Stressing schizotypy: The modulating role of stress-relieving behaviours and intellectual capacity on functional hemispheric asymmetry

Laterality

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 152-178

  Herzig, Daniela A ^a,b   Mohr, Christine ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b Institut de Psychologie   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cognitive reserve; Drug dependence; Hemispheric asymmetry; Schizophrenia spectrum; Stress

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; BRAIN; COGNITION; FEMALE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; LANGUAGE; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; BRAIN; COGNITION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; LANGUAGE; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER;

EID: 84875167486     PISSN: 1357650X     EISSN: 14640678     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1357650X.2011.638638     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Amirkhan, J. and Auyeung, B. 2007. Coping with stress across the lifespan: Absolute vs. relative changes in strategy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(4): 298-317.
2. Archie, S., Rush, B. R., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Norman, R., Malla, A.Roy, P. 2007. Substance use and abuse in first-episode psychosis: Prevalence before and after early intervention. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(6): 1354-1363.
3. Averill, J. R. 1973. Personal control over aversive stimuli and its relationship to stress. Psychological Bulletin, 80(4): 286-303.
4. Barkus, E. and Murray, R. M. 2010. Substance use in adolescence and psychosis: Clarifying the relationship. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1): 365-389.
5. Barkus, E., Stirling, J., Hopkins, R. S. and Lewis, S. 2006. Cannabis-induced psychosis-like experiences are associated with high schizotypy. Psychopathology, 39(4): 175-178.
6. Bleich-Cohen, M., Hendler, T., Kotler, M. and Strous, R. D. 2009. Reduced language lateralisation in first-episode schizophrenia: An fMRI index of functional asymmetry. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 171(2): 82-93.
7. Bourne, V. J. 2006. The divided visual field paradigm: methodological considerations. Laterality, 11(4): 373-393.
8. Brallier, S., Palm, L. and Gilbert, R. 2007. Predictors of exam performance in Web and lecture courses. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 18(2): 82-98.
9. Broks, P. 1984. Schizotypy and hemispheric function: Performance asymmetry on a verbal divided visual-field task. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(6): 649-656.
10. Brugger, P., Gamma, A., Muri, R., Schafer, M. and Taylor, K. I. 1993. Functional hemispheric symmetry and belief in ESP-Towards a neuropsychology of belief. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77(3): 1299-1308.
11. Buchsbaum, M. S., Nenadic, I., Hazlett, E. A., Spiegel-Cohen, J., Fleischman, M. B.Akhavan, A. 2002. Differential metabolic rates in prefrontal and temporal Brodmann areas in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 54(1-2): 141-150.
12. Buckley, T. C., Blanchard, E. B. and Neill, W. T. 2000. Information processing and PTSD: A review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(8): 1041-1065.
13. Burch, G. S., Hemsley, D. R. and Joseph, M. H. 2004. Trials-to-criterion latent inhibition in humans as a function of stimulus pre-exposure and positive-schizotypy. British Journal of Psychology, 95(Pt 2): 179-196.
14. Cantwell, R., Brewin, J., Glazebrook, C., Dalkin, T., Fox, R.Medley, I. 1999. Prevalence of substance misuse in first-episode psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 174(2): 150-153.
15. Chan, R. C. K., Wang, Y., Yan, C., Song, L.-l., Wang, Y.-n., Shi, Y.-f., et al. 2011. Contribution of specific cognitive dysfunction to people with schizotypal personality. Psychiatry Research, 186 1, 71 -75.
16. Chapman, H. L., Grimshaw, G. M. and Nicholls, M. E. R. 2011. Going beyond students: An association between mixed-hand preference and schizotypy subscales in a general population. Psychiatry Research, 187(1-2): 89-93.
17. Cohen, J. 1992. A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1): 155-159.
18. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. and Mermelstein, R. 1983. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4): 385-396.
19. Coltheart, M. 1981. The MRC psycholinguistic database. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 33(4): 497-505.
20. Crews, F. T. and Boettiger, C. A. 2009. Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Impulsivity and Frontal Lobes: Roles in Psychopathology and Addiction, 93: 237-247.
21. Crow, T. J. 2000. Schizophrenia as the price that Homo sapiens pays for language: A resolution of the central paradox in the origin of the species. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 31(2-3): 118-129.
22. Cuesta, M. J. and Peralta, V. 1995. Cognitive disorders in the positive, negative, and disorganization syndromes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 58(3): 227-235.
