The timing and magnitude of Stroop interference and facilitation in monolinguals and bilinguals

Bilingualism

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 420-441

  Coderre, Emily L ^a   Van Heuven, Walter J B ^a   Conklin, Kathy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

bilingualism; executive control; facilitation; interference; lexical access; Stroop

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874851727     PISSN: 13667289     EISSN: 14691841     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1366728912000405     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Appelbaum, L. G., Boehler, C., Won, R., Davis, L., & Woldorff, M. G. (2012). Strategic orientation of attention reduces temporally predictable stimulus conflict. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24 (9), 1834-1848.
2. Appelbaum, L. G.,Meyerhoff, K. L., &Woldorff,M. G. (2009). Priming and backwards influences in the human brain: Processing interactions during the Stroop interference effect. Cerebral Cortex, 19 (11), 2508-2521.
3. Ardal, S., Donald, M. W., Meuter, R., Muldrew, S., & Luce, M. (1990). Brain responses to semantic incongruity in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 39, 187-205. (Pubitemid 20305199)
4. Barch, D. M., Braver, T. S., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T., Ollinger, J., & Snyder, A. (2001). Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 837-848. (Pubitemid 32800551)
5. Bates, E., D'Amico, S., Jacobsen, T., Székely, A., Andonova, E., Devescovi, A., Herron, D., Lu, C. C., Pechmann, T., Pléh, C., Wicha, N., Federmeier, K., Gerdjikova, I., Gutierrez, G., Hung, D., Hsu, J., Iyer, G., Kohnert, K., Mehotcheva, T., Orozco-Figueroa, A., Tzeng, A., & Tzeng, O. (2003). Timed picture naming in seven languages. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10 (2), 344-380. (Pubitemid 37544956)
6. Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy and cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12 (1), 3-11.
8. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Klein, R., & Viswanathan, M. (2004). Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: Evidence from the Simon task. Psychology and Aging, 19 (2), 290-303. (Pubitemid 38720874)
9. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34 (4), 859-873.
10. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Ruocco, A. C. (2006). Dual-modality monitoring in a classification task: The effects of bilingualism and ageing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1968-1983. (Pubitemid 44449303)
11. Bialystok, E., & Feng, X. (2009). Language proficiency and executive control in proactive interference: Evidence from monolingual and bilingual children and adults. Brain and Language, 109 (2-3), 93-100.
12. Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science, 7 (3), 325-339. (Pubitemid 38750668)
13. Bialystok, E., & Viswanathan, M. (2009). Components of executive control with advantages for bilingual children in two cultures. Cognition, 112, 494-500.
14. Biederman, I., & Tsao, Y. C. (1979). On processing Chinese ideographs and English words: Some implications from Stroop-test results. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 125-132.
15. Brauer, M. (1998). Stroop interference in bilinguals: The role of similarity between the two languages. In A. F. Healy & L. E. Bourne Jr. (eds.), Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies on training and retention, pp. 317-337. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16. Carlson, S. M., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2008). Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science, 11 (2), 282-298.
17. Chen, H. C., & Ho, C. (1986). Development of Stroop interference in Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12 (3), 397-401.
18. Chua, F. K. (1999). Phonological recoding in Chinese logograph recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25 (4), 876-891.
19. Coderre, E. L., Conklin, K., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2012). The effects of bilingualism on the timecourse of early word recognition. Ms., University of Nottingham.
20. Coderre, E. L., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2012). Modulations of the executive control network by stimulus onset asynchrony in a Stroop task. Ms., University of Nottingham.
21. Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009). On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don't. Cognition, 113, 135-149.
22. Costa, A., Hernández, M., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task. Cognition, 106, 59-86. (Pubitemid 350245646)
23. Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5 (3), 175-197.
24. Dyer, F. N. (1973). Interference and facilitation for color naming with separate bilateral presentations of the word and color. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99, 314-317.
25. Dyer, F. N. (1974). Stroop interference with long preexposures of the word: Comparison of pure and mixed preexposure sequences. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 3, 8-10.
