What Is a TOT? Cognate and Translation Effects on Tip-of-the-Tongue States in Spanish-English and Tagalog-English Bilinguals

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 246-269

  Gollan, Tamar H ^a,c   Acenas, Lori Ann R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0942300562     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.246     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Askari, N. (1999). Priming effects on tip-of-the-tongue states in Farsi-English bilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 28, 197-212.
2. Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & Gulikers, L. (1995). The CELEX lexical database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
3. Badecker, W., Miozzo, M. & Zanuttini, R. (1995). The two-stage model of lexical retrieval: Evidence from a case of anomia with selective preservation of grammatical gender. Cognition, 57, 193-216.
4. Bock, K., & Levelt, W. J. M. (1994). Language production: Grammatical encoding. In M. A. Gernsbacher (Ed.), Handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 945-984). New York: Academic Press.
5. Brown, A. S. (1991). A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 204-223.
6. Brown, A. S., & Nix, L. A. (1996). Age-related changes in tip-of-the-tongue experience. American Journal of Psychology, 109, 79-91.
7. Brown, R., & McNeill, D. (1966). The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. The Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 325-337.
8. Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults? Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542-579.
9. Caramazza, A. (1997). How many levels of processing are there in lexical access? Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14, 177-208.
10. Caramazza, A., Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Bi, Y. (2001). The specific-word frequency effect: Implications for the representation of homophones in speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 1430-1450.
11. Caramazza, A., & Miozzo, M. (1997). The relation between syntactic and phonological knowledge in lexical access: Evidence from the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon. Cognition, 64, 309-343.
12. Caramazza, A., & Miozzo, M. (1998). More is not always better. A response to Roelofs, Meyer, and Levelt, Cognition, 69, 231-241.
13. Cohen, J., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993). PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 25, 257-271.
14. Colomé, Á. (2001). Lexical activation in bilinguals' speech production: Language-specific or language-independent. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 721-736.
15. Costa, A., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish-English and English-Spanish bilinguals, Bilingualism, 2, 231-244.
16. Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1283-1296.
17. Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical selection in bilinguals: Do words in the bilingual's two lexicons compete for selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 365-397.
18. Cutting, J. C., & Ferreira, V. S. (1999). Semantic and phonological information flow in the production lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 318-344.
19. de Groot, A. M. B., Dannenburg, L., & van Hell, J. G. (1994). Forward and backward word translation by bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 600-629.
20. Dell, G. S. (1986). A spreading-activation model of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review, 93, 283-321.
21. Dell, G. S., & O'Seaghdha, P. G. (1991). Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: A comment on Levelt et al. (1991). Psychological Review, 98, 603-614.
22. Dell, G. S., Schwanz, M. F., Martin, N., Saffran, E. M., & Gagnon, D. A. (1997). Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review, 104, 801-838.
23. Dijkstra, T., Grainger, J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (1999). Recognition of cognates and interlingual homographs: The neglected role of phonology. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, 496-518.
24. Friedmann, N., & Biran, N. (2003). When is gender accessed? A study of paraphasias in Hebrew anomia. Cortex, 39, 441-463.
25. Friel, B. M., & Kennison, S. M. (2001). Identifying German-English cognates, false cognates, and non-cognates: Methodological issues and descriptive norms. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 249-274.
26. Garrett, M. F. (1975). The analysis of sentence production. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 133-177). New York: Academic Press.
27. Gerard, L. D., & Scarborough, D. L. (1989). Language-specific lexical access of homographs by bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 305-315.
28. Goggin, J. P., Estrada, P., & Villarreal, R. P. (1994). Picture-naming agreement in monolinguals and bilinguals. Applied Psycholinguistics, 15, 177-193.
29. Goldrick, M. (2002). Patterns of sound, patterns in mind: Phonological regularities in speech production. Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University.
30. Goldrick, M., & Rapp, B. (2002). A restricted interaction account (RIA) of spoken word production: The best of both worlds. Aphasiology, 16, 20-55.
31. Gollan, T. H., Forster, K. I., & Frost, R. (1997). Translation priming with different scripts: Masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 1122-1139.
32. Gollan, T. H., & Silverberg, N. B. (2001). Tip-of-the-tongue states in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Bilingualism; Language and Cognition, 4, 63-84.
33. Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1987). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
34. Harley, T. A., & Brown, H. E. (1998). What causes a tip-of-the-tongue state? Evidence for lexical neighbourhood effects in speech production. British Journal of Psychology, 89, 151-174.
35. Heine, M. K., Ober, B. A., & Shenaut, G. K. (1999). Naturally occurring and experimentally induced tip-of-the-tongue experiences in three adult age groups. Psychology and Aging, 14, 445-457.
36. Hermans, D., Bongaerts, T., De Bot, K., & Schreuder, R. (1998). Producing words in a foreign language: Can speakers prevent interference from their first language? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 213-229.
37. James, L. E., & Burke, D. M. (2000). Tip of the tongue, phonological priming and aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1378-1391.
38. Jescheniak, J. D., & Schriefers, K. I. (1998). Discrete serial versus cascading processing in lexical access in speech production: Further evidence from the coactivation of near-synonyms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1256-1274.
39. Koriat, A., & Lieblich, I. (1974). What does a person in a "TOT" state know that a person in a "don't know" state doesn't know. Memory & Cognition, 2, 647-655.
40. Kroll, J. F., & Dijkstra, A. (2002). The bilingual lexicon. In R. Kaplan (Ed.), Handbook of applied linguistics (pp. 301-321). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
41. Kroll, J. F., Michael, E., Tokowicz, N., & Dufour, R. (2002). The development of lexical fluency in a second language. Second Language Research, 18, 137-171.
42. Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149-174.
43. Lee, M. W., & Williams, J. N. (2001). Lexical access in spoken word production by bilinguals: Evidence from the semantic competitor priming paradigm. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 233-248.
44. Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 1-75.
46. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 476-490.
48. MacKay, D. G. (1987). The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. New York: Springer-Verlag.
49. Mägiste, E. (1980). Memory for numbers in monolinguals and bilinguals. Acta Psychologica, 46, 63-68.
50. Meyer, A., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? Memory & Cognition, 20, 715-726.
51. Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1997). The retrieval of lexical-syntactic features in tip-of-the-tongue states. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 1-14.
52. Peterson, R. R., & Savoy, P. (1998). Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 539-557.
53. Ransdell, S. E., & Fischler, I. (1987). Memory in a monolingual mode: When are bilinguals at a disadvantage? Journal of Memory & Language, 26, 392-405.
54. Rapp, B., & Goldrick, M. (2000). Discreteness and interactivity in spoken word production. Psychological Review, 107, 460-499.
55. Rastle, K. G., & Burke, D. M. (1996). Priming the tip of the tongue: Effects of prior processing on word retrieval in young and older adults. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 586-605.
56. Roelofs, A., Meyer, A. S., & Levelt, W. J. M. (1998). A case for the lemma/lexeme distinction in models of speaking: Comment on Caramazza and Miozzo (1997). Cognition, 69, 219-230.
57. Sánchez-Casas, R. M., Davis, C. W., & García-Albea, J. E. (1992). Bilingual lexical processing: Exploring the cognate-noncognate distinction. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4, 293-310.
58. Santos, V., & Santos, L. (1995). New Vicassan's English-Pilipino dictionary. Metro Manila, Philippines: Anvil.
59. Schwartz, B. L. (1999). Sparkling at the end of the tongue: The etiology of tip-of-the-tongue phenomenology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 379-393.
60. Silverberg, N., Gollan, T. H., & Garrett, M. F. (1999, November). What you can get from a TOT and what NOT. Paper presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles.
61. Snodgrass, J. G., & Vanderwart, M. (1980). A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. Journal of Expertmental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6, 174-215.
62. Stemberger, J. P. (1985). An interactive activation model of language production. In A. W. Ellis (Ed.), Progress in the psychology of language (Vol. 1). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
63. Tzelgov, J., Henik, A., & Leiser, D. (1990). Controlling Stroop interference: Evidence from a bilingual task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 760-771.
64. Van Hell, J. G., & Dijkstra, A. (2002). Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 780-789.
65. Viglioeco, G., Antonini, T., & Garrett, M. F. (1997). Grammatical gender is on the tip of Italian tongues. Psychological Science, 8, 314-317.
66. Vitevitch, M. S. (2002). The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production. Journal of Experimental Psychology; Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 735-747.
67. Wickens, T. D. (1993). Analysis of contingency tables with between-subjects variability. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 191-204.