23. Curran, H. V. and Morgan, C. 2000. Cognitive, dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later. Addiction, 95(4): 575-590.
24. D'Souza, D. C., Gil, R. B., Zuzarte, E., MacDougall, L. M., Donahue, L.Ebersole, J. S. 2006. Gamma]-aminobutyric acid-serotonin interactions in healthy men: Implications for network models of psychosis and dissociation. Biological Psychiatry, 59(2): 128-137.
25. Dallman, M. F. 2010. Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 21(3): 159-165.
26. de Leon, J., Diaz, F. J., Rogers, T., Browne, D. and Dinsmore, L. 2002. Initiation of daily smoking and nicotine dependence in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 56(1-2): 47-54.
27. Degenhardt, L., Hall, W. and Lynskey, M. 2001. Alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use among Australians: A comparison of their associations with other drug use and use disorders, affective and anxiety disorders, and psychosis. Addiction, 96(11): 1603-1614.
28. Dragovic, M. and Hammond, G. 2005. Handedness in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of evidence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(6): 410-419.
29. Ensel, W. M. and Lin, N. 2004. Physical fitness and the stress process. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1): 81-101.
30. Esterberg, M. L., Jones, E. M., Compton, M. T. and Walker, E. F. 2007. Nicotine consumption and schizotypy in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and non-psychiatric controls. Schizophrenia Research, 97(1-3): 6-13.
31. Finkelstein, D. M., Kubzansky, L. D. and Goodman, E. 2006. Social status, stress, and adolescent smoking. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5): 678-685.
32. Fisher, J. E., Mohanty, A., Herrington, J. D., Koven, N. S., Miller, G. A. and Heller, W. 2004. Neuropsychological evidence for dimensional schizotypy: Implications for creativity and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(1): 24-31.
33. Fridberg, D. J., Vollmer, J. M., O'Donnell, B. F. and Skosnik, P. D. 2011. Cannabis users differ from non-users on measures of personality and schizotypy. Psychiatry Research, 186(1): 46-52.
34. Goeders, E. N. 2003. The impact of stress on addiction. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(6): 435-441.
35. Goulding, A. and Ödéhn, N. 2009. Schizotypy and mental health in the general population: A pilot study. Personality and Mental Health, 3(3): 193-202.
36. Gruzelier, J. and Phelan, M. 1991. Stress induced reversal of a lexical divided visual-field asymmetry accompanied by retarded electrodermal habituation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 11(3): 269-276.
37. Gurpegui, M., Aguilar, M. C., Martinez-Ortega, J. M., Diaz, F. J. and de Leon, J. 2004. Caffeine intake in outpatients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(4): 935-945.
38. Hahn, C., Neuhaus, A. H., Pogun, S., Dettling, M., Kotz, S. A.Hahn, E. 2011. Smoking reduces language lateralisation: A dichotic listening study with control participants and schizophrenia patients. Brain and Cognition, 76(2): 300-309.
39. Hahn, C., Pogun, S. and Güntürkün, O. 2010. Smoking modulates language lateralisation in a sex-specific way. Neuropsychologia, 48(14): 3993-4002.
40. Hausmann, M. and Güntürkün, O. 2000. Steroid fluctuations modify functional cerebral asymmetries: The hypothesis of progesterone-mediated interhemispheric decoupling. Neuropsychologia, 38(10): 1362-1374.
41. Herzig, D. A., Tracy, J., Munafò, M. and Mohr, C. 2010. The influence of tobacco consumption on the relationship between schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(4): 397-408.
42. Houston, B. K. 1972. Control over stress, locus of control, and response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(2): 249-255.
43. Hugdahl, K. and Westerhausen, R. 2010. The two halves of the brain: Information processing in the cerebral hemispheres, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
44. Hunter, Z. R. and Brysbaert, M. 2008. Visual half-field experiments are a good measure of cerebral language dominance if used properly: Evidence from fMR1. Neuropsychologia, 46(1): 316-325.
45. Jones, S. R. and Fernyhough, C. 2009. Caffeine, stress, and proneness to psychosis-like experiences: A preliminary investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4): 562-564.
46. Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R. and Paronis, C. A. 2003. Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2): 270-304.
47. Katzman, R., Aronson, M., Fuld, P., Kawas, C., Brown, T.Morgenstern, H. 1989. Development of dementing illnesses in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort. Annals of Neurology, 25(4): 317-324.
48. Kavanagh, D. J., McGrath, J., Saunders, J. B., Dore, G. and Clark, D. 2002. Substance misuse in patients with schizophrenia-Epidemiology and management. Drugs, 62(5): 743-755.
