Increased free cortisol secretion after awakening in chronically stressed individuals due to work overload

Stress Medicine

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 91-97

  Schulz, Peter ^a   Kirschbaum, Clemens ^a   Prüßner, Jens ^a   Hellhammer, Dirk ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TRIER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chronic stress; Saliva cortisol; Sex difference; Work overload

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

ADULT; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; NORMAL HUMAN; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; SALIVA ANALYSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; TIME;

EID: 0031920026     PISSN: 07488386     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199804)14:2<91::AID-SMI765>3.0.CO;2-S     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Leventhal, H. and Tomarken, A. Stress and illness: Perspectives from health psychology. In: Research Methods in Stress and Health Psychology. Kasl, S. V. and Cooper, C. L. (Eds) Wiley, New York, 1987, pp. 27-55.
2. Wheaton, B. Sampling the stress universe. In: Stress and Mental Health: Contemporary Issues and Prospects for the Future. Avison, W. R. and Gotlib, I. H. (Eds) Plenum Press, New York, 1994, pp. 77-114.
3. Gannon, L. and Pardie, L. The importance of chronicity and controllability of stress in the context of stress-illness relationships. J. Behav. Med. 1989; 12(4): 357-372.
4. Hellhammer, D. H. and Wade, S. Endocrine correlates of stress vulnerability. Psychother. Psychosom. 1993; 60(1): 8-17.
5. Baum, A., Cohen, L. and Hall, M. Control and intrusive memories as possible determinants of chronic stress. Psychosom. Med. 1993; 55(3): 274-286.
6. Semmer, N. Streß und Kontrollverlust. In: Das Bild der Arbeit. Frei, F. and Udris, I. (Eds) Huber, Bern, 1990, pp. 190-207.
7. Kirschbaum, C. and Hellhammer, D. H. Salivary Cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications. In: Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19(4): 313-333.
8. Ockenfels, M. C., Porter, L., Smyth, J., Kirschbaum, C, Hellhammer, D. H. and Stone, A. A. Effect of chronic stress associated with unemployment on salivary cortisol: Overall cortisol levels, diurnal rhythm, and acute stress reactivity. Psychosom. Med. 1995; 57(5): 460-467.
9. Yehuda, R., Resnick, H., Kahana, B. and Giller, E. Long-lasting hormonal alterations to extreme stress in humans: Normative or maladaptive? Psychosom. Med. 1993; 55(3): 287-297.
10. Bohus, M. and Berger, M. Der Beitrag biologischpsychiatrischer Befunde zum Verständnis depressiver Erkrankungen. Zeitschr. Klin. Psych. 1992; 21(2): 156-171.
11. Coste, J., Strauch, G., Letrath, M. and Bertagna, X. Reliability of hormonal levels for assessing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system in clinical pharmacology. Brit. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1994; 38: 474-479.
12. Schulz, P. and Knabe, R. Biological uniqueness and the definition of normality. Part 2 - The endocrine 'fingerprint' of healthy adults. Med. Hypoth. 1994; 42(1): 63-68.
13. Dressendörfer, R. A., Kirschbaum, C., Rohde, W., Stahl, F. and Strasburger, C. Synthesis of a cortisolbiotin conjugate and evaluation as a tracer in an immunoassay for salivary cortisol measurement. J. Ster. Biochem. Molec. Biol. 1992; 43: 683-692.
14. Schulz, P. Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von chronischem Streß und protektiven Faktoren. Trierer Psych. Berichte 1995; 22(5): 1-49.
15. Schulz, P. and Schlotz, W. Trierer Inventar zur Erfassung von chronischem Streß (TICS): Skalenkonstruktion und teststatistische Überprüfing. Submitted.
16. Janning, K. Das Zusammenwirken von chronischem Streß und Streßanfälligkeit zur Vorhersage von körperlichen Beschwerden. Unveröff. Diplomarbeit, Universität Trier, Trier, 1996.
17. Schulz, P. and Merck, D. Gesundheitsrelevante Korrelate eines erniedrigten Cortisolspiegels: Eine Untersuchung an Angestellten im dentaltechnischen Labor. Zeitschr. Gesundheitspsychol. 1997; 5(1): 47-62.
18. Lepore, S. J. Measurement of chronic Stressors. In: Measuring Stress. Cohen, S., Kessler, R. C. and Gordon, L. U. (Eds) Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995, pp. 102-120.
19. Mason, J. W. A review of psychoendocrine research in pituitary-adrenal cortical system. Psychosom. Med. 1968: 30: 631-653.
20. Mason, J. W. Organization of psychoendocrine mechanisms. In: Handbook of Psychophysiology. Greenfield, N. S. and Sternbach, A. (Eds) Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1972, pp. 3-91.
21. Schönpflug, W. Goal directed behavior as a source of stress: Psychological origins and consequences of inefficiency. In: Goal-Directed Behavior: The Concept of Action in Psychology. Frese, M. and Sabini, J. (Eds) Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1985, pp. 172-188.
22. Stöber, J. Besorgnis: Ein Vergleich dreier Inventare zur Erfassung allgemeiner Sorgen. Zeitschr. Diff. Diagn. Psych. 1995; 16(1): 50-63.
23. McCann, S. J., Stewin, L. L. and Short, R. H. Sex differences, social desirability, masculinity, and the tendency to worry. J. Gen. Psych. 1991; 152(3): 295-301.
24. Clarkson, T. B., Manuck, S. B. and Kaplan, J. R. Potential role of cardiovascular reactivity in atherogenesis. In: Handbook of Stress, Reactivity and Cardiovascular Disease. Matthews, K. A. (Ed.) Wiley, New York, 1986, pp. 35-47.
25. Allen, M. T., Sherwood, A., Obrist, P. A., Crowell, M. D. and Grange, L. A. Stability of cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory Stressors: A 2.5 yr follow-up. J. Psychosom. Res. 1987; 31(5): 639-645.
26. Lovallo, W. R., Pincomb, G. A. and Wilson, M. F. Heart rate reactivity and type A behavior as modifiers of physiological response to active and passive coping. Psychophysiology 1986; 23(1): 105-112.
27. Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon, A., Tschann, J. M., Adams, S., Chesterman, B., Cohen, F., Kaiser, P., Folkman, S. and Wara, D. Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosom. Med. 1995; 57: 411-422.
28. Dallman, M. F., Strack, A. M., Akana, S. F., Bradbury, M. J., Hanson, E. S., Scribner, K. A. and Smith, M. Feast and famine: Critical role of glucocorticoids within insulin in daily energy flow. Frontiers Neuroendocrinol. 1993; 14: 303-347.