26. Fang, S. P., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Alva, L. (1981). Intralanguage vs. interlanguage Stroop effects in two types of writing systems. Memory & Cognition, 9 (6), 609-617.
27. Frost, R. (1998). Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: True issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin, 123 (1), 71-99. (Pubitemid 128770176)
28. Glaser, W. R., & Düngelhoff, F. J. (1984). The time course of picture-word interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 640-654.
29. Glaser, M. O., & Glaser, W. R. (1982). Time course analysis of the Stroop phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8 (6), 875-894.
30. Glaser,W. R.,&Glaser, M. O. (1989). Context effects in Strooplike word and picture processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 118, 13-42.
31. Gollan, T. H., & Acenas, L.-A. R. (2004). What is a TOT? Cognate and translation effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30 (1), 246-269. (Pubitemid 38142835)
32. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Cera, C.,&Sandoval, T. C. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect: Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 58 (3), 787-814.
33. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Fennema-Notestine, C., & Morris, S. K. (2005). Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory & Cognition, 33 (7), 1220-1234. (Pubitemid 46202376)
34. Gollan, T. H., Slattery, T. J., Goldenberg, D., van Assche, E., Duyck, W., & Rayner, K. (2011). Frequency drives lexical access in reading but not in speaking: The frequency-lag hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 140 (2), 186-209.
35. Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexicosemantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67-81.
36. Guo, T., Peng, D., & Liu, Y. (2005). The role of phonological activation in the visual semantic retrieval of Chinese characters. Cognition, 98, B21-B34. (Pubitemid 41667071)
37. Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18 (4), 625-658.
38. Kaushanskaya, M., & Marian, V. (2007). Bilingual language processing and interference in bilinguals: Evidence from eye tracking and picture naming. Language Learning, 57 (1), 119-163.
39. Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2012). Ageing and bilingualism: Absence of a "bilingual advantage" in Stroop interference in a nonimmigrant sample. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65 (2), 356-369.
40. Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149-174.
41. Linck, J. A., Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cross-language lexical processes and inhibitory control. Mental Lexicon, 3 (3), 349-374.
42. Linck, J. A., Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing access to the native language while immerse in a second language: Evidence for the role of inhibition in second-language learning. Psychological Science, 20, 1507-1515.
43. Liu, Y., Hao,M., Li, P., & Shu, H. (2011). Timed picture naming norms for Mandarin Chinese. PLoS One, 6 (1), 1-7.
44. Liu, Y., Perfetti, C. A., & Hart, L. (2003). ERP evidence for the time course of graphic, phonoligical, and semantic Information in Chinese meaning and pronunciation decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29 (6), 1231-1247. (Pubitemid 37514187)
45. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109 (2), 163-203.
46. MacLeod, C. M., & MacDonald, P. A. (2000). Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect: Uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4 (10), 383-391.
47. Martin, C. D., Dering, B., Thomas, E. M., & Thierry, G. (2009). Brain potentials reveal semantic priming in both the "active" and the "non-attended" language of early bilinguals. NeuroImage, 47, 326-333.
48. Midgley, K., Holcomb, P. J., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Grainger, J. (2008). An electrophysiologival investigation of crosslanguage effects of orthographic neighborhood. Brain Research, 1246, 123-135.
49. Miller, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2002). Stroop effects in bilingual translation. Memory & Cognition, 30 (4), 614-628. (Pubitemid 34832966)
50. Moreno, E. M., & Kutas, M. (2005). Processing semantic anomalies in two languages: An electrophysiological exploration in both languages of Spanish-English bilinguals. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 205-220. (Pubitemid 40093913)
51. Newman, A. J., Tremblay, A., Nichols, E. S., Neville, H. J., & Ullman, M. T. (2012). The influence of language proficiency on lexical semantic processing in native and late learners of English. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 24, 1205-1223.
52. Perfetti, C. A., Liu, Y., & Tan, L. H. (2005). The Lexical Constituency Model: Some implications of research on Chinese for general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 112 (1), 43-59. (Pubitemid 40131520)
