Natural ECM as Biomaterial for Scaffold Based Cardiac Regeneration Using Adult Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 158-171

  Sreejit, P ^a   Verma, R S ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS   (India)

Author keywords

Biomaterials; Cardiac regeneration; Cellular therapy; Differentiation; Niche

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875586850     PISSN: 15508943     EISSN: 15586804     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-013-9427-6     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Braunwald, E., & Bristow, M. R. (2000). Congestive heart failure: fifty years of progress. Circulation, 102, IV-14-IV-23.
2. American Heart Association. (1999). Heart and stroke statistical update. Dallas: American Heart Association.
3. Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., et al. (2010). Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update. Circulation, 121, e46-e215.
4. Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., et al. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update. Circulation, 125, e2-e220.
5. Orlic, D., Hill, J. M., & Arai, A. E. (2002). Stem cells for myocardial regeneration. Circulation Research, 91, 1092-1102.
6. Caplice, N. M. (2006). The future of cell therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine, 3, S129-S132.
7. National Institutes of Health. (2006). Regenerative medicine. NIH Fact Sheet 092106.
8. Mason, C., & Dunnill, P. (2008). A brief definition of regenerative medicine. Regenerative Medicine, 3, 1-5.
9. Mason, C., & Manzotti, E. (2010). Regenerative medicine cell therapies: numbers of units manufactured and patients treated between 1988 and 2010. Regenerative Medicine, 5, 307-313.
10. Langer, R., & Vacanti, J. P. (1993). Tissue engineering. Science, 260, 920-926.
11. Lanza, R. P., Langer, R., & Vacanti, J. P. (2000). Principles of tissue engineering. New York: Academic.
12. MacArthur, B. D., & Oreffo, R. O. C. (2005). Bridging the gap. Nature 433: 19-
13. Wu, K. H., Liu, Y. L., Zhou, B., & Han, Z. C. (2006). Cellular therapy and myocardial tissue engineering: the role of adult stem and progenitor cells. European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 30, 770-781.
14. O'Brien, T., & Barry, F. P. (2009). Stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 84, 859-861.
15. Gersh, B. J., Simari, R. D., Behfar, A., Terzic, C. M., & Terzic, A. (2009). Cardiac cell repair therapy: a clinical perspective. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 84, 876-892.
16. Laflamme, M. A., & Murry, C. E. (2005). Regenerating the heart. Nature Biotechnology, 23, 845-856.
17. Yacoub, M., Suzuki, K., & Rosenthal, N. (2006). The future of regenerative therapy in patients with chronic heart failure. Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine, 3, S133-S135.
18. Ptaszek, L. M., Mansour, M., Ruskin, J. N., & Chien, K. R. (2012). Towards regenerative therapy for cardiac disease. The Lancet, 379, 933-942.
19. Traverse, J. (2012). Using biomaterials to improve the efficacy of cell therapy following acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 5, 67-72.
20. Laflamme, M. A., & Murry, C. E. (2011). Heart regeneration. Nature, 473, 326-335.
21. Sánchez, P. L., Román, J. A. S., Villa, A., Eugenia, F. M., & Fernández-Avilés, F. (2006). Contemplating the bright future of stem cell therapy for cardiovascular disease. Nature Clinical Practice. Cardiovascular Medicine, 3, S133.
22. Christman, K. L., & Lee, R. J. (2006). Biomaterials for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 48, 907-913.
23. Chen, Q.-Z., Harding, S. E., Ali, N. N., Lyon, A. R., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2008). Biomaterials in cardiac tissue engineering: ten years of research survey. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 59, 1-37.
24. Murry, C. E., Reinecke, H., & Pabon, L. M. (2006). Regeneration gaps: observations on stem cells and cardiac repair. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 47, 1777-1785.
25. van Laake, L. W., Hassink, R., Doevendans, P. A., & Mummery, C. (2006). Heart repair and stem cells. The Journal of Physiology, 577, 467-478.
