetic divergences of cichlid fishes in African lakes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18, 144-154.
100. Sullivan, J. P., Lundberg, J. G. & Hardman, M. (2006). A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41, 636-662.
101. Swartz, E. R. (2005). Phylogeography, Phylogenetics and Evolution of the Redfins (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Pseudobarbus) in Southern Africa. PhD Thesis. Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
102. Swartz, E. & Tweddle, D. (2011). Site scale conservation. In The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa (Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Allan, J. D., Holland, R. A., Harrison, I. J. & Brooks, E. G. E., eds), pp. 277-282. Cambridge: IUCN.
103. Swartz, E. R., Flemming, A. F. & Mouton, P. F. N. (2004). Contrasting genetic patterns and population histories in three threatened redfin species (Cyprinidae) from the Olifants River System, western South Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 64, 1153-1167.
104. Swartz, E. R., Skelton, P. H. & Bloomer, P. (2007). Sea-level changes, river capture and the evolution of populations of the Eastern Cape and fiery redfins (Pseudobarbus afer and Pseudobarbus phlegethon, Cyprinidae) across multiple river systems in South Africa. Journal of Biogeography 34, 2086-2099.
105. Swartz, E. R., Mwale, M. & Hanner, R. (2008). A role for barcoding in the study of African fish diversity and conservation. South African Journal of Science 104, 293-298.
106. Swartz, E. R., Skelton, P. H. & Bloomer, P. (2009). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Pseudobarbus (Cyprinidae): Shedding light on the drainage history of rivers associated with the Cape Floristic Region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51, 75-84.
107. Tang, Q., Getahun, A. & Liu, H. (2009). Multiple in-to-Africa dispersals of labeonin fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Hydrobiologia 632, 261-271.
108. Tang, K. L., Agnew, M. K., Hirt, M. C., Sado, T., Schneider, L. M., Freyhof, J., Sulaiman, Z., Swartz, E., Vidthayanon, C., Miya, M., Saitoh, K., Simons, A. M., Wood, R. M. & Mayden, R. L. (2010). Systematics of the subfamily Danioninae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57, 189-214.
109. Thieme, M. L., Abell, R., Stiassny, M. L. J., Skelton, P., Lehner, B., Teugels, G. G., Dinerstein, E., Kamdem Toham, A., Burgess, N. & Olson, D. (2005). Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
110. Tsigonopoulos, C. S., Kasapidis, P. & Berrebi, P. (2010). Phylogenetic relationships of hexaploid large-sized barbs (genus Labeobarbus, Cyprinidae) based on mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56, 851-856.
111. Tweddle, D., Bills, R., Swartz, E., Coetzer, W., Da Costa, L., Engelbrecht, J., Cambray, J., Marshall, B., Impson, D., Skelton, P. H., Darwall, W. R. T. & Smith, K. S. (2009). The status and distribution of freshwater fishes. In The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Southern Africa (Darwall, W. R. T., Smith, K. G., Tweddle, D. & Skelton, P., eds), pp. 21-37. Gland: IUCN.
112. Vernooy, R., Haribabu, E., Muller, M. R., Vogel, J. H., Hebert, P. D. N., Schindel, D. E., Shimura, J. & Singer, G. A. C. (2010). Barcoding life to conserve biological diversity: beyond the taxonomic imperative. PLoS Biology 8, e1000417. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000417.
113. Vigliotta, T. R. (2008). A phylogenetic study of the African catfish family Mochokidae (Osteichthyes, Ostariophysi, Siluriformes), with a key to genera. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 157, 73-136.
114. Vreven, E. J. (2005). Mastacembelidae (Teleostei; Synbranchiformes) subfamily division and African generic division: an evaluation. Journal of Natural History 39, 351-370.
115. Waters, J. M. & Cambray, J. A. (1997). Intraspecific phylogeography of the Cape galaxias from South Africa: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Journal of Fish Biology 50, 1329-1338.
116. Wheeler, Q. D. (2004). Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 359, 571-583.
117. Wheeler, Q. D. (Ed.) (2008). The New Taxonomy. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
118. Williams, D. M. & Ebach, M. C. (2010). Molecular systematics and the 'blender of optimization': is there a crisis in systematics? Systematics and Biodiversity 8, 481-484.
119. Wilson, A. B., Teugels, G. G. & Meyer, A. (2008). Marine incursion: the freshwater herring of Lake Tanganyika are the product of a marine invasion into West Africa. PloS One 3, e1979. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001979.
120. Wishart, M., Hughes, J., Stewart, B. & Impson, D. (2006). Extreme levels of intra-specific divergence among Cape Peninsula populations of the Cape galaxias, Galaxias zebratus Castelnau 1861, reveals a possible species complex. African Journal of Aquatic Science 31, 99-106.
121. Yang, L. & Mayden, R. L. (2010). Phylogenetic relationships, subdivision, and biogeography of the cyprinid tribe Labeonini (sensu Rainboth, 1991) (Teleostei: Cypriniformes), with comments on the implications of lips and associated structures in the labeonin classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54, 254-265.
122. Zanata, A. M. & Vari, R. P. (2005). The family Alestidae (Ostariophysi, Characiformes): a phylogenetic analysis of a trans-Atlantic clade. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 145, 1-144.
123. thYellowfish Working Group Conference (Arderne, P., ed.), pp. 57-59. Johannesburg: The Federation of Southern African Flyfishes. Available at.
124. Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fricke, R. (Eds). (2011). Catalog of Fishes. Available at (accessed 10 February 2011).