53. Perfetti, C. A., & Zhang, S. (1995). Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 24-33.
54. Potter, M. C., So, K. F., von Eckhardt, B., & Feldman, L. B. (1984). Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 23-38.
55. Proverbio, A. M., Adorni, R.,&Zani, A. (2009). Inferring native language from early bio-electrical activity. Biological Psychology, 80, 52-63.
56. Pyers, J. E., Gollan, T. H., & Emmorey, K. (2009). Bimodal bilinguals reveal the source of tip-of-the-tongue states. Cognition, 113, 323-329.
57. Ransdell, S. E., & Fischler, I. (1987).Memory in a monolingual mode: When are bilinguals at a disadvantage? Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 392-405.
58. Roelofs, A. (2003). Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task. Psychological Review, 110 (1), 88-125. (Pubitemid 37170693)
59. Roelofs, A. (2010). Attention, temporal predictability, and the time course of context effects in naming performance. Acta Psychologia, 133, 146-153.
60. Runnqvist, E., Strijkers, K., Sadat, J., & Costa, A. (2011). On the temporal and functional origin of L2 disadvantages in speech production: A critical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1-8.
61. Saalbach, H., & Stern, E. (2004). Differences between Chinese morphosyllabic and German alphabetic readers in the Stroop interference effect. Psychonomic Bulletin&Review, 11 (4), 709-715. (Pubitemid 40405445)
62. Schriefers,H.,Meyer, A. S.,&Levelt,W. J. M. (1990). Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production: Picture-word interference studies. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 86-102.
63. Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996). Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22 (2), 461-479. (Pubitemid 126418406)
64. Spinks, J. A., Liu, Y., Perfetti, C. A., & Tan, L. H. (2000). Reading Chinese characters for meaning: The role of phonological Information. Cognition, 76, B1-B11. (Pubitemid 30259274)
65. Taft,M.,&van Graan, F. (1998). Lack of phonological mediation in a semantic categorization task. Journal of Memory and Language, 38, 203-224. (Pubitemid 128348536)
66. Tan, L. H., Laird, A. R., Li, K., & Fox, P. T. (2005). Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of Chinese characters and alphabetic words: A meta-analysis. Human Brain Mapping, 25, 83-91. (Pubitemid 40656195)
67. Tan, L. H., & Perfetti, C. A. (1997). Visual chinese character recognition: Does phonological Informationmediate access to meaning? Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 41-57. (Pubitemid 127175616)
68. Tao, L., Marzecová, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., &Wodniecka, Z. (2011). The efficiency of attentional networks in early and late bilinguals: The role of age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1-19.
69. Thornburgh, D. F., & Ryalls, J. H. (1998). Voice onset time in Spanish-English bilniguals: Early versus late learners of English. Journal of Communication Disorders, 31, 215-229. (Pubitemid 28246779)
70. Tsao, Y. C.,Wu,M. F., & Feustel, T. (1981). Stroop interference: Hemispheric difference in Chinese speakers. Brain and Language, 13, 372-378. (Pubitemid 11000529)
71. Tzelgov, J., Henik, A., & Leiser, D. (1990). Controlling Stroop interference: Evidence from a bilingual task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16 (5), 760-771.
72. van Heuven, W. J. B., Conklin, K., Coderre, E. L., Guo, T., & Dijkstra, T. (2011). The influence of cross-language similarity on within-and between-language Stroop effects in trilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1-16.
73. van Heuven, W. J. B., & Dijkstra, T. (2010). Language comprehension in the bilingual brain: fMRI and ERP support for psycholinguistic models. Brain Reseach Reviews, 64, 104-122.
74. van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, T., & Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 458-483. (Pubitemid 128343556)
75. van Heuven, W. J. B., Schriefers, H., Dijkstra, T., & Hagoort, P. (2008). Language conflict in the bilingual brain. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 2706-2716.
76. Weaver Cargin, J., Maruff, P., Collie, A., Shafiq-Antonacci, R., & Masters, C. (2007). Decline in verbal memory in non-demented older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29 (7), 706-718. (Pubitemid 47481214)
77. Weekes, N. Y., & Zaidel, E. (1996). The effects of procedural variations on lateralized Stroop effects. Brain and Cognition, 31, 308-330. (Pubitemid 126658963)
78. Wright, B. C., & Wanley, A. (2003). Adults' versus children's performance on the Stroop task: Interference and facilitation. British Journal of Psychology, 94, 475-485. (Pubitemid 37446454)
79. Xu, Y., Pollatsek, A., & Potter, M. C. (1999). The activation of phonology during silent Chinese word reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25 (4), 838-857.
80. Zelazo, P. D., Craik, F. I. M., & Booth, L. (2004). Executive function across the life span. Acta Psychologica, 115, 167-183. (Pubitemid 38169812)