26. Reinecke, H., Minami, E., Zhu, W.-Z., & Laflamme, M. A. (2008). Cardiogenic differentiation and transdifferentiation of progenitor cells. Circulation Research, 103, 1058-1071.
27. van Laake, L. W., van Hoof, D., & Mummery, C. L. (2005). Cardiomyocytes derived from stem cells. Annals of Medicine, 37, 499-512.
28. Jones, D. A., Choudry, F., & Mathur, A. (2012). Cell therapy in cardiovascular disease: the national society journals present selected research that has driven recent advances in clinical cardiology. Heart, 98, 1626-1631.
29. Chavakis, E., Koyanagi, M., & Dimmeler, S. (2010). Enhancing the outcome of cell therapy for cardiac repair. Circulation, 121, 325-335.
30. Jeevanantham, V., Butler, M., Saad, A., Abdel-Latif, A., Zuba-Surma, E. K., & Dawn, B. (2012). Adult bone marrow cell therapy improves survival and induces long-term improvement in cardiac parameters / clinical perspective. Circulation, 126, 551-568.
31. van der Spoel, T. I. G., Jansen of Lorkeers, S. J., & Agostoni, P. (2011). Human relevance of pre-clinical studies in stem cell therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large animal models of ischaemic heart disease. Cardiovascular Research, 91, 649-658.
32. Giraud, M.-N., Guex, A. G., & Tevaearai, H. T. (2012). Cell therapies for heart function recovery: focus on myocardial tissue engineering and nanotechnologies. Cardiology Research and Practice, 2012, 10.
33. Meyer, G. P., Wollert, K. C., Lotz, J., et al. (2009). Intracoronary bone marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: five-year follow-up from the randomized-controlled BOOST trial. European Heart Journal, 30, 2978-2984.
34. Yousef, M., Schannwell, C. M., Köstering, M., Zeus, T., Brehm, M., & Strauer, B. E. (2009). The BALANCE study clinical benefit and long-term outcome after intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 53, 2262-2269.
35. Segers, V. F. M., & Lee, R. T. (2008). Stem-cell therapy for cardiac disease. Nature, 451, 937-942.
36. Dimarakis, I., Habib, N. A., & Gordon, M. Y. A. (2005). Adult bone marrow-derived stem cells and the injured heart: just the beginning? European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 28, 665-676.
37. Beltrami, A. P., Barlucchi, L., Torella, D., et al. (2003). Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell, 114, 763-776.
38. Oh, H., Bradfute, S. B., Gallardo, T. D., et al. (2003). Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: Homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 12313-12318.
39. Narmoneva, D. A., Vukmirovic, R., Davis, M. E., Kamm, R. D., & Lee, R. T. (2004). Endothelial cells promote cardiac myocyte survival and spatial reorganization: implications for cardiac regeneration. Circulation, 110, 962-968.
40. Rubart, M., & Field, L. J. (2006). Cardiac regeneration: repopulating the heart. Annual Review of Physiology, 68, 29-49.
41. Young, P. P., Vaughan, D. E., & Hatzopoulos, A. K. (2007). Biologic properties of endothelial progenitor cells and their potential for cell therapy. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 49, 421-429.
42. Léobon, B., Garcin, I., Menasché, P., Vilquin, J.-T., Audinat, E., & Charpak, S. (2003). Myoblasts transplanted into rat infarcted myocardium are functionally isolated from their host. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 7808-7811.
43. Reinecke, H., Minami, E., Poppa, V., & Murry, C. E. (2004). Evidence for fusion between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Circulation Research, 94, e56-e60.
44. Menasché, P. (2007). Skeletal myoblasts as a therapeutic agent. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 50, 7-17.
45. Bettiol, E., Clement, S., Krause, K. H., & Jaconi, M. E. (2007). Embryonic and adult stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: lessons from in vitro models. In K. Kramer, O. Krayer, E. Lehnartz, A. V. Muralt, & H. H. Weber (Eds.), Reviews of physiology biochemistry and pharmacology (pp. 1-30). Heidelberg: Springer Berlin.
