Priming and backward influences in the human brain: Processing interactions during the stroop interference effect

Cerebral Cortex

Volumn 19, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2508-2521

  Appelbaum, L G ^a   Meyerhoff, K L ^a,b   Woldorff, M G ^a,c  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Conflict processing; Event related potentials (ERPs); Incongruency; Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA); Stroop task

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN FUNCTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REACTION TIME; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); CONTINGENT NEGATIVE VARIATION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROBLEM SOLVING; STROOP TEST; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70349931461     PISSN: 10473211     EISSN: 14602199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp036     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Allport DA. 1982. Attention and performance. In: Claxton GI, editor. New directions in cognitive psychology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 112-153.
2. Atkinson CM, Drysdale KA, Fulham WR. 2003. Event-related potentials to Stroop and reverse Stroop stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol. 47:1-21.
3. Botvinick M, Nystrom LE, Fissell K, Carter CS, Cohen JD. 1999. Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex. Nature. 402:179-181.
4. Botvinick MM, Cohen JD, Carter CS. 2004. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn Sci. 8:539-546.
5. Bunge SA, Hazeltine E, Scanlon MD, Rosen AC, Gabrieli JD. 2002. Dissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection. Neuroimage. 17:1562-1571.
6. Cohen JD, Dunbar K, McClelland JL. 1990. On the control of automatic processes: a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychol Rev. 97:332-361.
7. Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D, McClelland JL. 1992. A parallel distributed processing approach to automaticity. Am J Psychol. 105:239-269.
8. Dunbar K, MacLeod CM. 1984. A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 10:622-639.
9. Duncan-Johnson CC, Kopell BS. 1981. The Stroop effect: brain potentials localize the source of interference. Science. 214:938-940.
10. Dyer FN. 1971. The effect of word meaning response: Stroop interference for different preexposures of the word. Psychon Sci. 25:229-231.
11. Dyer FN. 1973. The Stroop phenomenon and its use in the study of perceptual, cognitive and response processes. Mem Cogn. 1:106-120.
12. Egner T, Hirsch J. 2005. Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nat Neurosci. 8:1784-1790.
13. Enns JT, Di Lollo V. 2000. What?s new in visual masking? Trends Cogn Sci. 4:345-352.
14. Glaser MO, Glaser WR. 1982. Time course analysis of the Stroop phenomenon. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 8:875-894.
15. Glaser WR, Dungelhoff FJ. 1984. The time course of picture-word interference. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 10:640-654.
16. Glaser WR, Glaser MO. 1989. Context effects in Stroop-like word and picture processing. J Exp Psychol Gen. 118:13-42.
17. Gold JI, Shadlen MN. 2000. Representation of a perceptual decision in developing oculomotor commands. Nature. 404:390-394.
18. Goodale MA, Milner AD. 1992. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci. 15:20-25.
19. Hanslmayr S, Pastotter B, Bauml KH, Gruber S, Wimber M, Klimesch W. 2008. The electrophysiological dynamics of interference during the Stroop task. J Cogn Neurosci. 20:215-225.
20. Hesse W, Moller E, Arnold M, Schack B. 2003. The use of time-variant EEG Granger causality for inspecting directed interdependencies of neural assemblies. J Neurosci Methods. 124:27-44.
21. Hirst W, Kalmar D. 1987. Characterizing attentional resources. J Exp Psychol Gen. 116:68-81.
22. Ilan AB, Polich J. 1999. P300 and response time from a manual Stroop task. Clin Neurophysiol. 110:367-373.
23. Jiang Y, Luo YJ, Parasuraman R. 2002. Neural correlates of perceptual priming of visual motion. Brain Res Bull. 57:211-219. (Pubitemid 34155395)
24. Kerns JG, Cohen JD, MacDonald AW, 3rd, Cho RY, Stenger VA, Carter CS. 2004. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science. 303:1023-1026.
25. Kiefer M, Brendel D. 2006. Attentional modulation of unconscious "automatic" processes:evidence from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm. J Cogn Neurosci. 18:184-198.
26. Kiefer M, Spitzer M. 2000. Time course of conscious and unconscious semantic brain activation. Neuroreport. 11:2401-2407.
27. Kutas M, Federmeier KD. 2000. Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension. Trends Cogn Sci. 4:463-470.
28. Kutas M, Hillyard SA. 1980. Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science. 207:203-205.
29. Liotti M, Woldorff MG, Perez R, Mayberg HS. 2000. An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect. Neuropsychologia. 38:701-711
30. Logan GD. 1980. Attention and automaticity in Stroop and priming tasks: theory and data. Cognit Psychol. 12:523-553.
31. Luce R. 1986. Response times: their role in inferring elementary mental organization. New York (NY): Clarendon Press.
32. MacDonald AW, 3rd, Cohen JD, Stenger VA, Carter CS. 2000. Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science. 288:1835-1838.
33. MacLeod CM. 1991. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychol Bull. 109:163-203.
34. MacLeod CM. 1998. Training on integrated versus separated Stroop tasks: the progression of interference and facilitation. Mem Cognit. 26:201-211.
35. MacLeod CM, MacDonald PA. 2000. Interdimensional interference in the Stroop effect: uncovering the cognitive and neural anatomy of attention. Trends Cogn Sci. 4:383-391.