49. Kita, S., de Condappa, O. and Mohr, C. 2007. Metaphor explanation attenuates the right-hand preference for depictive co-speech gestures that imitate actions. Brain and Language, 101(3): 185-197.
50. Koh, K. B., Park, J. K., Kim, C. H. and Cho, S. 2001. Development of the Stress Response Inventory and its application in clinical practice. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4): 668-678.
51. Krabbendam, L., Myin-Germeys, I., Hanssen, M. and van Os, J. 2005. Familial covariation of the subclinical psychosis phenotype and verbal fluency in the general population. Schizophrenia Research, 74(1): 37-41.
52. Krause, N., Goldenhar, L., Liang, J., Jay, G. and Maeda, D. 1993. Stress and exercise among the Japanese elderly. Social Science & Medicine, 36(11): 1429-1441.
53. Kravetz, S., Faust, M. and Edelman, A. 1998. Dimensions of schizotypy and lexical decision in the two hemispheres. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(5): 857-871.
54. Kucharska-Pietura, K., David, A. S., Dropko, P. and Klimkowski, M. 2002. The perception of emotional chimeric faces in schizophrenia:: Further evidence of right hemisphere dysfunction. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 15(2): 72-78.
55. Larrison, A. L., Briand, K. A. and Sereno, A. B. 1999. Nicotine, caffeine, alcohol and schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(1): 101-108.
56. Laurent, A., Halim, V., Sechier, P., Daumal, M., Foussard, N.Dumas, P. 2001. Vulnerability to schizophrenia: Neuropsychological performances and schizotypal features. Encephale-Revue de Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique, 27(2): 173-179.
57. Lee, H. and Schepp, K. 2009. The relationship between symptoms and stress in adolescents with schizophrenia. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(12): 736-744.
58. Lewis, R. S., Nikolova, A., Chang, D. J. and Weekes, N. Y. 2008. Examination stress and components of working memory. Stress, 11(2): 108-114.
59. Lewis, R. S., Weekes, N. Y. and Wang, T. H. 2007. The effect of a naturalistic stressor on frontal EEG asymmetry, stress, and health. Biological Psychology, 75(3): 239-247.
60. Liouta, E., Smith, A. D. and Mohr, C. 2008. Schizotypy and pseudoneglect: A critical update on theories of hemispheric asymmetries. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 13(2): 112-134.
61. Løberg, E. M., Jørgensen, H. A., Green, M. F., Rund, B. R., Lund, A.Diseth, Å. 2006. Positive symptoms and duration of illness predict functional laterality and attention modulation in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(4): 322-331.
62. Lucas, S., Fitzgerald, D., Redoblado-Hodge, M. A., Anderson, J., Sanbrook, M.Harris, A. 2004. Neuropsychological correlates of symptom profiles in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 71(2-3): 323-330.
63. Lucini, D., Norbiato, G., Clerici, M. and Pagani, M. 2002. Hemodynamic and autonomic adjustments to real life stress conditions in humans. Hypertension, 39(1): 184-188.
64. Lupien, S. J., Maheu, F., Tu, M., Fiocco, A. and Schramek, T. E. 2007. The effects of stress and stress hormones on human cognition: Implications for the field of brain and cognition. Brain and Cognition, 65(3): 209-237.
65. MacCabe, J. H. and Murray, R. M. 2004. Intellectual functioning in schizophrenia: A marker of neurodevelopmental damage?. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(6): 519-523.
66. Marcel, T., Katz, L. and Smith, M. 1974. Laterality and reading proficiency. Neuropsychologia, 12(1): 131-139.
67. Marshall, J. C., Caplan, D. and Holmes, J. M. 1975. The measure of laterality. Neuropsychologia, 13(3): 315-321.
68. Martinez-Ortega, J., Jurado, D., Martinez-Gonzalez, M. A. and Gurpegui, M. 2006. Nicotine dependence, use of illegal drugs and psychiatric morbidity. Addictive Behaviors, 31(9): 1722-1729.
69. Mason, O. and Claridge, G. 1999. Individual differences in schizotypy and reduced asymmetry using the chimeric faces task. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 4(4): 289-301.
70. Mason, O., Claridge, G. and Jackson, M. 1995. New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1): 7-13.
71. Mason, O., Linney, Y. and Claridge, G. 2005. Short scales for measuring schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research, 78(2-3): 293-296.