46. van Laake, L. W., Passier, R., Doevendans, P. A., & Mummery, C. L. (2008). Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac repair in rodents. Circulation Research, 102, 1008-1010.
47. McLaren, A. (2001). Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research. Nature, 414, 129-131.
48. Zwi, L., Caspi, O., Arbel, G., et al. (2009). Cardiomyocyte differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation, 120, 1513-1523.
49. Bianco, P., Riminucci, M., Gronthos, S., & Robey, P. G. (2001). Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications. Stem Cells, 19, 180-192.
50. Phinney, D. G., & Prockop, D. J. (2007). Concise review: Mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair-Current views. Stem Cells, 25, 2896-2902.
51. Pittenger, M. F., Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., et al. (1999). Multilineage potential of adult mesenchymal stem cells. Science, 284, 143-147.
52. Krause, D. S., Theise, N. D., Collector, M. I., et al. (2001). Multi-organ, multi-lineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell. Cell, 105, 369-377.
53. Jiang, Y., Jahagirdar, B. N., Reinhardt, R. L., et al. (2002). Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature, 418, 41-49.
54. Körbling, M., & Estrov, Z. (2003). Adult stem cells for tissue repair-a new therapeutic concept? The New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 570-582.
55. Kocher, A. A., Schuster, M. D., Szabolcs, M. J., et al. (2001). Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow-derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. Nature Medicine, 7, 430-436.
56. Wang, J. S., Shum-Tim, D., Chedrawy, E., & Chiu, R. C. J. (2001). The coronary delivery of marrow stromal cells for myocardial regeneration: Pathophysiologic and therapeutic implications. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 122, 699-705.
57. Kajstura, J., Rota, M., Whang, B., et al. (2005). Bone marrow cells differentiate in cardiac cell lineages after infarction independently of cell fusion. Circulation Research, 96, 127-137.
58. Antonitsis, P., Ioannidou-Papagiannaki, E., Kaidoglou, A., & Papakonstantinou, C. (2007). In vitro cardiomyogenic differentiation of adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The role of 5-azacytidine. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 6, 593-597.
59. Maulik, N., & Thirunavukkarasu, M. (2008). Growth factor/s and cell therapy in myocardial regeneration. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 44, 219-227.
60. Zipori, D. (2005). The stem state: plasticity is essential, whereas self-renewal and hierarchy are optional. Stem Cells, 23, 719-726.
61. Fukuda, K. (2001). Development of regenerative cardiomyocytes from mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Artificial Organs, 25, 187-193.
62. Xu, W., Zhang, X., Qian, H., et al. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells from adult human bone marrow differentiate into a cardiomyocyte phenotype in vitro. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 229, 623-631.
63. Rangappa, S., Fen, C., Lee, E. H., Bongso, A., & Wei, E. S. K. (2003). Transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the fatty tissue into cardiomyocytes. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 75, 775-779.
64. Planat-Benard, V., Menard, C., Andre, M., et al. (2004). Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation from adipose tissue stroma cells. Circulation Research, 94, 223-229.
65. Wei-xin, L., Jian, S., Yu, W., et al. (2004). A microenvironment, rather than chemical, initiates the cardiomyogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells. Journal of Wuhan University (Natural sciences edition), 9, 513-521.
66. Nygren, J. M., Jovinge, S., Breitbach, M., et al. (2004). Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells generate cardiomyocytes at a low frequency through cell fusion, but not transdifferentiation. Nature Medicine, 10, 494-501.
67. Terada, N., Hamazaki, T., Oka, M., et al. (2002). Bone marrow cells adopt the phenotype of other cells by spontaneous cell fusion. Nature, 416, 542-545.
68. Matsuura, K., Wada, H., Nagai, T., et al. (2004). Cardiomyocytes fuse with surrounding noncardiomyocytes and reenter the cell cycle. The Journal of Cell Biology, 167, 351-363.