36. Mansouri FA, Tanaka K, Buckley MJ. 2009. Conflict-induced behavioural adjustment: a clue to the executive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci. 10:141-152.
37. Marcel AJ. 1983. Conscious and unconscious perception: experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognit Psychol. 15:197-237.
38. Markela-Lerenc J, Ille N, Kaiser S, Fiedler P, Mundt C, Weisbrod M. 2004. Prefrontal-cingulate activation during executive control: which comes first? Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 18:278-287.
39. Neely JH. 1991. Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: a selected review of current findings and theories. In: Bensner D, Humphreys GW, editors. Basic processing in reading-visual word recognition. Hillsdale (NJ): Erlbaum. p. 264-333.
40. Peterson BS, Skudlarski P, Gatenby JC, Zhang H, Anderson AW, Gore JC. 1999. An fMRI study of Stroop word-color interference: evidence for cingulate subregions subserving multiple distributed attentional systems. Biol Psychiatry. 45:1237-1258.
41. Phaf RH, Van der Heijden AH, Hudson PT. 1990. SLAM: a connectionist model for attention in visual selection tasks. Cognit Psychol. 22:273-341.
42. Platt ML. 2002. Neural correlates of decisions. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 12:141-148.
43. Polk TA, Drake RM, Jonides JJ, Smith MR, Smith EE. 2008. Attention enhances the neural processing of relevant features and suppresses the processing of irrelevant features in humans: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the Stroop task. J Neurosci. 28:13786-13792.
44. Posner M, Snyder C. 1975. Attention and cognitive control. In: Solso R, editor. Information processing and cognition. Hillsdale (NJ): Erlbaum.
45. Ratcliff R. 1978. A theory of memory retrieval. Psychol Rev. 85:59-108.
46. Ratcliff R, Cherian A, Segraves M. 2003. A comparison of macaque behavior and superior colliculus neuronal activity to predictions from models of two-choice decisions. J Neurophysiol. 90: 1392-1407.
47. Ratcliff R, Smith PL. 2004. A comparison of sequential sampling models for two-choice reaction time. Psychol Rev. 111:333-367.
48. Rebai M, Bernard C, Lannou J. 1997. The Stroop?s test evokes a negative brain potential, the N400. Int J Neurosci. 91:85-94.
49. Reddi BA, Asrress KN, Carpenter RH. 2003. Accuracy, information, and response time in a saccadic decision task. J Neurophysiol. 90:3538-3546.
50. Roberts KL, Hall DA. 2008. Examining a supramodal network for conflict processing: a systematic review and novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data for related visual and auditory stroop tasks. J Cogn Neurosci. 20:1063-1078.
51. Rosenfeld JP, Skogsberg KR. 2006. P300-based Stroop study with low probability and target Stroop oddballs: the evidence still favors the response selection hypothesis. Int J Psychophysiol. 60:240-250.
52. Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE, McClelland JL. 1986. A general framework for parallel distributed processing. In: Rumelhart DE, McClelland JL, Group tPR, editors. Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. p. 318-362.
53. Schall JD. 2001. Neural basis of deciding, choosing and acting. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2:33-42.
54. Scott DF, Hoffmann HJ, Bickford RG. 1967. Changes in summated visual potentials. Lambda waves during mental tasks using the Stroop test. Percept Mot Skills. 25:993-996.
55. Snyder LH, Batista AP, Andersen RA. 2000. Intention-related activity in the posterior parietal cortex: a review. Vision Res. 40:1433-1441.
56. Stafford T, Gurney KN. 2004. The role of response mechanisms in determining reaction time performance: Pieron?s law revisited. Psychon Bull Rev. 11:975-987.
57. Stafford T, Gurney KN. 2007. Biologically constrained action selection improves cognitive control in a model of the Stroop task. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 362:1671-1684.
58. Stroop JR. 1935. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol. 18:643-662.
59. Sugg MJ, McDonald JE. 1994. Time course of inhibition in color-response and word-response versions of the Stroop task. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 20:647-675.
60. Swick D, Turken AU. 2002. Dissociation between conflict detection and error monitoring in the human anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:16354-16359.
61. Tipper SP. 2001. Does negative priming reflect inhibitory mechanisms? A review and integration of conflicting views. Q J Exp Psychol A. 54:321-343.
62. Tzelgov J, Henik A, Berger J. 1992. Controlling Stroop effects by manipulating expectations for color words. Mem Cognit. 20:727-735.
63. Voss A, Rothermund K, Voss J. 2004. Interpreting the parameters of the diffusion model: an empirical validation. Mem Cognit. 32:1206-1220.
64. West R. 2003. Neural correlates of cognitive control and conflict detection in the Stroop and digit-location tasks. Neuropsychologia. 41:1122-1135.
65. West R, Alain C. 1999. Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop task. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 8:157-164. (Pubitemid 29431998)
66. West R, Bowry R, McConville C. 2004. Sensitivity of medial frontal cortex to response and nonresponse conflict. Psychophysiology. 41:739-748.
67. West R, Jakubek K, Wymbs N, Perry M, Moore K. 2005. Neural correlates of conflict processing. Exp Brain Res. 167:38-48.
68. Woldorff MG. 1993. Distortion of ERP averages due to overlap from temporally adjacent ERPs: analysis and correction. Psychophysiology. 30:98-119.
69. Woldorff MG, Liotti M, Seabolt M, Busse L, Lancaster JL, Fox PT. 2002. The temporal dynamics of the effects in occipital cortex of visual-spatial selective attention. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 15:1-15.