72. Matheson, S. and Langdon, R. 2008. Schizotypal traits impact upon executive working memory and aspects of IQ. Psychiatry Research, 159(1-2): 207-214.
73. McEwen, B. S. and Sapolsky, R. M. 1995. Stress and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 5(2): 205-216.
74. McGlone, J. 1980. Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: A critical survey. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(02): 215-227.
75. Menard, S. 1995. Applied logistic regression analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
76. Mitchell, R. L. and Crow, T. J. 2005. Right hemisphere language functions and schizophrenia: The forgotten hemisphere?. Brain, 128(Pt 5): 963-978.
77. Mohr, C., Krummenacher, P., Landis, T., Sandor, P. S., Fathi, M. and Brugger, P. 2005. Psychometric schizotypy modulates levodopa effects on lateralised lexical decision performance. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39(3): 241-250.
78. Mohr, C., Landis, T. and Brugger, P. 2006. Lateralised semantic priming: Modulation by levodopa, semantic distance, and participants' magical beliefs. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2(1): 71-84.
79. Monat, A., Averill, J. R. and Lazarus, R. S. 1972. Anticipatory stress and coping reactions under various conditions of uncertainty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(2): 237-253.
80. Moore, T. H. M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T. R. E., Jones, P. B.Burke, M. 2007. Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. The Lancet, 370(9584): 319-328.
81. Morgan, C. A. III, Rasmusson, A., Pietrzak, R. H., Coric, V. and Southwick, S. M. 2009. Relationships among plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cortisol, symptoms of dissociation, and objective performance in humans exposed to underwater navigation stress. Biological Psychiatry, 66(4): 334-340.
82. Newcomer, J. W., Selke, G., Melson, A. K., Hershey, T., Craft, S.Richards, K. 1999. Decreased memory performance in healthy humans induced by stress-level cortisol treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(6): 527-533.
83. Ng, D. M. and Jeffery, R. W. 2003. Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychology, 22(6): 638-642.
84. Noguchi, H., Hori, H. and Kunugi, H. 2008. Schizotypal traits and cognitive function in healthy adults. Psychiatry Research, 161(2): 162-169.
85. Nunn, J. and Peters, E. 2001. Schizotypy and patterns of lateral asymmetry on hemisphere-specific language tasks. Psychiatry Research, 103(2-3): 179-192.
86. Ogden, J., Veale, D. and Summers, Z. 1997. The development and validation of the exercise dependence questionnaire. Addiction Research, 5(4): 343-355.
87. Oldfield, R. C. 1971. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1): 97-113.
88. Phillips, M. L. and David, A. S. 1997. Viewing strategies for simple and chimeric faces: An investigation of perceptual bias in normals and schizophrenic patients using visual scan paths. Brain and Cognition, 35(2): 225-238.
89. Poreh, A. M., Ross, T. P. and Whitman, R. D. 1995. Reexamination of executive functions in psychosis-prone college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(4): 535-539.
90. Raine, A. 2006. Schizotypal personality: Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2(1): 291-326.
91. Ramirez, M. T. and Hernandez, R. L. 2007. Factor structure of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a sample from Mexico. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(1): 199-206.
92. Regard, M., Landis, T. and Graves, R. 1985. Dissociated hemispheric superiorities for reading stenography vs print. Neuropsychologia, 23(3): 431-435.
93. Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J.Judd, L. L. 1990. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug-abuse-results from the epidemiologic catchment-area (ECA) study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(19): 2511-2518.
94. Reichenberg, A. and Harvey, P. D. 2007. Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5): 833-858.
95. Resnick, S. M., Lazar, J., Gur, R. E. and Gur, R. C. 1994. The stability of tachistoscopic measures of hemispheric specialization. Neuropsychologia, 32(11): 1419-1430.
96. Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Bagney, A., Martinez-Gras, I., Ponce, G., Sanchez-Morla, E. M.Aragües, M. 2010. Executive function in schizophrenia: Influence of substance use disorder history. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1-3): 34-40.
97. Rossell, S. L., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R. and David, A. S. 2001. Brain activation during automatic and controlled processing of semantic relations: A priming experiment using lexical-decision. Neuropsychologia, 39: 1167-1176.
98. Rutherford, B. J. 2006. Reading disability and hemispheric interaction on a lexical decision task. Brain and Cognition, 60(1): 55-63.
99. Scarmeas, N. and Stern, Y. 2003. Cognitive reserve and lifestyle. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5): 625-633.
100. Schofield, K. L. and Claridge, G. 2007. Paranormal experiences and mental health: Schizotypy as an underlying factor. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(7): 1908-1916.