69. Balsam, L. B., Wagers, A. J., Christensen, J. L., Kofidis, T., Weissman, I. L., & Robbins, R. C. (2004). Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium. Nature, 428, 668-673.
70. Murry, C. E., Soonpaa, M. H., Reinecke, H., et al. (2004). Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature, 428, 664-668.
71. Makino, S., Fukuda, K., Miyoshi, S., et al. (1999). Cardiomyocytes can be generated from marrow stromal cells in vitro. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 103, 697-705.
72. Fukuda, K. (2003). Use of adult marrow mesenchymal stem cells for regeneration of cardiomyocytes. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 32, S25-S27.
73. Čihák, A. (1974). Biological effects of 5-azacytidine in eukaryotes. Oncology, 30, 405-422.
74. Konieczny, S. F., & Emerson, C. P. (1984). 5-azacytidine induction of stable mesodermal stem cell lineages from 10 T1/2 cells: Evidence for regulatory genes controlling determination. Cell, 38, 791-800.
75. Rosca, A. M., & Burlacu, A. (2011). The effect of 5-azacytidine: evidence for alteration of the multipotent ability of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells and Development, 20, 1213-1221.
76. van der Heyden, M. A. G., & Defize, L. H. K. (2003). Twenty one years of P19 cells: what an embryonal carcinoma cell line taught us about cardiomyocyte differentiation. Cardiovascular Research, 58, 292-302.
77. Wong, S. S., & Bernstein, H. S. (2010). Cardiac regeneration using human embryonic stem cells: producing cells for future therapy. Regenerative Medicine, 5, 763-775.
78. Kraehenbuehl, T. P., Zammaretti, P., van der Vlies, A. J., et al. (2008). Three-dimensional extracellular matrix-directed cardioprogenitor differentiation: systematic modulation of a synthetic cell-responsive PEG-hydrogel. Biomaterials, 29, 2757-2766.
79. Heng, B. C., Haider, H. K., Sim, E. K.-W., Cao, T., & Ng, S. C. (2004). Strategies for directing the differentiation of stem cells into the cardiomyogenic lineage in vitro. Cardiovascular Research, 62, 34-42.
80. Tathe, A., Ghodke, M., & Nikalje, A. P. (2010). A brief review: biomaterials and their application. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2, 19-23.
81. Wang, F., & Guan, J. (2010). Cellular cardiomyoplasty and cardiac tissue engineering for myocardial therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 62, 784-797.
82. Davis, R. L., Weintraub, H., & Lassar, A. B. (1987). Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell, 51, 987-1000.
83. Huang, N. F., Yu, J., Sievers, R., Li, S., & Lee, R. J. (2005). Injectable biopolymers enhance angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. Tissue Engineering, 11, 1860-1866.
84. Chai, C., & Leong, K. W. (2007). Biomaterials approach to expand and direct differentiation of stem cells. Molecular Therapy, 15, 467-480.
85. Langer, R., & Tirrell, D. A. (2004). Designing materials for biology and medicine. Nature, 428, 487-492.
86. Leor, J., Amsalem, Y., & Cohen, S. (2005). Cells, scaffolds, and molecules for myocardial tissue engineering. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 105, 151-163.
87. Bartunek, J., Sherman, W., Vanderheyden, M., Fernandez-Aviles, F., Wijns, W., & Terzic, A. (2009). Delivery of biologics in cardiovascular regenerative medicine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 85, 548-552.
88. Kang, H. J., & Kim, H. S. (2008). Safety and efficacy of intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cell in patients with myocardial infarction: MAGIC Cell-1 and MAGIC Cell-3-DES-trials. European Heart Journal Supplements, 10, K39-K43.
89. Wollert, K. C., & Drexler, H. (2005). Clinical applications of stem cells for the heart. Circulation Research, 96, 151-163.
90. Papadaki, M., Bursac, N., Langer, R., Merok, J., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., & Freed, L. E. (2001). Tissue engineering of functional cardiac muscle: molecular, structural, and electrophysiological studies. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 280, H168-H178.
91. Radisic, M., Park, H., Shing, H., et al. (2004). Functional assembly of engineered myocardium by electrical stimulation of cardiac myocytes cultured on scaffolds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 18129-18134.
92. Yang, J., Yamato, M., & Okano, T. (2005). Cell-sheet engineering using intelligent surfaces. MRS Bulletin, 30, 189-193.
93. Eschenhagen, T., Fink, C., Remmers, U., et al. (1997). Three-dimensional reconstitution of embryonic cardiomyocytes in a collagen matrix: a new heart muscle model system. The FASEB Journal, 11, 683-694.
94. Fujimoto, K. L., Tobita, K., Merryman, W. D., et al. (2007). An elastic, biodegradable cardiac patch induces contractile smooth muscle and improves cardiac remodeling and function in subacute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49, 2292-2300.
95. Wall, S. T., Walker, J. C., Healy, K. E., Ratcliffe, M. B., & Guccione, J. M. (2006). Theoretical impact of the injection of material into the myocardium: a finite element model simulation. Circulation, 114, 2627-2635.
96. Robert, P. L., Robert, L., & Joseph, V. (Eds.). (2000). Principles of tissue engineering (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic.
97. Giraud, M.-N., Armbruster, C., Carrel, T., & Tevaearai, H. T. (2007). Current state of the art in myocardial tissue engineering. Tissue Engineering, 13, 1825-1836.
98. Wei, H. J., Chen, C. H., Lee, W. Y., et al. (2008). Bioengineered cardiac patch constructed from multilayered mesenchymal stem cells for myocardial repair. Biomaterials, 29, 3547-3556.
99. Schmidt, D., & Hoerstrup, S. P. (2006). Tissue engineered heart valves based on human cells. Swiss Medical Weekly, 136, 618-623.
100. Du, C., Cui, F. Z., Zhu, X. D., & de Groot, K. (1999). Three-dimensional nano-HAp/collagen matrix loading with osteogenic cells in organ culture. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 44, 407-415.
101. Atala, A., & Lanza, R. P. (2002). Methods of tissue engineering. San Diego: Academic.
102. Seal, B. L., Otero, T. C., & Panitch, A. (2001). Polymeric biomaterials for tissue and organ regeneration. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 34, 147-230.
103. Badylak, S. F. (2007). The extracellular matrix as a biologic scaffold material. Biomaterials, 28, 3587-3593.
104. Zimmermann, W.-H., Melnychenko, I., & Eschenhagen, T. (2004). Engineered heart tissue for regeneration of diseased hearts. Biomaterials, 25, 1639-1647.
105. Bissell, M. J., & Aggeler, J. (1987). Dynamic reciprocity: how do extracellular matrix and hormones direct gene expression? Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 249, 251-262.
106. Kleinman, H. K., Philp, D., & Hoffman, M. P. (2003). Role of the extracellular matrix in morphogenesis. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 14, 526-532.
107. Rosso, F., Giordano, A., Barbarisi, M., & Barbarisi, A. (2004). From Cell-ECM interactions to tissue engineering. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 199, 174-180.
108. Memon, I. A., Sawa, Y., Fukushima, N., et al. (2005). Repair of impaired myocardium by means of implantation of engineered autologous myoblast sheets. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 130, 1333-1341.
109. Kutschka, I., Chen, I. Y., Kofidis, T., et al. (2006). Collagen matrices enhance survival of transplanted cardiomyoblasts and contribute to functional improvement of ischemic rat hearts. Circulation, 114, I-167-I-173.
110. Laflamme, M. A., Chen, K. Y., Naumova, A. V., et al. (2007). Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. Nature Biotechnology, 25, 1015-1024.