101. Schulz, P., Kirschbaum, C., Prussner, J. and Hellhammer, D. 1998. Increased free cortisol secretion after awakening in chronically stressed individuals due to work overload. Stress Medicine, 14(2): 91-97.
102. Shaw, J., Claridge, G. and Clark, K. 2001. Schizotypy and the shift from dextrality: A study of handedness in a large non-clinical sample. Schizophrenia Research, 50(3): 181-189.
103. Skosnik, P. D., Spatz-Glenn, L. and Park, S. 2001. Cannabis use is associated with schizotypy and attentional disinhibition. Schizophrenia Research, 48(1): 83-92.
104. Soliman, A., O'Driscoll, G. A., Pruessner, J., Holahan, A. L., Boileau, I.Gagnon, D. 2008. Stress-induced dopamine release in humans at risk of psychosis: A [11C]raclopride PET study. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(8): 2033-2041.
105. Somers, M., Sommer, I. E., Boks, M. P. and Kahn, R. S. 2009. Hand-preference and population schizotypy: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 108(1-3): 25-32.
106. Sommer, I. E., Ramsey, N. F. and Kahn, R. S. 2001. Language lateralisation in schizophrenia, an fMRI study. Schizophrenia Research, 52(1-2): 57-67.
107. Sørensen, H. J., Mortensen, E. L., Schiffman, J., Ekstrøm, M., Denenney, D. and Mednick, S. A. 2010. Premorbid IQ and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Verbal performance subtests. Psychiatry Research, 178(1): 23-26.
108. Spinath, B., Harald Freudenthaler, H. and Neubauer, A. C. 2010. Domain-specific school achievement in boys and girls as predicted by intelligence, personality and motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(4): 481-486.
109. Stefanis, N. C., Vitoratou, S., Smyrnis, N., Constantinidis, T., Evdokimidis, I.Hatzimanolis, I. 2006. Mixed handedness is associated with the Disorganization dimension of schizotypy in a young male population. Schizophrenia Research, 87(1-3): 289-296.
110. Steptoe, A., Wardle, J., Pollard, T. M., Canaan, L. and Davies, G. J. 1996. Stress, social support and health-related behavior: A study of smoking, alcohol consumption and physical exercise. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41(2): 171-180.
111. Stern, Y. 2002. What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(03): 448-460.
112. Suzuki, A. and Usher, M. 2009. Individual differences in language lateralisation, schizotypy and the remote-associate task. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(5-6): 622-626.
113. Tsakanikos, E. and Claridge, G. 2005. More words, less words: Verbal fluency as a function of 'positive' and 'negative' schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(4): 705-713.
114. Umberson, D., Liu, H. and Reczek, C. 2008. Stress and health behaviour over the life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 13: 19-44.
115. van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P. and Krabbendam, L. 2009. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2): 179-195.
116. van Winkel, R., Stefanis, N. C. and Myin-Germeys, I. 2008. Psychosocial stress and psychosis. A review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6): 1095-1105.
117. Vedhara, K., Hyde, J., Gilchrist, I. D., Tytherleigh, M. and Plummer, S. 2000. Acute stress, memory, attention and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(6): 535-549.
118. Ventura, J., Thames, A. D., Wood, R. C., Guzik, L. H. and Hellemann, G. S. 2010. Disorganization and reality distortion in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the relationship between positive symptoms and neurocognitive deficits. Schizophrenia Research, 121(1-3): 1-14.
119. Walker, E. F. and Diforio, D. 1997. Schizophrenia: A neural diathesis-stress model. Psychological Review, 104(4): 667-685.
120. Walker, E. F., Mittal, V. and Tessner, K. 2008. Stress and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis in the developmental course of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4: 189-216.
121. Wey, T. V., Cook, N. D., Landis, T., Regard, M. and Graves, R. E. 1993. Lateralised lexical decisions and the effects of hemifield masks: A study of interhemispheric inhibition and release. International Journal of Neuroscience, 71(1-4): 37-44.
122. Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A., Allan, L. M., Taylor, E., Tonin, J.Feldon, J. 1996. Tobacco smoking correlates with schizotypal and borderline personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2): 267-270.
123. Williams, J. H., Wellman, N. A. and Rawlins, J. N. P. 1996. Cannabis use correlates with schizotypy in healthy people. Addiction, 91(6): 869-877.
124. Yerkes, R. M. and Dodson, J. D. 1908. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18(5): 459-482.