111. VanWinkle, W. B., Snuggs, M. B., & Buja, L. M. (1996). Cardiogel: a biosynthetic extracellular matrix for cardiomyocyte culture. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal, 32, 478-485.
112. Bick, R. J., Snuggs, M. B., Poindexter, B. J., Buja, L. M., & van Winkle, W. B. (1998). Physical, contractile and calcium handling properties of neonatal cardiac myocytes cultured on different matrices. Cell Adhesion and Communication, 6, 301-310.
113. Song, H., Chang, W., Lim, S., et al. (2007). Tissue transglutaminase is essential for integrin-mediated survival of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells, 25, 1431-1438.
114. Beqqali, A., van Eldik, W., Mummery, C., & Passier, R. (2009). Human stem cells as a model for cardiac differentiation and disease. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 66, 800-813.
115. Baharvand, H., Azarnia, M., Parivar, K., & Ashtiani, S. K. (2005). The effect of extracellular matrix on embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 38, 495-503.
116. Chang, W., Lim, S., Song, H., et al. (2007). In vitro expansion of mesenchymal stem cells using 3-D matrix derived from cardiac fibroblast. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4, 370-375.
117. Sreejit, P., & Verma, R. S. (2011). Cardiogel supports adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells with increased oxidative stress protection. European Cells & Materials, 21, 107-121.
118. Marelli, D., Desrosiers, C., el-Alfy, M., Kao, R. L., & Chiu, R. C. (1992). Cell transplantation for myocardial repair: an experimental approach. Cell Transplantation, 1, 383-390.
119. Koh, G. Y., Klug, M. G., Soonpaa, M. H., & Field, L. J. (1993). Differentiation and long-term survival of C2C12 myoblast grafts in heart. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 92, 1548-1554.
120. Chiu, R. C. J., Zibaitis, A., & Kao, R. L. (1995). Cellular cardiomyoplasty: myocardial regeneration with satellite cell Implantation. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 60, 12-18.
121. Murry, C. E., Field, L. J., & Menasche, P. (2005). Cell-based cardiac repair: reflections at the 10-year point. Circulation, 112, 3174-3183.
122. Assmus, B., Schachinger, V., Teupe, C., et al. (2002). Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation, 106, 3009-3017.
123. Strauer, B. E., Brehm, M., Zeus, T., et al. (2002). Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans. Circulation, 106, 1913-1918.
124. Perin, E. C., Dohmann, H. F. R., Borojevic, R., et al. (2003). Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation, 107, 2294-2302.
125. Janssens, S., Dubois, C., Bogaert, J., et al. (2006). Autologous bone marrow-derived stem-cell transfer in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: double-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 367, 113-121.
126. Chen, S. L., Fang, W. W., Ye, F., et al. (2004). Effect on left ventricular function of intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The American Journal of Cardiology, 94, 92-95.
127. Melo, L. G., Pachori, A. S., Kong, D., et al. (2004). Molecular and cell-based therapies for protection, rescue, and repair of ischemic myocardium: reasons for cautious optimism. Circulation, 109, 2386-2393.
128. Wollert, K. C., Meyer, G. P., Lotz, J., et al. (2004). Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial. The Lancet, 364, 141-148.
129. Song, H., Song, B. W., Cha, M. J., Choi, I. G., & Hwang, K. C. (2010). Modification of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 10, 309-319.
130. Li, R. K., Jia, Z. Q., Weisel, R. D., et al. (1996). Cardiomyocyte transplantation improves heart function. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 62, 654-661.
131. Taylor, D. A., Atkins, B. Z., Hungspreugs, P., et al. (1998). Regenerating functional myocardium: Improved performance after skeletal myoblast transplantation. Nature Medicine, 4, 929-933.
132. Toma, C., Pittenger, M. F., Cahill, K. S., Byrne, B. J., & Kessler, P. D. (2002). Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation, 105, 93-98.
133. Kehat, I., Kenyagin-Karsenti, D., Snir, M., et al. (2001). Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 108, 407-414.
134. Wagers, A. J., & Weissman, I. L. (2004). Plasticity of adult stem cells. Cell, 116, 639-648.
135. Kumar, S., Chanda, D., & Ponnazhagan, S. (2008). Therapeutic potential of genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells. Gene Therapy, 15, 711-715.
136. Katritsis, D. G., Sotiropoulou, P. A., Karvouni, E., et al. (2005). Transcoronary transplantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitors into infarcted human myocardium. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, 65, 321-329.
137. Schuleri, K. H., Boyle, A. J., & Hare, J. M. (2007). Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cardiac Regenerative Therapy. In K. Kauser & A.-M. Zeiher (Eds.), Bone marrow-derived progenitors (pp. 195-218). Heidelberg: Springer Berlin.
138. Shim, W., Mehta, A., Lim, S. Y., et al. (2011). G-CSF for stem cell therapy in acute myocardial infarction: friend or foe? Cardiovascular Research, 89, 20-30.
139. Jackson, K. A., Majka, S. M., Wang, H., et al. (2001). Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 107, 1395-1402.
140. Müller-Ehmsen, J., Whittaker, P., Kloner, R. A., et al. (2002). Survival and development of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes transplanted into adult myocardium. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 34, 107-116.
141. Singelyn, J. M., DeQuach, J. A., Seif-Naraghia, S. B., Littlefield, R. B., Schup-Magoffina, P. J., & Christman, K. L. (2009). Naturally derived myocardial matrix as an injectable scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 30, 5409-5416.
142. Duan, Y., Liu, Z., O'Neill, J., Wan, L., Freytes, D., & Vunjak-Novakovic, G. (2011). Hybrid gel composed of native heart matrix and collagen induces cardiac differentiation of human embryonic stem cells without supplemental growth factors. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 4, 605-615.
143. Segers, V. F. M., & Lee, R. T. (2011). Biomaterials to enhance stem cell function in the heart. Circulation Research, 109, 910-922.
144. Eshghi, S., & Schaffer, D. V. (2008). Engineering microenvironments to control stem cell fate and function. Cambridge: Harvard Stem Cell Institute.
145. Burdick, J. A., & Vunjak-Novakovic, G. (2009). Engineered microenvironments for controlled stem cell differentiation. Tissue Engineering. Part A, 15, 205-219.
146. DeQuach, J. A., Mezzano, V., Miglani, A., et al. (2010). Simple and high yielding method for preparing tissue specific extracellular matrix coatings for cell culture. PLoS One, 5, e13039.
147. Tous, E., Purcell, B., Ifkovits, J., & Burdick, J. (2011). Injectable acellular hydrogels for cardiac repair. Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research, 4, 528-542.
148. Landa, N., Miller, L., Feinberg, M. S., et al. (2008). Effect of injectable alginate implant on cardiac remodeling and function after recent and old infarcts in rat. Circulation, 117, 1388-1396.
149. Leor, J., Tuvia, S., Guetta, V., et al. (2009). Intracoronary injection of in situ forming alginate hydrogel reverses left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in swine. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 54, 1014-1023.
150. Wu, J., Zeng, F., Huang, X.-P., et al. (2011). Infarct stabilization and cardiac repair with a VEGF-conjugated, injectable hydrogel. Biomaterials, 32, 579-586.
151. Dobner, S., Bezuidenhout, D., Govender, P., Zilla, P., & Davies, N. (2009). A synthetic non-degradable polyethylene glycol hydrogel retards adverse post-infarct left ventricular remodeling. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 15, 629-636.
152. Tous, E., Ifkovits, J. L., Koomalsingh, K. J., et al. (2011). Influence of injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel degradation behavior on infarction-induced ventricular remodeling. Biomacromolecules, 12, 4127-4135.
153. Davis, M. E., Hsieh, P. C. H., Grodzinsky, A. J., & Lee, R. T. (2005). Custom design of the cardiac microenvironment with biomaterials. Circulation Research, 97, 8-15.
154. Boyang, Z., Yun, X., Anne, H., Nimalan, T., & Milica, R. (2011). Micro- and nanotechnology in cardiovascular tissue engineering. Nanotechnology, 22, 494003.
155. Macfelda, K., Kapeller, B., Wilbacher, I., & Losert, U. M. (2007). Behavior of cardiomyocytes and skeletal muscle cells on different extracellular matrix components-Relevance for cardiac tissue engineering. Artificial Organs, 31, 4-12.
156. Jawad, H., Ali, N. N., Lyon, A. R., Chen, Q. Z., Harding, S. E., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2007). Myocardial tissue engineering: a review. Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 1, 327-342.
157. Simpson, D. G., Terracio, L., Terracio, M., Price, R. L., Turner, D. C., & Borg, T. K. (1994). Modulation of cardiac myocyte phenotype in vitro by the composition and orientation of the extracellular matrix. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 161, 89-105.
158. Guan, J., Wang, F., Li, Z., et al. (2011). The stimulation of the cardiac differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue constructs that mimic myocardium structure and biomechanics. Biomaterials, 32, 5568-5580.
159. Kurdi, M., Chidiac, R., Hoemann, C., Zouein, F., Zgheib, C., & Booz, G. W. (2010). Hydrogels as a platform for stem cell delivery to the heart. Congestive Heart Failure, 16, 132-135.
160. Madden, L. R., Mortisen, D. J., Sussman, E. M., et al. (2010). Proangiogenic scaffolds as functional templates for cardiac tissue engineering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 15211-15216.
161. Rota, M., Kajstura, J., Hosoda, T., et al. (2007). Bone marrow cells adopt the cardiomyogenic fate in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, 17783-17788.
162. Schenke-Layland, K., Nsair, A., van Handel, B., et al. (2011). Recapitulation of the embryonic cardiovascular progenitor cell niche. Biomaterials, 32, 2748-2756.
163. Wollert, K. C., & Drexler, H. (2010). Cell therapy for the treatment of coronary heart disease: a critical appraisal. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 7, 204-215.
164. Zimmermann, W.-H., Melnychenko, I., Wasmeier, G., et al. (2006). Engineered heart tissue grafts improve systolic and diastolic function in infarcted rat hearts. Nature Medicine, 12, 452-458.
165. van Laake, L., van Donselaar, E., Monshouwer-Kloots, J., et al. (2010). Extracellular matrix formation after transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cellular and Molecular Life Science, 67, 277-290.
166. Adler, E. D., Chen, V. C., Bystrup, A., et al. (2010). The cardiomyocyte lineage is critical for optimization of stem cell therapy in a mouse model of myocardial infarction. The FASEB Journal, 24, 1073-1081.
167. Miner, E. C., & Miller, W. L. (2006). A look between the cardiomyocytes: the extracellular matrix in heart failure. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 81, 71-76.
168. Jabbari, E. (2010). Biologically-responsive hybrid biomaterials: A reference for material scientists and bioengineers. In E. Jabbari, & Khademhosseini, A. (Eds.), Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co.
169. Minato, A., Ise, H., Goto, M., & Akaike, T. (2011). Cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells by substrate immobilization of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 with elastin-like polypeptides. Biomaterials, 33, 515-523.
170. Loke, W. K., Khor, E., Wee, A., Teoh, S. H., & Chian, K. S. (1996). Hybrid biomaterials based on the interaction of polyurethane oligomers with porcine pericardium. Biomaterials, 17, 2163-2172.
171. Jawad, H., Lyon, A. R., Harding, S. E., Ali, N. N., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2008). Myocardial tissue engineering. British Medical Bulletin, 87, 31-47.
172. Yang, M.-C., Wang, S.-S., Chou, N.-K., et al. (2009). The cardiomyogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells on silk fibroinâ€"polysaccharide cardiac patches in vitro. Biomaterials, 30, 3757-3765.